{"id":20,"date":"2010-11-15T14:48:45","date_gmt":"2010-11-15T14:48:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/agudm\/?p=20"},"modified":"2014-08-04T12:51:23","modified_gmt":"2014-08-04T12:51:23","slug":"trufrelsi-i-stjornarskra","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/agudm\/2010\/11\/15\/trufrelsi-i-stjornarskra\/","title":{"rendered":"Tr\u00fafrelsi \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>eftir Arnfr\u00ed\u00f0i Gu\u00f0mundsd\u00f3ttur og Hjalta Hugason<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Um tr\u00fam\u00e1l er fjalla\u00f0 \u00ed heilum kafla aftarlega \u00ed n\u00fagildandi stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 og er \u00fear byggt \u00e1 hef\u00f0 allt fr\u00e1 1874. Auk \u00feess er a\u00f0 finna bann vi\u00f0 mismunun vegna tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a \u00ed 65. greininni, \u00fea\u00f0 er fyrstu grein mannr\u00e9ttindakaflans fr\u00e1 1995. Tr\u00fam\u00e1lakaflinn skiptist \u00ed tvennt: Kirkjuskipanina \u00ed 62. gr. og tr\u00fafrelsisgreinarnar (63. og 64. gr.).<\/p>\n<p>Spyrja m\u00e1 hvort fjalla eigi s\u00e9rstaklega um tr\u00fam\u00e1l \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 umfram \u00fea\u00f0 sem gert er \u00ed jafnr\u00e6\u00f0isreglunni. Svar okkar sem \u00feennan pistil rita er j\u00e1. Jafnr\u00e6\u00f0isregla \u00ed n\u00faverandi e\u00f0a breyttri mynd n\u00e6gir ekki.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cdslenska samf\u00e9lagi\u00f0 stendur \u00e1 \u00fer\u00f6skuldi fj\u00f6lmenningar. A\u00f0 \u00f6llu e\u00f0lilegu mun \u00fea\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3ast \u00ed s\u00f6mu \u00e1tt og samf\u00e9l\u00f6g annars sta\u00f0ar \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu \u00fear sem f\u00f3lk af mismunandi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0erni,, kyn\u00fe\u00e1ttum og tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0um lifir hli\u00f0 vi\u00f0 hli\u00f0 eins og lagt var upp me\u00f0 er jafnr\u00e6\u00f0isreglan var innleidd 1995. \u00dea\u00f0 hl\u00fdtur a\u00f0 vera e\u00f0lilegt a\u00f0 \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 s\u00e9 skapa\u00f0ur rammi fyrir \u00fea\u00f0 hvernig f\u00f3lk sem hinga\u00f0 leitar f\u00e6r sameinast \u00edslensku samf\u00e9lagi (t.d. me\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um um r\u00edkisborgarar\u00e9tt o. fl.) en jafnframt haldi\u00f0 s\u00e9rkennum s\u00ednum. Vi\u00f0 sj\u00e1um d\u00e6mi um mikilv\u00e6gi hins s\u00ed\u00f0arnefnda hj\u00e1 \u00cdslendingum \u00ed Vesturheimi. <\/p>\n<p>Tr\u00fafrelsis\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i  eru ekki hva\u00f0 s\u00edst nau\u00f0synleg til a\u00f0 verja mannr\u00e9ttindi f\u00f3lks sem hefur flutt hinga\u00f0 b\u00faferlum. \u00dea\u00f0 eru einkum \u00feeir einstaklingar sem \u00feurfa \u00e1 tr\u00fafrelsi a\u00f0 halda. Tr\u00fa og tr\u00faari\u00f0kun skipar oft veigameiri sess \u00ed f\u00e9lagslegri og einstaklingsbundinni sj\u00e1lfsmynd \u00feeirra en okkar gamalgr\u00f3inna \u00cdslendinga. Eins \u00fearf tr\u00fafrelsi a\u00f0 tryggja st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00feeirra sem standa vilja utan tr\u00faf\u00e9laga e\u00f0a hafna tr\u00fa. Meirihlutinn, \u00ed okkar tilviki hin evangel\u00edsk-l\u00fatherska kirkja, \u00fearf  ef til vill s\u00ed\u00f0ur \u00e1 \u00fatf\u00e6r\u00f0ara tr\u00fafrelsis\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0 halda en \u00fev\u00ed sem lagt er upp me\u00f0 \u00ed jafnr\u00e6\u00f0isreglunni.<br \/>\n\u00cd n\u00faverandi mynd eru tr\u00fafrelsis\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rinnar or\u00f0u\u00f0 svo: <\/p>\n<blockquote><p>63. grein Allir eiga r\u00e9tt \u00e1 a\u00f0 stofna tr\u00faf\u00e9l\u00f6g og i\u00f0ka tr\u00fa s\u00edna \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 sannf\u00e6ringu hvers og eins. \u00de\u00f3 m\u00e1 ekki kenna e\u00f0a fremja neitt sem er gagnst\u00e6tt g\u00f3\u00f0u si\u00f0fer\u00f0i e\u00f0a allsherjarreglu.<\/p>\n<p>64. grein Enginn m\u00e1 neins \u00ed missa af borgaralegum og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum r\u00e9ttindum fyrir sakir tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a sinna, n\u00e9 heldur m\u00e1 nokkur fyrir \u00fe\u00e1 s\u00f6k skorast undan almennri \u00feegnskyldu.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6llum er frj\u00e1lst a\u00f0 standa utan tr\u00faf\u00e9laga. Enginn er skyldur til a\u00f0 inna af hendi pers\u00f3nuleg gj\u00f6ld til tr\u00faf\u00e9lags sem hann \u00e1 ekki a\u00f0ild a\u00f0.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00fa er ma\u00f0ur utan tr\u00faf\u00e9laga og grei\u00f0ir hann \u00fe\u00e1 til H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands gj\u00f6ld \u00feau sem honum hef\u00f0i ella bor\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 grei\u00f0a til tr\u00faf\u00e9lags s\u00edns. Breyta m\u00e1 \u00feessu me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>M\u00f6rgum kann a\u00f0 finnast sem \u00ed \u00feessum greinum kve\u00f0i vi\u00f0 19. aldar t\u00f3n. Vir\u00f0ist a\u00f0 \u00f3sekju mega einfalda or\u00f0alag og f\u00e6kka \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um. Tr\u00fafrelsisgrein \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 21. aldarinnar m\u00e6tti t.d. or\u00f0a svo:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Allir eiga r\u00e9tt \u00e1 a\u00f0 stofna tr\u00faf\u00e9l\u00f6g og i\u00f0ka tr\u00fa \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 sannf\u00e6ringu s\u00edna. \u00d6llum er frj\u00e1lst a\u00f0 standa utan tr\u00faf\u00e9laga. Enginn er skyldur til a\u00f0 grei\u00f0a pers\u00f3nuleg gj\u00f6ld til tr\u00faf\u00e9lags sem hann \u00e1 ekki a\u00f0ild a\u00f0. Ekki m\u00e1 sker\u00f0a borgaraleg r\u00e9ttindi neins vegna tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a hans, n\u00e9 heldur m\u00e1 nokkur skorast undan almennri \u00feegnskyldu vegna \u00feeirra.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u00c1kv\u00e6\u00f0inu er \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 tryggja sko\u00f0ana-, tj\u00e1ningar- og f\u00e9lagafrelsi \u00e1 hinu tr\u00faarlega svi\u00f0i til jafns vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sem er \u00e1 hinu veraldlega svi\u00f0i. \u00de\u00e1 er \u00fev\u00ed \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 standa v\u00f6r\u00f0 um r\u00e9tt \u00feeirra sem standa vilja utan allra tr\u00faf\u00e9laga og tr\u00faari\u00f0kunar. Ekki m\u00e1 t.a.m. skylda \u00fe\u00e1 til a\u00f0 standa straum af tr\u00faarl\u00edfi annarra. Ef til vill er \u00feetta of sj\u00e1lfsagt til a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 \u00feurfi a\u00f0 kve\u00f0a \u00e1 um \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Vera m\u00e1 a\u00f0 jafnr\u00e6\u00f0isreglan kve\u00f0i me\u00f0 fulln\u00e6gjandi h\u00e6tti \u00e1 um a\u00f0 ekki megi sker\u00f0a r\u00e9tt f\u00f3lks vegna tr\u00faarsko\u00f0ana. Hins vegar er lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 einhvers sta\u00f0ar \u00fearf a\u00f0 setja m\u00f6rk og undirstrika a\u00f0 einf\u00f6ld tilv\u00edsun til tr\u00faar leysi f\u00f3lk ekki undan almennri f\u00e9lagsskyldu. H\u00e9r er liti\u00f0 svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i b\u00e6\u00f0i um r\u00e9ttindi og skyldur gl\u00e6\u00f0i stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rgreinina jafnv\u00e6gi sem vert v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 halda \u00ed \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 um tv\u00edtekningu kynni a\u00f0 vera a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c1kv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 vir\u00f0ist \u00fe\u00f3 n\u00e1 markmi\u00f0um s\u00ednum \u00feannig or\u00f0a\u00f0:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Allir eiga r\u00e9tt \u00e1 a\u00f0 stofna tr\u00faf\u00e9l\u00f6g og i\u00f0ka tr\u00fa \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 sannf\u00e6ringu s\u00edna. \u00d6llum er frj\u00e1lst a\u00f0 standa utan tr\u00faf\u00e9laga. Enginn m\u00e1 skorast undan almennri \u00feegnskyldu vegna tr\u00faarsko\u00f0ana.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Hugsanlega \u00feykir einhverjum eftirsj\u00e1 af tilv\u00edsun til hins g\u00f3\u00f0a si\u00f0fer\u00f0is og allsherjarreglunnar. \u00cd \u00fea\u00f0 m\u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00f3sekju halda \u00fe\u00f3 betra v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 v\u00edsa a\u00f0eins til \u00feess a\u00f0 ekkert megi fremja sem brj\u00f3ti gegn einhverjum s\u00e9rl\u00f6gum \u00edslenska r\u00edkisins. \u00de\u00e1 g\u00e6ti greinin hlj\u00f3\u00f0a\u00f0 svo:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Allir eiga r\u00e9tt \u00e1 a\u00f0 stofna tr\u00faf\u00e9l\u00f6g og i\u00f0ka tr\u00fa \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 sannf\u00e6ringu s\u00edna. \u00d6llum er frj\u00e1lst a\u00f0 standa utan tr\u00faf\u00e9laga. Enginn m\u00e1 vegna tr\u00faarsko\u00f0ana skorast undan almennri \u00feegnskyldu n\u00e9 fremja neitt sem gagnst\u00e6tt er l\u00f6gum. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Umfram allt \u00e6tti svo a\u00f0 f\u00e6ra tr\u00fafrelsisgreinina yfir \u00ed mannr\u00e9ttindakaflann sem vonandi f\u00e6r t\u00e1knr\u00e6nni st\u00f6\u00f0u framar \u00ed hinni n\u00fdju stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 en hann hefur n\u00fa. Vel f\u00e6ri \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 kve\u00f0i\u00f0 v\u00e6ri \u00e1 um tr\u00fafrelsi n\u00e6st \u00e1 eftir almennu f\u00e9lagafrelsi.<\/p>\n<p>Af sj\u00f6tta kafla st\u00e6\u00f0i \u00fe\u00e1 62. gr., kirkjuskipanin, ein eftir. H\u00fan er \u00fe\u00f3 kap\u00edtuli \u00fat af fyrir sig og \u00fearfnast s\u00e9rstakrar umr\u00e6\u00f0u.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>eftir Arnfr\u00ed\u00f0i Gu\u00f0mundsd\u00f3ttur og Hjalta Hugason Um tr\u00fam\u00e1l er fjalla\u00f0 \u00ed heilum kafla aftarlega \u00ed n\u00fagildandi stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 og er \u00fear byggt \u00e1 hef\u00f0 allt fr\u00e1 1874. Auk \u00feess er a\u00f0 finna bann vi\u00f0 mismunun vegna tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a \u00ed 65. greininni, \u00fea\u00f0 er fyrstu grein mannr\u00e9ttindakaflans fr\u00e1 1995. Tr\u00fam\u00e1lakaflinn skiptist \u00ed tvennt: Kirkjuskipanina \u00ed 62. gr. og [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":427,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[123544],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kosning-til-stjornlagathings"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/agudm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/agudm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/agudm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/agudm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/427"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/agudm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/agudm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":96,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/agudm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20\/revisions\/96"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/agudm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/agudm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/agudm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}