{"id":28,"date":"2010-11-19T13:19:25","date_gmt":"2010-11-19T13:19:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/agudm\/?p=28"},"modified":"2014-08-04T12:50:50","modified_gmt":"2014-08-04T12:50:50","slug":"a%c3%b0skilna%c3%b0ur-rikis-og-kirkju","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/agudm\/2010\/11\/19\/a%c3%b0skilna%c3%b0ur-rikis-og-kirkju\/","title":{"rendered":"A\u00f0skilna\u00f0ur r\u00edkis og kirkju"},"content":{"rendered":"

eftir Arnfr\u00ed\u00f0i Gu\u00f0mundsd\u00f3ttur og Hjalta Hugason<\/em><\/p>\n

Umr\u00e6\u00f0ur um a\u00f0skilna\u00f0 r\u00edkis og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kirkju hefur sta\u00f0i\u00f0 me\u00f0 hl\u00e9um \u00ed r\u00fama \u00f6ld. Allan t\u00edmann hafa r\u00f6k me\u00f0 og \u00e1 m\u00f3ti veri\u00f0 keiml\u00edk. Or\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0an hefur tro\u00f0i\u00f0 marva\u00f0a. Eitt og eitt skref hefur \u00fe\u00f3 veri\u00f0 teki\u00f0 \u00ed \u00e1tt a\u00f0 a\u00f0greiningu e\u00f0a jafnvel a\u00f0skilna\u00f0i.<\/p>\n

Um mi\u00f0ja 19. \u00f6ld h\u00f3fst a\u00f0greining r\u00edkis og kirkju \u00ed danska r\u00edkinu og fyrir alv\u00f6ru h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi 25 \u00e1rum s\u00ed\u00f0ar. Vi\u00f0 gildist\u00f6ku stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rinnar 1874 komst h\u00e9r \u00e1 tr\u00fafrelsi og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kirkja. \u00cd lok 20 aldar var \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kirkjan loks skilgreind sem \u201esj\u00e1lfst\u00e6tt tr\u00faf\u00e9lag.\u201c \u00deetta \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir \u00fe\u00f3 ekki a\u00f0 a\u00f0skilna\u00f0ur hafi \u00e1tt s\u00e9r sta\u00f0. <\/p>\n

Margir m\u00f6guleikar
\n\u00dea\u00f0 er teygjanlegt hva\u00f0 \u00e1tt er vi\u00f0 me\u00f0 a\u00f0skilna\u00f0i r\u00edkis og kirkju og matsatri\u00f0i hven\u00e6r hann hafi or\u00f0i\u00f0. \u00c1\u00f0ur en \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 er a\u00f0 skilja a\u00f0 r\u00edki og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kirkju \u00fearf a\u00f0 marka stefnu um hva\u00f0a markmi\u00f0um skuli n\u00e1\u00f0. <\/p>\n

Er n\u00e6gilegt a\u00f0 \u00f6ll tr\u00faf\u00e9l\u00f6g hafi s\u00f6mu st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00ed samskiptum vi\u00f0 r\u00edkisvaldi\u00f0? \u00c1 r\u00edki\u00f0 engin afskipti a\u00f0 hafa af nokkru tr\u00faf\u00e9lagi? \u00c1 a\u00f0 setja tr\u00faf\u00e9l\u00f6gum svo stranga ramma a\u00f0 tilveru \u00feeirra sj\u00e1i ekki sta\u00f0 \u00ed opinberu r\u00fdmi? Allt r\u00famast \u00feetta undir a\u00f0skilna\u00f0i r\u00edkis og kirkju. Sum m\u00f3delin k\u00e6mu fastlega til \u00e1lita. \u00d6nnur g\u00e6tu broti\u00f0 \u00ed b\u00e1ga vi\u00f0 almenn mannr\u00e9ttindi ef \u00feeim v\u00e6ri framfylgt til hins \u00fdtrasta. <\/p>\n

\u00cd vestr\u00e6nu l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0issamf\u00e9lagi vir\u00f0ist \u00e1kj\u00f3sanlegt a\u00f0 hi\u00f0 opinbera hafi sem minnst afskipti af tr\u00fam\u00e1lum. \u00cd velfer\u00f0arsamf\u00e9lagi m\u00e1 \u00fe\u00f3 f\u00e6ra r\u00f6k fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 skilgreina \u00feurfi a.m.k. ytri ramma um st\u00f6rf tr\u00faf\u00e9laga. \u00dea\u00f0 er vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 tr\u00faf\u00e9l\u00f6g geta au\u00f0ga\u00f0 velfer\u00f0arkerfi\u00f0 en geta l\u00edka gengi\u00f0 n\u00e6rri tilfinningum f\u00f3lks. Sl\u00edkir rammar eru \u00feeim mun mikilv\u00e6gari \u00fev\u00ed st\u00e6rri og umsvifameiri sem tr\u00faf\u00e9l\u00f6g eru. \u00dea\u00f0 er eitt af \u00fev\u00ed sem m\u00e6lir me\u00f0 tengslum og samstarfi hins opinbera og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kirkjunnar.<\/p>\n

A\u00f0skilna\u00f0ur fr\u00e1 sj\u00f3narh\u00f3li kirkjunnar
\nFr\u00e1 sj\u00f3narh\u00f3li \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kirkjunnar m\u00e1 f\u00e6ra \u00fdmis r\u00f6k sem m\u00e6la me\u00f0 a\u00f0skilna\u00f0i. \u00deau mikilv\u00e6gustu eru a\u00f0 \u00feannig mundi h\u00fan \u00f6\u00f0last frelsi til a\u00f0 lifa og starfa einv\u00f6r\u00f0ungu \u00e1 eigin forsendum. <\/p>\n

N\u00fa b\u00fdr \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kirkjan hvorki vi\u00f0 tr\u00fafrelsi n\u00e9 fullt f\u00e9lagafrelsi. H\u00fan getur ekki hr\u00f3fla\u00f0 vi\u00f0 j\u00e1tningagrunni s\u00ednum og Al\u00feingi \u00e1kve\u00f0ur megin\u00fe\u00e6ttina \u00ed stofnunarlegri uppbyggingu hennar. H\u00fan hefur \u00feegi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 frelsi sem h\u00fan n\u00fdtur \u00far hendi Al\u00feingis. \u00dea\u00f0 getur me\u00f0 einf\u00f6ldum lagabreytingum skert \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 n\u00fdju. \u00deetta er \u00f3\u00e1s\u00e6ttanlegt \u00feegar um minnihlutakirkjur er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a. Tr\u00fa- og f\u00e9lagafrelsi er \u00feeirra helgasti r\u00e9ttur. Frelsissker\u00f0ing kann hins vegar a\u00f0 vera r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tanleg \u00feegar meirihlutakirkja \u00e1 \u00ed hlut og er e\u00f0lileg aflei\u00f0ing af \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kirkjuskipan.<\/p>\n

A\u00f0skilna\u00f0ur fr\u00e1 sj\u00f3narh\u00f3li annarra tr\u00faf\u00e9laga
\n\u00d6nnur tr\u00faf\u00e9l\u00f6g geta liti\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kirkju hornauga og f\u00e6rt r\u00f6k a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 forr\u00e9ttindi hennar s\u00e9u \u00f3sanngj\u00f6rn. \u00deau ver\u00f0a \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 vega inn \u00fe\u00e1 \u00f3kosti sem \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kirkjuskipan flest. Ekkert m\u00e6lir gegn \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 fleiri en eitt tr\u00faf\u00e9lag nj\u00f3ti \u00feeirra g\u00e6\u00f0a sem \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kirkjuskipan felast en fyrir \u00feau ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 gjalda \u00fea\u00f0 sem \u00feau kosta \u2014 \u00fe.e. frelsissker\u00f0ingu. Oft er mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 tr\u00faf\u00e9lag sem n\u00e6r til 5 % \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar hafi umtalsver\u00f0 samf\u00e9lags\u00e1hrif og taka \u00feurfi verulegt tillit til tr\u00faf\u00e9lags sem n\u00e6r til 10 %, t.d. me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 veita \u00feeim a\u00f0 einhverju leyti hlutdeild \u00ed \u00feeim stu\u00f0ningi sem r\u00edki\u00f0 veitir \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kirkjunni.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00faf\u00e9l\u00f6g sem n\u00e1\u00f0 hafa \u00feeirri st\u00e6r\u00f0 og kynnu a\u00f0 vilja \u00f6\u00f0last opinbera st\u00f6\u00f0u ver\u00f0a a\u00f0 gangast undir s\u00f6mu frelsissker\u00f0ingu og h\u00fan me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 veita hinu opinbera mun meiri inns\u00fdn og jafnvel \u00edhlutunarr\u00e9tt \u00ed starf sitt en n\u00fa er. Margir frj\u00e1lsir s\u00f6fnu\u00f0ir og tr\u00faf\u00e9l\u00f6g voru \u00ed upphafi einmitt stofnu\u00f0 til a\u00f0 losna undan r\u00edkisafskiptum og kj\u00f3sa t\u00e6past a\u00f0 sn\u00faa baki vi\u00f0 \u00feeirri s\u00f6gulegu arfleif\u00f0 sinni. <\/p>\n

\u00deess ber a\u00f0 geta a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kirkja hefur vegna st\u00e6r\u00f0ar sinnar og st\u00f6\u00f0u skyldum a\u00f0 gegna vi\u00f0 \u00f6nnur tr\u00faf\u00e9l\u00f6g. Henni ber a\u00f0 vera helsti m\u00e1lsvari tr\u00fafrelsis og berjast fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 sm\u00e6rri tr\u00faf\u00e9l\u00f6g f\u00e1i noti\u00f0 \u00feess til fulls. \u00dea\u00f0 eru ekki s\u00edst tr\u00faarhreyfingar sem starfa me\u00f0al n\u00fdrra \u00cdslendinga og b\u00faa \u00fev\u00ed ekki a\u00f0 s\u00f6gulegri hef\u00f0 \u00ed landinu sem \u00feurfa \u00e1 sl\u00edkum bakhjarli a\u00f0 halda. \u00de\u00e1 ber \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kirkjunni a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta \u00feess \u00ed samvinnu vi\u00f0 r\u00edkisvaldi\u00f0 a\u00f0 forr\u00e9ttindasta\u00f0a hennar sker\u00f0i ekki frelsi \u00feeirra sem standa utan v\u00e9banda hennar og ganga varlega fram gagnvart \u00feeim.<\/p>\n

A\u00f0skilna\u00f0ur fr\u00e1 sj\u00f3narh\u00f3li r\u00edkisins
\nR\u00edki\u00f0 hefur einkum tv\u00e6r \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0ur til a\u00f0 huga a\u00f0 a\u00f0skilna\u00f0i. \u00d6nnur er s\u00fa a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a betra l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0is- og jafnr\u00e9ttisr\u00edki. Hin er hugsanlegur sparna\u00f0ur.<\/p>\n

T\u00falki r\u00edkisvaldi\u00f0 skyldur s\u00ednar til a\u00f0 sty\u00f0ja og vernda \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kirkjuna of v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6kum skilningi getur \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ferengt a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum tr\u00faf\u00e9l\u00f6gum. Einnig g\u00e6ti veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 svo dragi saman me\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kirkjunni og \u00f6\u00f0ru e\u00f0a \u00f6\u00f0rum tr\u00faf\u00e9l\u00f6gum hva\u00f0 st\u00e6r\u00f0 e\u00f0a f\u00e9lagsleg hlutverk snertir a\u00f0 s\u00e9rsta\u00f0a \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kirkjunnar taki a\u00f0 orka tv\u00edm\u00e6lis. H\u00e9r \u00e1 landi vir\u00f0ist langt \u00ed \u00fe\u00e6r a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur en komi \u00fe\u00e6r upp eru tv\u00e6r lei\u00f0ir f\u00e6rar: A\u00f0 auka a\u00f0skilna\u00f0 r\u00edkis og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kirkju me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 draga \u00far s\u00e9rst\u00f6\u00f0u hennar e\u00f0a a\u00f0 veita \u00feeim tr\u00faf\u00e9l\u00f6gum sem til greina k\u00e6mu hlutdeild \u00ed \u00feeim kostum sem felast \u00ed st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kirkjunnar. \u00de.e.a.s. ef \u00feau eru f\u00fas til a\u00f0 kaupa \u00fe\u00e1 st\u00f6\u00f0u me\u00f0 \u00f3skoru\u00f0u frelsi s\u00ednu. S\u00e9 s\u00fa lei\u00f0 farin k\u00e6mi til greina a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a fremur um samstarfskirkjur en \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kirkjur en me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 kirkjur sem starfa \u00ed samvinnu vi\u00f0 r\u00edkisvaldi\u00f0 t.d. \u00e1 grundvelli laga og\/e\u00f0a samninga. \u00cd \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kirkjuskipan eins og h\u00fan er n\u00fa felst mismunun tr\u00faf\u00e9laga. \u00cd \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kirkjuskipaninni felst hins vegar ekki a\u00f0 r\u00edkisvaldi\u00f0 \u00feurfi a\u00f0 mismuna tr\u00faf\u00e9l\u00f6gum. \u00devert \u00e1 m\u00f3ti er r\u00edkinu heimilt a\u00f0 styja \u00f6ll tr\u00fa- og l\u00edfssko\u00f0unarf\u00e9l\u00f6g. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00e6tti r\u00edkisvaldi e.t.v. a\u00f0 gera ef liti\u00f0 er svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feau gegni raunh\u00e6fu hlutverki \u00ed velfer\u00f0arsamf\u00e9lagi 21. aldar.<\/p>\n

Spurningin um sparna\u00f0 af a\u00f0skilna\u00f0i r\u00edkis og kirkju er fl\u00f3knari. \u00dear til \u00ed byrjun 20. aldar var \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kirkjan sj\u00e1lfb\u00e6r stofnun sem st\u00f3\u00f0 undir eigin rekstri me\u00f0 tekjum af eignum s\u00ednum. 1907 afhenti h\u00fan r\u00edkinu forr\u00e6\u00f0i yfir megin\u00feorra eignanna og s\u00e6tti sig vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 um 1\/5 af prestak\u00f6llum hennar v\u00e6ri lag\u00f0ur ni\u00f0ur gegn \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 r\u00edki\u00f0 \u00e1byrg\u00f0ist launakostna\u00f0 \u00feeirra presta sem eftir voru. \u00dat \u00far \u00feessari 100 \u00e1ra g\u00f6mlu s\u00f6gu getur r\u00edkisvaldi\u00f0 ekki bakka\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta eins og ekkert hafi gerst. Vi\u00f0 a\u00f0skilna\u00f0 yr\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfs\u00f6g\u00f0u a\u00f0 skilja svo vi\u00f0 kirkjuna a\u00f0 h\u00fan g\u00e6ti a\u00f0 n\u00fdju sta\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 eigin f\u00f3tum. \u00dea\u00f0 er ekki lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 sl\u00edkt uppgj\u00f6r f\u00e6li \u00ed s\u00e9r sparna\u00f0 a.m.k. til skamms t\u00edma liti\u00f0. <\/p>\n

A\u00f0skilna\u00f0ur fr\u00e1 sj\u00f3narh\u00f3li samf\u00e9lags og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar
\nAlmennt hlj\u00f3tum vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 spyrja hvort h\u00e9r yr\u00f0i betra samf\u00e9lag e\u00f0a betra \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0l\u00edf \u2014 hollara mannl\u00edf \u2014 ef \u00f6ll tengsl r\u00edkis og tr\u00faf\u00e9laga yr\u00f0u rofin og tr\u00faf\u00e9l\u00f6gin e.t.v. \u00fatiloku\u00f0 \u00far opinberu r\u00fdmi eins gert yr\u00f0i ef keppt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 \u201efullum a\u00f0skilna\u00f0i\u201c. R\u00f6k kunna a\u00f0 vera til fyrir \u00fev\u00ed. \u00deessh\u00e1ttar fyrirkomulag hef\u00f0i \u00fe\u00f3 \u00fdmsa \u00f3kosti. Tr\u00faf\u00e9l\u00f6g \u00f3h\u00e1\u00f0 st\u00e6r\u00f0 g\u00e6tu \u00fe\u00e1 loka\u00f0 sig af, mynda\u00f0 f\u00e9lags- og menningarkima, sem fremur ska\u00f0a en styrkja samf\u00e9lagsheildina. \u00dea\u00f0 er a\u00f0 gerast \u00ed l\u00f6ndunum umhverfis okkur \u00fear sem tr\u00faarlegu tj\u00e1ningarfrelsi er a\u00f0 \u00fdmsu leyti sni\u00f0inn \u00ferengri stakkur en \u00e1\u00f0ur. Sl\u00edkt \u00e1stand kallar fremur fram spennu en a\u00f0l\u00f6gun. Tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0 ver\u00f0a a\u00f0 l\u00edkindum sterkari \u00e1hrifavaldar \u00ed samf\u00e9laginu en var \u00e1 20. \u00f6ldinni. Margt bendir til a\u00f0 hugmyndin um hi\u00f0 veraldarv\u00e6dda samf\u00e9lag s\u00e9 \u00ed blindg\u00f6tu.<\/p>\n

Vi\u00f0 kunnum og a\u00f0 vera st\u00f6dd \u00ed \u00feeim a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um a\u00f0 \u00ed n\u00e1nustu framt\u00ed\u00f0 muni reyna meira \u00e1 samhj\u00e1lp, sj\u00e1lfbo\u00f0i\u00f0 starf og velfer\u00f0 sem byggir \u00ed r\u00edkari m\u00e6li \u00e1 \u00f3formlegu samf\u00e9lagslegu neti en t\u00ed\u00f0kast hefur \u00e1 n\u00e6stli\u00f0num \u00e1ratugum er r\u00edki\u00f0 hefur a\u00f0 mestu veri\u00f0 \u00e1byrgt fyrir velfer\u00f0inni. Vi\u00f0 sl\u00edkar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur gegna tr\u00faf\u00e9l\u00f6g mikilv\u00e6gu hlutverki, ekki s\u00edst g\u00f6mul, st\u00f3r og sterk tr\u00faf\u00e9l\u00f6g \u2014 hafi \u00feau ekki misst sj\u00f3nar \u00e1 e\u00f0li s\u00ednu og k\u00f6llun og or\u00f0i\u00f0 stofnanir me\u00f0al annarra r\u00edkisstofnana. \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0kirkjan er g\u00f3\u00f0u heilli \u00feegar farin a\u00f0 laga sig a\u00f0 \u00feessum breyttu a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um me\u00f0 aukinni k\u00e6rleiks\u00fej\u00f3nustu og hj\u00e1lparstarfi. Sl\u00edkt m\u00e6lir fremur me\u00f0 en m\u00f3ti tengslum hennar vi\u00f0 r\u00edkisvaldi\u00f0.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

eftir Arnfr\u00ed\u00f0i Gu\u00f0mundsd\u00f3ttur og Hjalta Hugason Umr\u00e6\u00f0ur um a\u00f0skilna\u00f0 r\u00edkis og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0kirkju hefur sta\u00f0i\u00f0 me\u00f0 hl\u00e9um \u00ed r\u00fama \u00f6ld. Allan t\u00edmann hafa r\u00f6k me\u00f0 og \u00e1 m\u00f3ti veri\u00f0 keiml\u00edk. Or\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0an hefur tro\u00f0i\u00f0 marva\u00f0a. Eitt og eitt skref hefur \u00fe\u00f3 veri\u00f0 teki\u00f0 \u00ed \u00e1tt a\u00f0 a\u00f0greiningu e\u00f0a jafnvel a\u00f0skilna\u00f0i.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":427,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[123544],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-28","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-kosning-til-stjornlagathings"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/agudm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/agudm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/agudm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/agudm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/427"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/agudm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/agudm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":92,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/agudm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28\/revisions\/92"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/agudm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/agudm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=28"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/agudm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=28"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}