{"id":1267,"date":"2024-08-14T09:43:05","date_gmt":"2024-08-14T09:43:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/?p=1267"},"modified":"2024-08-14T09:45:32","modified_gmt":"2024-08-14T09:45:32","slug":"icelandic-edli-og-uppbygging-erfdaefnisins-dna-70-ar-fra-uppgotvun","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/2024\/08\/14\/icelandic-edli-og-uppbygging-erfdaefnisins-dna-70-ar-fra-uppgotvun\/","title":{"rendered":"E\u00f0li og uppbygging erf\u00f0aefnisins DNA \u2013 70 \u00e1r fr\u00e1 uppg\u00f6tvun\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"

E\u00f0li og uppbygging erf\u00f0aefnisins DNA \u2013 70 \u00e1r fr\u00e1 uppg\u00f6tvun<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00fa birt \u00ed Sk\u00edrni\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Inngangur<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

DNA er erf\u00f0aefni allra l\u00edfvera \u00e1 heimkynnum okkar, J\u00f6r\u00f0inni. \u00dea\u00f0 endurspeglar sameiginlegan uppruna alls sem lifir og grundvallarl\u00f6gm\u00e1l erf\u00f0a. Samsetning erf\u00f0aefnisins og bygging voru afhj\u00fapu\u00f0 \u00e1 fyrstu sex \u00e1ratugum s\u00ed\u00f0ustu aldar.<\/span>1<\/sup><\/span> Uppg\u00f6tvunin \u00e1 byggingu DNA hv\u00edlir \u00e1 m\u00f6rgum sto\u00f0um, a\u00f0fer\u00f0um efnafr\u00e6\u00f0i og e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i, sta\u00f0reyndum um efni og krafta, og einnig v\u00edsindalegu samstarfi og samtali. \u00cd upphafi s\u00ed\u00f0ustu aldar h\u00f6f\u00f0u or\u00f0i\u00f0 miklar framfarir \u00ed l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0i og tengdum greinum. L\u00f6gm\u00e1l Mendels um eindaerf\u00f0ir voru enduruppg\u00f6tvu\u00f0, gen voru tengd litningum og \u00ed lj\u00f3s kom me\u00f0 tilraunum a\u00f0 gen r\u00f6\u00f0u\u00f0ust upp \u00e1 litninga (Gu\u00f0mundur Eggertsson 2018). \u00deetta benti sterklega til a\u00f0 erf\u00f0aefni\u00f0 v\u00e6ri \u00fer\u00e1\u00f0ur. Framfarir \u00ed efnafr\u00e6\u00f0i leiddu til \u00feess a\u00f0 margv\u00edsleg frumefni og efnasamb\u00f6nd voru einangru\u00f0 og eiginleikar \u00feeirra rannsaka\u00f0ir. E\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0i kristalgreininga lag\u00f0i grunn a\u00f0 greiningu \u00e1 byggingu sameinda, m.a. l\u00edfr\u00e6nna sameinda. En mikilv\u00e6gasta forsendan var hin v\u00edsindalega a\u00f0fer\u00f0 me\u00f0 m\u00f3tun afmarka\u00f0ra ranns\u00f3knarspurninga. Hugmyndir eru upphaf allra ranns\u00f3kna, \u00fea\u00f0an koma tilg\u00e1turnar sem v\u00edsindamenn reyna a\u00f0 pr\u00f3fa. Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar eru s\u00ed\u00f0an settar \u00ed samhengi, skipulagi er komi\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feekkinguna \u00ed formi l\u00edkana. L\u00edk\u00f6nin geta veri\u00f0 munnleg, formleg e\u00f0a jafnvel t\u00f6luleg. \u00deessi l\u00edk\u00f6n eru bygg\u00f0 \u00e1 sta\u00f0reyndum og \u00feekkingu \u00e1 eiginleikum eininga og krafta sem orka \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e6r. \u00cd v\u00edsindum eru margar \u00e1skoranir. Ein \u00feeirra er vitanlega a\u00f0 vita hva\u00f0a sta\u00f0reyndir skipta m\u00e1li og hva\u00f0a sta\u00f0reyndir standa ekki undir nafni \u2014 eru jafnvel rangt\u00falkanir. \u00d6nnur \u00e1skorun er a\u00f0 finna r\u00e9tta spurningu, og s\u00fa \u00feri\u00f0ja a\u00f0 vita hvernig s\u00e9 best a\u00f0 n\u00e1lgast hana \u00feannig a\u00f0 r\u00e9tt og afgerandi svar f\u00e1ist. Framvinda v\u00edsinda er ekki bein braut, \u00fe\u00f3tt h\u00fan vir\u00f0ist \u00fea\u00f0 stundum \u00ed baks\u00fdnisspeglinum. Uppg\u00f6tvanir byggja \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 setja saman stykki, svipa\u00f0 og p\u00fasl \u00ed p\u00fasluspili. Nema hva\u00f0 vi\u00f0 vitum ekki myndina fyrirfram. A\u00f0 auki vitum vi\u00f0 ekki hva\u00f0a stykki tilheyra p\u00faslinu og hver \u00f6\u00f0rum p\u00faslum, st\u00e6r\u00f0 stykkja e\u00f0a hlutf\u00f6ll. Til a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta gr\u00e1u ofan \u00e1 svart eru einnig m\u00f6rg r\u00f6ng p\u00faslustykki \u00e1 sveimi, \u00fe.e.a.s. atri\u00f0i sem eru vitlaus (en \u00e1litin sta\u00f0reyndir) e\u00f0a rangt\u00falkanir \u00e1 ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um tilrauna. \u00deessir atri\u00f0i skiptu \u00f6ll m\u00e1li \u00feegar bygging erf\u00f0aefnisins var uppg\u00f6tvu\u00f0 fyrir um 70 \u00e1rum. L\u00edkani\u00f0 opna\u00f0i \u00e1 margs konar ranns\u00f3knir \u00ed erf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i og skyldum greinum, en \u00e1ratugi t\u00f3k a\u00f0 sannreyna \u00fea\u00f0 til fullnustu. Fr\u00e1 upphafi s\u00ed\u00f0ustu aldar vatt fram ranns\u00f3knum \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum svi\u00f0um erf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0innar sem reyndust nau\u00f0synleg fyrir m.a. erf\u00f0at\u00e6kni og kortlagningu gena. \u00cd n\u00fat\u00edmanum er DNA t\u00e1kn , \u2014 og sem sl\u00edkt b\u00e6\u00f0i misskili\u00f0 og rangt\u00falka\u00f0. DNA stendur ekki fyrir \u00f6rl\u00f6g. \u00dev\u00ed eiginleikar l\u00edfvera byggjast \u00e1 samtvinnun erf\u00f0a, umhverfis, ferla \u00feroskunar og tilviljunar. Sagan af \u00fev\u00ed hvernig bygging DNA var afhj\u00fapu\u00f0, fjallar um e\u00f0li og eiginleika v\u00edsinda og \u00feekkingarleitar, \u00fear sem ekki er um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a fj\u00e1rsj\u00f3\u00f0sleit hugpr\u00fa\u00f0rar hetju heldur fl\u00f3ki\u00f0 samspil margra v\u00edsindamanna, \u00fear sem kr\u00f3kar, keldur og upplj\u00f3manir koma vi\u00f0 s\u00f6gu.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

E\u00f0li og uppbygging erf\u00f0aefnisins DNA \u2013 70 \u00e1r fr\u00e1 uppg\u00f6tvun\u00a0 N\u00fa birt \u00ed Sk\u00edrni\u00a0 Inngangur\u00a0 DNA er erf\u00f0aefni allra l\u00edfvera \u00e1 heimkynnum okkar, J\u00f6r\u00f0inni. \u00dea\u00f0 endurspeglar sameiginlegan uppruna alls sem lifir og grundvallarl\u00f6gm\u00e1l erf\u00f0a. Samsetning erf\u00f0aefnisins og bygging voru afhj\u00fapu\u00f0 … Halda \u00e1fram a\u00f0 lesa →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":132,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[209],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1267","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-publications"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1267","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/132"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1267"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1267\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1269,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1267\/revisions\/1269"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1267"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1267"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1267"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}