<\/p>\n
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\u201e\u00de\u00fa skalt heita Skuld\u201c sag\u00f0i erf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn. Flugugreyi\u00f0 er forvi\u00f0a. H\u00fan f\u00e6ddist \u00ed lj\u00f3mandi f\u00ednni t\u00fabu me\u00f0 systkinum s\u00ednum, \u00fear sem hiti er jafn og notalegur, engir afr\u00e6ningjar og n\u00e6g f\u00e6\u00f0a. H\u00fan veit ekki a\u00f0 h\u00fan er leiksoppur \u00f6rlagavalda, sem kallast James Kennison og John Tamkun. \u00dev\u00ed s\u00ed\u00f0ur a\u00f0 \u00feeir voru ekki a\u00f0 nefna hana sj\u00e1lfa, heldur gen sem haf\u00f0i \u00e1hrif \u00e1 \u00feroskun (eins og skuld). \u00deeir einangru\u00f0u slatta af genum og h\u00f6f\u00f0u greinilega lesi\u00f0 norr\u00e6na go\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i, \u00fev\u00ed \u00ferj\u00fa \u00feeirra voru sk\u00edr\u00f0 Urdur<\/em> (urd<\/em>), verthandi<\/em> (vtd<\/em>) og skuld<\/em> (skd<\/em>). \u00d6rlaganornirnar Ur\u00f0ur, Ver\u00f0andi og Skuld spunnu \u00fer\u00e6\u00f0i sem \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0u\u00f0u \u00f6rl\u00f6g manna. \u00c1 sama h\u00e1tt tengjast \u00feessi gen \u00f6rl\u00f6gum fruma \u00ed \u00feroskun \u00e1vaxtaflugna.<\/p>\n Erf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ingar rannsaka l\u00f6gm\u00e1l erf\u00f0a og kortleggja gen. \u00deegar gen finnast er til si\u00f0s a\u00f0 gefa \u00feeim n\u00f6fn, til a\u00f0 einfalda framsetningu og umr\u00e6\u00f0ur. Vinnun\u00famer (t.d. CG10079) geta \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 athyglisver\u00f0 gen. En um lei\u00f0 og \u00fe\u00fa veist a\u00f0 CG10079 heitir Egfr<\/em> getur \u00fe\u00fa tengt \u00fea\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00feekkingu \u00fe\u00edna af frumunni. EGF stendur fyrir epidermal growth factor, sem er bo\u00f0sameind sem frumur nota \u00ed samskiptum. Egfr er vi\u00f0takinn fyrir \u00feessa bo\u00f0sameind, sem gerir frumum kleift a\u00f0 skynja hana og breg\u00f0ast vi\u00f0. En n\u00f6fn genanna erum m\u00f6rg og margv\u00edsleg. Alt\u00edtt er a\u00f0 erf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ingar gefi genum n\u00f6fn \u00fat fr\u00e1 svipger\u00f0 e\u00f0a galla sem fram kemur \u00feegar gen st\u00f6kkbreytist. T.d. sk\u00edr\u00f0i Thomas Morgan fyrsta geni\u00f0 sitt white<\/em> vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 augu flugunnar sem venjulega eru rau\u00f0 ur\u00f0u hv\u00edt. Gen uppg\u00f6tvast oft sem athyglisvert fr\u00e1vik \u00ed svipfari, sem erfist. \u00deannig fundust til d\u00e6mis st\u00f6kkbrig\u00f0in Torpedo<\/em>, sem veldur \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 f\u00f3stur \u00e1vaxtaflugna ver\u00f0ur eins og tundurskeyti, faint little ball<\/em>, sem breytir \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed \u00f3\u00e1sj\u00e1legan hno\u00f0ra og Ellipse<\/em> sem gerir augu flugunnar spor\u00f6skjulaga. Erf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ingar sem rannsaka \u00f3l\u00edka \u00fe\u00e6tti l\u00edfverunnar geta fundi\u00f0 \u00f3l\u00edka galla \u00ed sama geni, mismunandi sams\u00e6tur e\u00f0a allel. Torpedo, faint little ball<\/em> og Ellipse<\/em> eru t.d. \u00f3l\u00edkar sams\u00e6tur Egfr gens \u00e1vaxtaflugunnar. \u00dea\u00f0 s\u00fdnir okkur s\u00e9rt\u00e6k \u00e1hrif \u00f3l\u00edkra st\u00f6kkbreytinga \u00ed sama geni og einnig hversu oft sum gen eru br\u00faku\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feroskun.<\/p>\n Fyrir sumar l\u00edfverur er nafnakerfi\u00f0 nokku\u00f0 sta\u00f0la\u00f0. Bakter\u00eduerf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ingar nefndu gen gjarnan eftir efnaskiptag\u00f6llum, t.d. LacI<\/em> e\u00f0a HemeD<\/em>. Ormaerf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ingar greindu nokkra flokka breytinga, lin (e. lineage) sem raska \u00f6rlagakorti \u00feroskunar, dau<\/em> (e. dauer) sem raska dvalastigi ormsins og let<\/em> (e. lethal) sem lei\u00f0a til \u00f6rends orms. Blessunarlega leyfa a\u00f0rir erf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ingar s\u00e9r \u00f6rl\u00edti\u00f0 sk\u00e1ldlegri st\u00edl, s\u00e9rstaklega flugumennirnir. H\u00e9r munum vi\u00f0 kynna nokkur snaggaraleg genan\u00f6fn. Flest genanna eru \u00far flugum, a\u00f0allega vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00e9g vann me\u00f0 flugur \u00e1 n\u00e1ms\u00e1rum, en \u00e9g mun t\u00edna til flott n\u00f6fn \u00far \u00f6\u00f0rum l\u00edfverum til a\u00f0 vir\u00f0ast v\u00ed\u00f0s\u00fdnn. Merking flestra or\u00f0anna skilar s\u00e9r \u00e1g\u00e6tlega \u00e1 ensku, en vi\u00f0 munum \u00fatsk\u00fdra n\u00f6fnin \u00e1 \u00e1stk\u00e6ra ylh\u00fdra eftir megni. Nokkur af m\u00ednum upp\u00e1halds genum eru.<\/p>\n Disco<\/em>: Nafni\u00f0 gefur til kynna flugur sem st\u00edga svakaleg spor. En aflei\u00f0ing st\u00f6kkbreytingar \u00ed disco eru li\u00f0am\u00f3talausir f\u00e6tur (nafni\u00f0 er reyndar stytting \u00e1 disconnected, en \u00fea\u00f0 er aukaatri\u00f0i).<\/p>\n Indy<\/em>: Flugur me\u00f0 st\u00f6kkbreytingu \u00ed indy lifa mun lengur en a\u00f0rar. Nafni\u00f0 er sett saman \u00far upphafst\u00f6fum fr\u00e6grar setningar \u00ed kvikmynd Monty Python gengisins um hinn heilaga kaleik \u201cI\u2019m not dead yet\u201d.<\/p>\n Doublesex<\/em>: St\u00f6kkbreyting \u00ed doublesex lei\u00f0ir til \u00feess a\u00f0 flugurnar hafa \u00e1s\u00fdnd tv\u00edkynja veru (kostir sl\u00edkrar anat\u00f3m\u00edu, sem Jeff Murdoch dreymdi um, l\u00e9tu \u00e1 s\u00e9r standa).<\/p>\n Tinman<\/em>: Er gen sem er nau\u00f0synlegt fyrir s\u00e9rh\u00e6fingu s\u00e9rstakrar afur\u00f0ar mi\u00f0lagsins. V\u00edsa\u00f0 er \u00ed einn af fylgdarm\u00f6nnum D\u00f3r\u00f3teu, \u00ed leit hennar a\u00f0 Galdrakarlinum \u00ed Oz. Blikk-kallinn var hjartalaus. Eins \u00feroskast ekki forveri hjartans \u00ed flugum me\u00f0 galla\u00f0 tinman gen.<\/p>\n Casanova<\/em>: Geni\u00f0 var skilgreint \u00ed zebrafiskum, og leiddi til \u00feess a\u00f0 hjarta\u00f0 klofna\u00f0i \u00ed tvennt. Lesanda er \u00ed sj\u00e1lfsval sett hvort t\u00falki beri \u00fea\u00f0 sem svo a\u00f0 casanova s\u00e9 me\u00f0 tv\u00f6 hj\u00f6rtu, e\u00f0a a\u00f0 casanova lei\u00f0i til \u00feess a\u00f0 hj\u00f6rtu klofni.<\/p>\n Foi<\/em>: Nafni\u00f0 g\u00e6ti lesist sem foj, upp \u00e1 \u00edslensk d\u00f6nsku. En eins og me\u00f0 indy<\/em> liggur gr\u00edni\u00f0 \u00ed lengri \u00fatg\u00e1fu nafnsins fear of intimacy<\/em>. Svipger\u00f0 st\u00f6kkbreytinga er reyndar ekki tengd atferli, e\u00f0a \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vilja frekar b\u00faa til b\u00f6rn \u00ed tilraunaglasi en undir s\u00e6ng, heldur hefur h\u00fan \u00e1hrif \u00e1 eiginleika stofnfruma k\u00edml\u00ednu \u00ed flugum. N\u00e1nari \u00fatsk\u00fdring \u00e1 nafninu hefur enn minna skemmtanagildi.<\/p>\n Grim, reaper<\/em> og sickle<\/em>: Breytingar \u00ed \u00feessum genum tengjast reyndar ekki hinum dreplei\u00f0inlega enda allra l\u00edfa. Heldur st\u00fdr\u00f0um frumudau\u00f0a sem er eins og allir \u00feroskunarfr\u00e6\u00f0inemar vita br\u00e1\u00f0nau\u00f0synlegur (\u00e1n hans v\u00e6rum vi\u00f0 me\u00f0 sundfit og blessa\u00f0ur ormurinn me\u00f0 of margar frumur).<\/p>\n Cabernet, chardonnay<\/em> og riesling<\/em>: eru allt gen \u00ed zebrafiski sem valda f\u00e6kkun bl\u00f3\u00f0fruma.<\/p>\n Dracula<\/em>: Galli \u00ed dracula<\/em> geni zebrafiska veldur \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00feeir ver\u00f0a of n\u00e6mir fyrir s\u00f3larlj\u00f3si. Zebrafiskaf\u00f3stur eru gegns\u00e6 \u00e1 fyrstu stigum \u00feroskunar og einkenni st\u00f6kkbreytingarinnar eru \u00feau a\u00f0 bl\u00f3\u00f0frumur splundrast ef sk\u00edn \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e6r lj\u00f3s.<\/p>\n Cheap date<\/em>: \u00c1vaxtaflugur heita \u00ed sumum l\u00f6ndum edikflugur, \u00fev\u00ed \u00fe\u00e6r leita \u00ed rotnandi \u00e1vexti, e\u00f0a angan af v\u00e6nni gerr\u00e6kt. \u00de\u00e6r verpa \u00ed sl\u00edka \u00e1vexti, og \u00fev\u00ed \u00feola lirfurnar venjulega heilmikinn styrk af etan\u00f3li. Flugur me\u00f0 galla \u00ed cheap date<\/em> finna \u00e1 s\u00e9r eftir a\u00f0 hafa innbyrt mj\u00f6g l\u00edti\u00f0 af etan\u00f3li. Nafni\u00f0 byggir vitanlega \u00e1 amer\u00edskri menningu \u00fear sem stefnum\u00f3t eru algeng lei\u00f0 fyrir ungt f\u00f3lk a\u00f0 kynnast, frekar en a\u00f0 fara saman \u00ed r\u00e9ttir e\u00f0a tosa \u00ed t\u00edkarspena eins og t\u00ed\u00f0kast h\u00e9rlendis.<\/p>\n Ken<\/em> og barbie<\/em>: Ytri kynf\u00e6ri vantar \u00e1 flugur me\u00f0 galla \u00ed \u00feessum genum.<\/p>\n Superman, clark kent<\/em> og kryptonite<\/em>: Supermann fannst \u00ed vorskri\u00f0nabl\u00f3mi (Arabidopsis thaliana<\/em>), sem er eiginlega \u00e1vaxtafluga pl\u00f6ntuerf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0inga. Framkv\u00e6md var st\u00f6kkbreytiskimun fyrir g\u00f6llum \u00ed bl\u00f3mhlutum, \u00feannig a\u00f0 nafni\u00f0 tengist svipger\u00f0inni ekki auglj\u00f3slega. Sama skimun skila\u00f0i l\u00edka geninu clark kent<\/em>, sem s\u00ed\u00f0ar kom \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 var allel af superman<\/em>. Fr\u00e9ttirnar hafa ekki borist til \u00edb\u00faa Metropolis, l\u00edklega vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 bla\u00f0ama\u00f0ur \u00ed lykila\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0u situr \u00e1 t\u00ed\u00f0indunum. S\u00ed\u00f0ar kom \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 st\u00f6kkbreyting \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0ru geni me\u00f0 b\u00e6landi \u00e1hrif \u00e1 virkni superman. \u00dea\u00f0 var vitanlega nefnt kryptonite<\/em>.<\/p>\n N\u00f6fnum og or\u00f0um fylgir alvara. Vegna \u00fer\u00f3unar finnast samb\u00e6rileg gen \u00ed m\u00f6rgum l\u00edfverum. Systurgen tinman<\/em> finnst \u00ed m\u00f6nnum og heitir \u00fev\u00ed heillandi nafni NKX2.5<\/em>. \u00dea\u00f0 er einnig nau\u00f0synlegt fyrir \u00feroskun og virkni hjartans \u00ed okkur, sem r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tir a\u00f0 hluta ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 genum tilraunal\u00edfvera. En hnyttin n\u00f6fn gena geta or\u00f0i\u00f0 til vandr\u00e6\u00f0a, fyrir f\u00f3lk oftar en flugur. \u00cdmyndum okkur a\u00f0 einstaklingur fari \u00ed erf\u00f0apr\u00f3f, og \u00ed lj\u00f3s kemur a\u00f0 hann er me\u00f0 alvarlegan galla \u00ed tinman<\/em>, sonic hedgehog<\/em> e\u00f0a Antennapedia<\/em>. Erf\u00f0ar\u00e1\u00f0gjafinn \u00fearf a\u00f0 \u00fatsk\u00fdra \u00e1standi\u00f0, og \u00fe\u00e1 getur nafn gensins veri\u00f0 til trafala. \u00dev\u00ed nota mannerf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ingar oft \u00f6nnur n\u00f6fn, e\u00f0a skammstafanir til a\u00f0 hlutleysa (a\u00f0 \u00feeirra mati smekklausa) andagift fluguf\u00f3lksins.<\/p>\n V\u00edkjum n\u00fa aftur til Kennison og Tamkun. \u00deeir h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00e1huga \u00e1 genum sem tengdust \u00feroskun \u00e1vaxtaflugna. Upphafspunktur \u00feeirra voru tv\u00f6 gen, Antennapedia<\/em> (Antp<\/em>) og Polycomb<\/em> (Pc<\/em>). Antennapedia er eitt nafntoga\u00f0asta gen \u00ed heimi, \u00fev\u00ed viss galli \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed veldur umbreytingu \u00e1 \u00fereifurum (antenna) \u00ed f\u00e6tur (pedia). Antp<\/em> skr\u00e1ir fyrir umritunar\u00fe\u00e6tti, sem st\u00fdrir virkni annara gena, og \u00ed lj\u00f3s kom a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 tilheyrir \u201ealr\u00e6mdu\u201c genagengi, sem kennt er vi\u00f0 Hox. Hox genin (oft k\u00f6llu\u00f0 einkennigen) hlutu n\u00f6fn s\u00edn af \u00feeirri sta\u00f0reynd a\u00f0 breytingar \u00e1 \u00feeim leiddu til umbreytinga \u00e1 li\u00f0um, en ekki bara breytinga \u00e1 \u00feeim. \u00d6nnur fr\u00e6g breyting \u00ed \u00feeim flokki er Ultrabithorax<\/em> (Ubx<\/em>) sem lei\u00f0ir til \u00feess a\u00f0 flugurnar f\u00e1 auka par af v\u00e6ngjum. \u00deroskunafr\u00e6\u00f0ilega umbreytist mi\u00f0b\u00faksli\u00f0ur \u00ferj\u00fa \u00ed mi\u00f0b\u00faksli\u00f0 tv\u00f6, \u00feannig a\u00f0 litlu jafnv\u00e6gisk\u00f3lfarnir sem finnast venjulega \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum li\u00f0 ver\u00f0a a\u00f0 v\u00e6ngjum. \u00der\u00f3unarfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega eru \u00e1hrif Ubx mj\u00f6g merkileg, \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 forfe\u00f0ur \u00e1vaxtflugna voru einmitt fj\u00f3rv\u00e6ngjur, ekki \u00f3svipa\u00f0ar drekaflugum. Pc<\/em> geni\u00f0 er ekki Hox gen, en \u00fea\u00f0 tilheyrir flokki gena sem hafa \u00e1hrif \u00e1 byggingu litnis \u00ed frumum, t.d. \u00ed \u00f3l\u00edkum frumum \u00e1 me\u00f0an \u00feroskun stendur. Kennison og Tamkun t\u00f3ku flugur me\u00f0 galla \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0ru hvoru geninu, og leitu\u00f0u a\u00f0 n\u00fdjum breytingum sem g\u00e6tu magna\u00f0 upp e\u00f0a b\u00e6lt \u00feessa galla (sl\u00edk st\u00f6kkbreytiskimun kallast \u201emodifier screen\u201c). \u00cd \u00feeirri leit fundu \u00feeir fj\u00f6lda gena sem tengjast st\u00f6\u00f0ugleika litnis og st\u00fdringu \u00e1 \u00feroskun, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al genin sem nefnd voru eftir \u00f6rlaganornunum \u00feremur, urdur<\/em>, verthandi<\/em> og skuld<\/em>. En skimanir skila fleiri genum en h\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 rannsaka \u00edtarlega. \u00dev\u00ed b\u00ed\u00f0a \u00feessi skemmtilega nefndu gen enn eftir einhverjum sem vill rannsaka \u00feau, byggingu, hlutverk e\u00f0a \u00fer\u00f3un. Eru \u00fea\u00f0 \u00f6rl\u00f6g \u00fe\u00edn a\u00f0 afhj\u00fapa leyndarm\u00e1l Ur\u00f0ar, Ver\u00f0andi og Skuldar?<\/p>\n H\u00f6fundur \u00feakkar innilega ritstj\u00f3runum Dagn\u00fdju \u00c1stu R\u00fanarsd\u00f3ttur og \u00d6lvi Styrmissyni yfirlestur og \u00e1bendingar um titil greinar.<\/p>\n Vefs\u00ed\u00f0ur og heimildir.<\/p>\n Childs S, Weinstein BM, Mohideen MA, Donohue S, Bonkovsky H, Fishman MC. 2000. Zebrafish dracula encodes ferrochelatase and its mutation provides a model for erythropoietic protoporphyria. Current Biology. 10:1001-4.<\/p>\n Bowman JL, Sakai H, Jack T, Weigel D, Mayer U, Meyerowitz EM. 1992. SUPERMAN, a regulator of floral homeotic genes in Arabidopsis. Development. 114:599-615.<\/p>\n Jackson JP, Lindroth AM, Cao X, Jacobsen SE. 2002. Control of CpNpG DNA methylation by the KRYPTONITE histone H3 methyltransferase. Nature. 416:556-60.<\/p>\n Seringhaus MR, Cayting PR, Gerstein MB. 2008. Uncovering trends in gene naming. Genome Biology 9:401.<\/p>\n Kennison JA, Tamkun JW. 1988. Dosage-dependent modifiers of polycomb and antennapedia mutations in Drosophila. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 85:8136-40.<\/p>\n Vacek M. 2001. A gene by any other name: whimsy and inspiration in the naming of genes. American Scientist. 89.<\/p>\n Krulwich R. 2009.\u00a0Fruit Fly Scientists Swatted Down Over 'Cheap Date'<\/a> NPR (lesi\u00f0 29. febr\u00faar 2016)<\/p>\n SciCrazy. 2014. Scientist Humor: Funny Gene Names (lesi\u00f0 29. febr\u00faar 2016) Iyer S. 2015. 14 of the Funniest Fruit Fly Gene Names (lesi\u00f0 29. febr\u00faar 2016) http:\/\/bitesizebio.com\/23221\/14-of-the-funniest-fruit-fly-gene-names\/<\/a><\/p>\n Radford M. 2012. 18 Gene Names that Cover the Gamut, From Movies to Pop Culture to Cartoons. (lesi\u00f0 29. febr\u00faar 2016) http:\/\/mentalfloss.com\/article\/12880\/18-gene-names-cover-gamut-movies-pop-culture-cartoons<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Fj\u00f3r\u00f0ungi breg\u00f0ur til nafns: af uppnefndum genum og s\u00e9rvisku erf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0inga. Greinarkorn \u00feetta birtist \u00ed K\u00edmbla\u00f0i \u00e1rsins 2016. \u00dea\u00f0 er s\u00e9rlega \u00e1n\u00e6gjulegt a\u00f0 \u00fatskriftarnemendur \u00ed l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0i hafa gefi\u00f0 \u00fat K\u00edmbla\u00f0, \u00ed fyrsta skipti \u00ed m\u00f6rg \u00e1r. \u00c9g naut \u00feeirra forr\u00e9ttinda a\u00f0 … Halda \u00e1fram a\u00f0 lesa
\nhttps:\/\/scicrazy.wordpress.com\/tag\/funny-gene-names\/<\/a><\/p>\n