![\"\"](\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/files\/2026\/05\/MaurarFB_20250121_133555.jpg\")
<\/a>Nemendur \u00ed FB a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a maurab\u00fa<\/p><\/div><\/p>\n
Umhverfi \u2013 pistill fyrir Upp\u00e1standi\u00f0 \u00e1 R\u00e1s 1 sumari\u00f0 2026. Umsj\u00f3narma\u00f0ur P\u00e9tur Halld\u00f3rsson.<\/p>\n
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\u201eFj\u00f3r\u00f0ungi breg\u00f0ur til f\u00f3sturs\u201c, segir \u00ed Nj\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n
Hallger\u00f0ur Langbr\u00f3k haf\u00f0i sannf\u00e6rt Sigmund Lambason um a\u00f0 drepa \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0 f\u00f3stra Nj\u00e1lssona. \u00c1\u00f0ur en mor\u00f0i\u00f0 var frami\u00f0 sag\u00f0i Sigmundur:<\/p>\n
\u201cEn eigi er kynlegt a\u00f0 Skarph\u00e9\u00f0inn s\u00e9 hraustur \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 er m\u00e6lt a\u00f0 fj\u00f3r\u00f0ungi breg\u00f0i til f\u00f3sturs. (42. kafli)\u201d<\/p>\n
F\u00f3stur er allt \u00fea\u00f0 atl\u00e6ti og atbur\u00f0ir sem m\u00f3ta einstakling \u00e1 l\u00edfslei\u00f0inni, me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum or\u00f0um allt umhverfi vi\u00f0komandi (b\u00e6\u00f0i lifandi og dautt).<\/p>\n
Vi\u00f0 l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0ingar hugsum um eiginleika l\u00edfvera og m\u00f6rg okkar hafa \u00e1huga \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed - hva\u00f0 m\u00f3tar \u00fe\u00e1?<\/p>\n
Hvert er framlag erf\u00f0a\u00fe\u00e1tta, hvert er framlag umhverfis? og<\/p>\n
Og hvert er framlag tilviljana? r\u00e6\u00f0um \u00fe\u00e6r s\u00ed\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n
Samkv\u00e6mt fornum textum, og heimildamanni m\u00ednum A\u00f0alsteini Sigurgeirssyni var oft sagt til forna A\u00d0<\/p>\n
\"fj\u00f3r\u00f0ungi bryg\u00f0i til m\u00f3\u00f0ur<\/em>, fj\u00f3r\u00f0ungi til f\u00f6\u00f0ur<\/em>, fj\u00f3r\u00f0ungi til f\u00f3sturs<\/em> og fj\u00f3r\u00f0ungi til nafns<\/em>.\"<\/p>\n \u00feetta \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir a\u00f0 helmingur eiginleika einstaklinga s\u00e9 fr\u00e1 foreldrum \u00feeirra kominn. (fj\u00f3r\u00f0ungur s\u00e9 vegna umhverfis og s\u00ed\u00f0asti parturinn b\u00fai \u00ed nafninu).<\/p>\n \u00dea\u00f0 er freistandi a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a umhverfi og erf\u00f0ir \u00fat fr\u00e1 litr\u00edkum pers\u00f3num Nj\u00e1lu, r\u00e6\u00f0a um skeggleysi h\u00f6f\u00f0ingjans \u00e1 Berg\u00fe\u00f3rshvoli, pers\u00f3nuleika Hallger\u00f0ar, l\u00edkamsbur\u00f0i Skarph\u00e9\u00f0ins.<\/p>\n En til a\u00f0 sleppa undan \u00feunga s\u00f6gunnar og pers\u00f3nanna, langar mig a\u00f0 fjalla um l\u00edkamsbur\u00f0i m\u00fasa \u00ed sta\u00f0inn. M\u00fds eru spend\u00fdr eins og vi\u00f0 og hafa margv\u00edslega eiginleika, t.a.m. st\u00e6r\u00f0, h\u00e1rlit, fj\u00f6ldi t\u00e1a, mynstur taugabrauta \u00ed heila m\u00fasarinnar e\u00f0a atferli eins og virkni, \u00e1h\u00e6ttus\u00e6kni, f\u00e6rni vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 leysa \u00ferautir.<\/p>\n Vi\u00f0 getum sko\u00f0um breytileikann \u00ed svona eiginleikum, t.d. me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 m\u00e6la margar m\u00fds og greina g\u00f6gnin. M\u00fdsnar eru n\u00e6stum allar me\u00f0 fimm t\u00e6r \u00e1 \u00f6llum fingrum. \u00deessi eiginleiki hefur l\u00edtinn breytileika, en m\u00fds eru mis\u00feungar og \u00feegar \u00feyngd 100 m\u00fasa \u00feeirra er sett \u00e1 \u00e1s (fr\u00e1 0-50 gr\u00f6mm), kemur \u00ed lj\u00f3s meiri breytileiki<\/p>\n (dreifingin l\u00edtur \u00fat eins og bjalla, \u00fear sem me\u00f0al\u00feyngdin er kannski 20 gr\u00f6m, en einnig finnast m\u00fds sem eru 21,19, 18, 22\u202630 e\u00f0a jafnvel 35 e\u00f0a 10 gr\u00f6m). Dreifingin er raunveruleg og vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum margv\u00edslegar a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir til a\u00f0 rannsaka hana. Til a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa svona dreifingum getum vi\u00f0 reikna\u00f0 me\u00f0altal og dreifni (sem er fr\u00e1vik hverrar m\u00fasar fr\u00e1 me\u00f0altalinu).<\/p>\n S\u00ed\u00f0an getum vi\u00f0 spurt, hvort skiptir meira m\u00e1li fyrir \u00feyngd \u00ed m\u00fasum, erf\u00f0ir e\u00f0a umhverfi?<\/p>\n Svari\u00f0 er, b\u00e6\u00f0i skiptir m\u00e1li. \u00d3l\u00edkir stofnar m\u00fasa (mismunandi gen) eru mis\u00feungir, jafnvel \u00feegar \u00fe\u00e6r s\u00e9u aldar \u00e1 samskonar f\u00e6\u00f0u og f\u00e1 jafnmiki\u00f0 af henni \u2013 \u00feannig a\u00f0 erf\u00f0ir skipta m\u00e1li. En m\u00fds vaxa l\u00edka betur ef \u00fe\u00e6r f\u00e1 betri f\u00e6\u00f0u, - \u00feannig a\u00f0 umhverfi\u00f0 hefur l\u00edka \u00e1hrif.<\/p>\n Vi\u00f0 notum hugtaki\u00f0 arfgengi (e heritability) til a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa \u00fev\u00ed hversu st\u00f3r hluti breytileika \u00ed einhverjum eiginleika (t.d. \u00feyngd m\u00fasa) er tilkomin vegna erf\u00f0a\u00fe\u00e1tta fr\u00e1 m\u00f3\u00f0ur e\u00f0a f\u00f6\u00f0ur. E\u00f0a vegna mismunar \u00ed umhverfi. Arfgengi er tala sem hleypur fr\u00e1 0 (genin skipta engu m\u00e1li, en umhverfi\u00f0 \u00f6ll) upp \u00ed 1 (genin skipta \u00f6llu m\u00e1li, og umhverfi\u00f0 engu). Fyrir \u00feyngd m\u00fasa er arfgeni\u00f0 milli 0,4 og 0,8. \u00dea\u00f0 er h\u00e6st (0,8) fyrir ungar m\u00fds, um 200 daga gamlar, en l\u00e6gst (0,4) fyrir eldri m\u00fds (600 daga).<\/p>\n \u00dea\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir a\u00f0 \u00e1hrif umhverfis eru missterk eftir \u00fev\u00ed hversu gamlar m\u00fdsnar eru. E\u00f0a me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum or\u00f0um, \u00e1hrif umhverfis safnast upp yfir \u00e6vina, \u00fev\u00ed l\u00edkamar okkar \u201cmuna\u201d fyrra a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur. \u00dea\u00f0 er einmitt vi\u00f0fangsefni ranns\u00f3kna \u00e1 \u00e1hrifum alvarlegra s\u00fdkinga e\u00f0a \u00e1fallas\u00f6gu \u00e1 l\u00ed\u00f0an og \u00e1stand f\u00f3lks.<\/p>\n \u00c1hrif erf\u00f0a og umhverfis eru mismunandi eftir eiginleikunum \u2013 gen hafa mikil \u00e1hrif \u00e1 \u00feyngd, en litlar \u00e1 breytileika \u00ed fj\u00f6lda \u201ct\u00e1a e\u00f0a fingra\u201d. Erf\u00f0ir, umhverfi og saga einstaklinganna eru nefnilega samofin, og oft mj\u00f6g erfitt a\u00f0 rekja sundur \u00fer\u00e6\u00f0ina.<\/p>\n En hva\u00f0 er umhverfi\u00f0?<\/p>\n Erf\u00f0amengi d\u00fdra eru risast\u00f3r og breytileg milli einstaklinga (me\u00f0al manna eru um 15. Millj\u00f3nir breytilegra sta\u00f0a \u2013 fj\u00f6ldi veltur \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0a skilgreiningar ma\u00f0ur notar). Vi\u00f0 b\u00faum yfir t\u00e6kni sem getur m\u00e6lt alla \u00feessa breytileika, me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 nota l\u00edfs\u00fdni me\u00f0 DNA.<\/p>\n Umhverfi\u00f0 er mun fl\u00f3knara og fj\u00f6lbreyttara og ekkert t\u00e6ki getur m\u00e6lt. Umhverfi\u00f0 er nefnilega allir e\u00f0lisfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu \u00fe\u00e6ttirnir, hiti, raki, \u00fer\u00fdstingur, geislun ofl og enn fleiri l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0ilegir \u00fe\u00e6ttir (matur, s\u00fdklar, saml\u00edfisverur). V\u00edkjum fyrst a\u00f0 hinu \u201cdau\u00f0a\u201d umhverfi.<\/p>\n \u00deeir virka yfir \u00e6viskei\u00f0 l\u00edfveranna, og \u00e1 hverjum t\u00edmapunkti. Jafn hiti um 4\u00b0C (me\u00f0alhiti \u00e1 klakanum okkar) er ekki \u00fea\u00f0 sl\u00e6mur og veldur ekki alvarlegum skakkaf\u00f6llum, en frost undir 40 e\u00f0a hitabylgjur yfir 50\u00b0C geta fari\u00f0 mj\u00f6g illa me\u00f0 spend\u00fdr eins og okkur.<\/p>\n Umhverfis\u00fe\u00e6ttir geta haft t\u00edma yfir lengri t\u00edma, e\u00f0a mj\u00f6g stuttan en afdrifar\u00edkan eins og \u00ed hitabylgju sem fylgir loftslagsbreytingum af mannav\u00f6ldum. \u00deetta er d\u00e6mi um umhverfis\u00fe\u00e1tt, sem vi\u00f0 mannkyni\u00f0 h\u00f6fum gert h\u00e6tturlegri me\u00f0 losun okkar \u00e1 koltv\u00eds\u00fdringi.<\/p>\n R\u00e6\u00f0um n\u00e6st hi\u00f0 lifandi umhverfi, \u201cfj\u00f3r\u00f0unginn \u00far f\u00f3strinu\u201d eins og sag\u00f0i \u00ed Nj\u00e1lu. \u00de.e.a.s. mat, smit og okkar innri samf\u00e9l\u00f6g.<\/p>\n Vi\u00f0 d\u00fdrin ver\u00f0um a\u00f0 bor\u00f0a l\u00edfr\u00e6nt efni, \u00fev\u00ed vi\u00f0 getum ekki mynda\u00f0 orku beint \u00far lj\u00f3si s\u00f3lar - eins og pl\u00f6nturnar og \u00fe\u00f6rungarnir.<\/p>\n N\u00e6ring er \u00fev\u00ed einn veigamestir umhverfis\u00fe\u00e1ttur d\u00fdra: hva\u00f0a n\u00e6ring er \u00ed naflastrengsbl\u00f3\u00f0inu, fyrstu dropum m\u00f3\u00f0urmj\u00f3lkur, st\u00f6ppu\u00f0u gulr\u00f3tinni e\u00f0a fisknum? Eins og me\u00f0 a\u00f0ra umhverfis\u00fe\u00e6tti, \u00fe\u00e1 \u00feolum vi\u00f0 illa sveiflur \u00ed n\u00e6ringu yfir t\u00edma. Hungur e\u00f0a of\u00e1t geta leitt til alvarlegra aflei\u00f0inga og jafnvel dau\u00f0a.<\/p>\n Smitandi verur og s\u00fdklar, \u00e1samt r\u00e1nd\u00fdrum, eru einnig veigamikill umhverfis\u00fe\u00e1ttur. Margir s\u00fdklar lei\u00f0a til alvarlegra veikinda og teljast banv\u00e6nir. N\u00e6rt\u00e6kt d\u00e6mi er veiran Sars-Cov-2 sem veldur Covid. D\u00e1nart\u00ed\u00f0ni var um 1% \u00ed upphafi faraldurs, en margir sem lif\u00f0u smiti\u00f0 af eiga n\u00fa vi\u00f0 langvarandi aflei\u00f0ingar \u00feess. \u00deannig getur eitt smit haft afdrifar\u00edkar aflei\u00f0ingar fyrir einstaklinga, fyrir l\u00edfst\u00ed\u00f0. Umhverfi okkar inniheldur l\u00edka fleiri l\u00edfverur og afur\u00f0ir \u00feeirra. R\u00e6\u00f0um a\u00f0eins samb\u00fdlis\u00f6rverur, sem lo\u00f0a vi\u00f0 flest st\u00f3r d\u00fdr og pl\u00f6ntur. D\u00fdr innihalda margar \u00f6rverur \u00ed meltingarveginum, sem eru frekar samb\u00fdlingar en smitvaldar. Flestir \u00feekkja mikilv\u00e6gi \u00f6rvera fyrir j\u00f3rturd\u00fdr eins og k\u00fdr, en vi\u00f0 aparnir innih\u00f6ldum l\u00edka margar \u00f6rverur \u00ed meltingarveginum, sem eru nau\u00f0synlegar fyrir heilsu. \u00d6rverufr\u00e6\u00f0ingar eru r\u00e9tt byrja\u00f0ir a\u00f0 skilja hlutverk \u00feessara samb\u00fdlinga okkar, \u00f6rverur eru nau\u00f0synlegar til a\u00f0 meltingarvegurinn \u00feroskast r\u00e9tt, hj\u00e1lpa til vi\u00f0 ni\u00f0urbrot f\u00e6\u00f0u og n\u00fdsm\u00ed\u00f0 \u00e1 l\u00edfr\u00e6num sameindum. Einhverjir kannast \u00f6rugglega vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 f\u00e1 meltingartruflanir eftir t\u00f6ku s\u00fdklalyfja. \u00dea\u00f0 er vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 n\u00e1tt\u00faruleg \u00fearmafl\u00f3ra ey\u00f0ist a\u00f0 miklu leyti vi\u00f0 s\u00fdklalyfja me\u00f0fer\u00f0. \u00deetta er \u00f3heppileg aukaaflei\u00f0ing \u00feess a\u00f0 hreinsa \u00fat bakter\u00eduna sem veldur s\u00fdkingu. Ranns\u00f3knir hafa l\u00edka s\u00fdnt a\u00f0 \u00fearmafl\u00f3ran n\u00e6r s\u00e9r nokku\u00f0 hratt \u00e1 strik, en \u00fea\u00f0 er tilviljun h\u00e1\u00f0 hvernig samsetning hennar \u201c\u00feroskast\u201d.<\/p>\n \u00dea\u00f0 lei\u00f0ir okkur a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0asta \u00fe\u00e6ttinum sem m\u00f3tar eiginleika l\u00edfvera, tilviljuninni. \u00deegar hver einstaklingur \u00feroskast m\u00f3tast hann af genum s\u00ednum, umhverfis\u00fe\u00e1ttunum \u00f6llum, samspili milli \u00e1kve\u00f0inna gena og vissra umhverfis\u00fe\u00e1tta, og l\u00edka tilviljanakenndum atri\u00f0um (allt fr\u00e1 fl\u00f6kti \u00ed sameindum innan fruma, sem \u00e1hrifum umhverfis\u00fe\u00e1tta \u00e1 l\u00edfveruna). \u00deetta birtist m.a. \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 eineggja tv\u00edburar eru aldrei n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega eins \u00ed \u00f6llum einkennum. Einhverjir hafa haldi\u00f0 \u00e1 lofti d\u00e6mum um eineggja tv\u00edbura sem l\u00e9tust \u00far sama sj\u00fakd\u00f3mi s\u00f6mu vikuna, en undantekningarnar sanna ekki regluna. \u00deetta birtist l\u00edka \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 h\u00e6gri og vinstri hli\u00f0ar d\u00fdra eru aldrei n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega eins (sem s\u00e9st \u00e1 spegilmynd l\u00edkama e\u00f0a andlits). Allur l\u00edkaminn er me\u00f0 s\u00f6mu gen (sleppum undantekningunum n\u00fana), hafa fengi\u00f0 sama umhverfi (t.d. mat, s\u00fdkingar og hita), en samt eru h\u00e6gri og vinstri hli\u00f0arnar aldrei n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega eins.<\/p>\n V\u00edkjum a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu a\u00f0 hinu lifandi umhverfi mannf\u00f3lks. Auk matar, s\u00fdkla og saml\u00edfis\u00f6rvera, er fj\u00f6lskyldan, \u00feorpi\u00f0 og mannkyni\u00f0 l\u00edka okkar \u201clifandi umhverfi\u201d.<\/p>\n Vi\u00f0 h\u00f3fum pistilinn \u00e1 fj\u00f3r\u00f0ungunum \u00far Nj\u00e1lu, en \u00e9g vil lj\u00faka \u00feessu \u00e1 versi 53 \u00far H\u00e1vam\u00e1lum (i versi 53<\/a>).<\/p>\n L\u00edtilla sanda<\/p>\n l\u00edtilla s\u00e6va<\/p>\n l\u00edtil eru ge\u00f0 guma.<\/p>\n \u00dev\u00ed at allir menn<\/p>\n ur\u00f0u-t jafnspakir;<\/p>\n half er \u00f6ld hvar.<\/p>\n Sem m\u00e1 umor\u00f0a sem, ef \u00fe\u00fa elst upp \u00ed l\u00edtilli v\u00edk (e\u00f0a afdal), muntu hugsa eins og afdalama\u00f0ur.<\/p>\n H\u00f6fundur H\u00e1vam\u00e1la er a\u00f0 hvatti f\u00f3lk til a\u00f0 hleypa heimdraganum og vera tilb\u00fainn a\u00f0 l\u00e6ra um l\u00edf annars f\u00f3lks.<\/p>\n \u00cd n\u00fat\u00edma g\u00e6ti \u00fea\u00f0 veri\u00f0 \u00e1kall um a\u00f0 skilja fl\u00f3ttamenn fr\u00e1 S\u00fadan, S\u00fdrlandi e\u00f0a V\u00edetnam, e\u00f0a setja okkur \u00ed spor f\u00f3lks sem b\u00fdr \u00ed l\u00f6ndum \u00e1n opinbers mennta og heilbrig\u00f0iskerfis, e\u00f0a vi\u00f0 ofr\u00edki P\u00fat\u00edns, Xi e\u00f0a Erdogans.<\/p>\n Vi\u00f0 erum m\u00f3tu\u00f0 af umhverfinu, en vi\u00f0 mennirnir erum einnig umhverfi annara, b\u00e6\u00f0i l\u00edfvera \u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0inni og mannf\u00f3lks. Hvernig umhverfi viljum vi\u00f0 vera \u00feeim? B\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edma me\u00f0 heg\u00f0un okkar og losun kolefnis, og me\u00f0 ritm\u00e1li og uppt\u00f6kum \u2013 bo\u00f0um til \u00feeirra sem \u00ed framt\u00ed\u00f0inni hafa a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 b\u00f3kum, vefs\u00ed\u00f0um og spilara r\u00fav.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Umhverfi \u2013 pistill fyrir Upp\u00e1standi\u00f0 \u00e1 R\u00e1s 1 sumari\u00f0 2026. Umsj\u00f3narma\u00f0ur P\u00e9tur Halld\u00f3rsson. ################### \u201eFj\u00f3r\u00f0ungi breg\u00f0ur til f\u00f3sturs\u201c, segir \u00ed Nj\u00e1lu. Hallger\u00f0ur Langbr\u00f3k haf\u00f0i sannf\u00e6rt Sigmund Lambason um a\u00f0 drepa \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0 f\u00f3stra Nj\u00e1lssona. \u00c1\u00f0ur en mor\u00f0i\u00f0 var frami\u00f0 sag\u00f0i Sigmundur: … Halda \u00e1fram a\u00f0 lesa