Thomas Hunt Morgan f\u00e6ddist 25. september 1866, \u00ed Lexington, Kentucky, \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum en l\u00e9st 4. desember 1945. Bakgrunnur Morgans var \u00ed \u00feroskunarfr\u00e6\u00f0i en hans merkilegustu uppg\u00f6tvanir voru \u00e1 svi\u00f0i erf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i<\/a>. Hann lauk doktorspr\u00f3fi (1899) fr\u00e1 John Hopkins-h\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00ed Baltimore, \u00fear sem hann rannsaka\u00f0i \u00feroskun s\u00e6k\u00f6ngul\u00f3a. Hann f\u00e9kk st\u00f6\u00f0u d\u00f3sents \u00ed l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0i vi\u00f0 Bryn Mawr College for Women \u00e1ri\u00f0 1891 og starfa\u00f0i \u00fear \u00ed 13 \u00e1r, en t\u00f3k \u00fe\u00e1 vi\u00f0 st\u00f6\u00f0u pr\u00f3fessors \u00ed tilraunad\u00fdrafr\u00e6\u00f0i (e. Experimental Zoology) vi\u00f0 Columbia-h\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00ed New York. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1928 t\u00f3k hann vi\u00f0 st\u00f6\u00f0u pr\u00f3fessors \u00ed l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0i og sem forst\u00f6\u00f0uma\u00f0ur G. Kerckhoff-tilraunastofunnar vi\u00f0 California Institute of Technology (Caltech) \u00ed Pasadena. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1933 f\u00e9kk hann N\u00f3belsver\u00f0laun<\/a> \u00ed l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i fyrir uppg\u00f6tvanir s\u00ednar \u00e1 mikilv\u00e6gi litninga<\/a> fyrir erf\u00f0ir. Hann starfa\u00f0i vi\u00f0 Caltech til dau\u00f0adags. \u00c1vaxtafluga (<\/em>Drosophila melanogaster).<\/em> Erf\u00f0ir hv\u00edta gensins.<\/em>Morgan framkv\u00e6mdi fleiri \u00e6xlanir, sko\u00f0a\u00f0i litninga undir sm\u00e1sj\u00e1 og setti ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur s\u00ednar fram \u00ed greininni \"Sex Limited Inheritance in Drosophila\" \u00ed Science<\/cite> \u00ed j\u00fal\u00ed 1910. \u00cd greininni og annarri sem fylgdi \u00e1ri s\u00ed\u00f0ar s\u00fdndi hann fram \u00e1 a\u00f0<\/p>\n Hann kalla\u00f0i geni\u00f0 white<\/em>, eftir einkenni st\u00f6kkbreytingarinnar, ekki eftir afur\u00f0 gensins e\u00f0a starfsemi. Sl\u00edkar nafngiftir ur\u00f0u a\u00f0 hef\u00f0 innan samf\u00e9lags erf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0inga, yellow<\/em>-flugur eru lj\u00f3sar \u00e1 lit, \u00e1 me\u00f0an ebony<\/em> eru d\u00f6kkar, flugur me\u00f0 st\u00f6kkbreytingu \u00ed wingless<\/em>-geninu vantar v\u00e6ngi og breyting \u00ed hedgehog<\/em> gerir lirfuna l\u00edkasta broddgelti<\/a>. Morgan haf\u00f0i g\u00f3\u00f0a nemendur s\u00e9r til halds og trausts: Alfred Sturtevant (1891\u20131970), \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e1 \u00feri\u00f0ja \u00e1ri \u00ed grunnn\u00e1mi, bj\u00f3 til fyrsta genakorti\u00f0, Calvin Bridges (1889\u20131938) \u00e1tti eftir a\u00f0 b\u00faa til fyrsta raunkorti\u00f0 af litningi og Hermann Muller (1890\u20131967) f\u00e9kk sj\u00e1lfur N\u00f3belsver\u00f0launin fyrir a\u00f0 s\u00fdna a\u00f0 r\u00f6ntgengeislar<\/a> valda st\u00f6kkbreytingum. \u00deessir fj\u00f3rir, \u00e1samt \u00f6\u00f0rum me\u00f0limum \u00ed fluguherberginu \u00ed Columbia og fluguerf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ingar settu einnig n\u00fd vi\u00f0mi\u00f0 \u00ed v\u00edsindalegum vinnubr\u00f6g\u00f0um. Hugsun n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu aldar var s\u00fa a\u00f0 hver v\u00edsindama\u00f0ur ynni einn a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0nu verkefni, en \u00ed fluguherberginu skiptust menn \u00e1 hugmyndum, flugustofnum og a\u00f0fer\u00f0um \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 blikka auga. Upp spratt s\u00fa hugsj\u00f3n a\u00f0 efnivi\u00f0ur v\u00edsindastarfs, en ekki bara ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar, \u00e6tti a\u00f0 vera \u00f6llum a\u00f0gengilegur. \u00deessi heimspeki m\u00f3ta\u00f0i samf\u00e9lag erf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0inga sem unnu me\u00f0 \u00e1vaxtaflugur og sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 merki um hana \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edma l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0i og l\u00e6knav\u00edsindum. Bandar\u00edska heilbrig\u00f0istofnunin krefst \u00feess til a\u00f0 mynda a\u00f0 allur efnivi\u00f0ur, st\u00f6kkbreyttar m\u00fds, DNA-ra\u00f0ir, kl\u00f3nu\u00f0 gen og svo framvegis standi v\u00edsindasamf\u00e9laginu til bo\u00f0a. \u00deessi hugsun s\u00e9st best \u00e1 flybase.org<\/a>, vefs\u00ed\u00f0u sem helgu\u00f0 er \u00e1vaxtaflugunni. Flybase er samh\u00e6f\u00f0ur gagngrunnur sem spannar \u00feekkingu \u00e1 erf\u00f0um, sameindal\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0i, \u00feroskun og atferli flugunnar. \u00dear m\u00e1 finna uppl\u00fdsingar um hvert hinna um \u00fea\u00f0 bil 13.000 gena \u00e1vaxtaflugunnar (ma\u00f0urinn er me\u00f0 um \u00fea\u00f0 bil 21.000 gen), me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 sl\u00e1 inn nafn gens, til d\u00e6mis yellow<\/em> e\u00f0a skuld<\/em>. \u00dear m\u00e1 einnig panta stofna me\u00f0 white<\/em>-st\u00f6kkbreytingunni, sem Thomas H. Morgan fann. L\u00edti\u00f0 m\u00e1l er a\u00f0 halda l\u00edfi \u00ed flugustofni heima vi\u00f0, me\u00f0 ban\u00f6num, ma\u00edsmj\u00f6li og \u00f6rlitlu geri \u00ed fl\u00f6sku. Heimildir og myndir:<\/strong><\/p>\n * Eftir Einari \u00c1rnasyni, Arfleif\u00f0 Darwins<\/cite> 2010: \u201eErich von Tschermak (1871\u20131962) er stundum einnig sag\u00f0ur hafa enduruppg\u00f6tva\u00f0 l\u00f6gm\u00e1l Mendels. Curt Stern (1902\u20131981) og Eva R. Sherwood \u00e1l\u00edta \u00fea\u00f0 oft\u00falkun \u00ed b\u00f3k sinni The Origin of Genetics: A Mendel Source Book (1966)<\/cite>, Tschermak hafi vissulega fundi\u00f0 greinar Mendels en hann hafi ekki gert tilraunir sem s\u00fdni a\u00f0 hann hafi sj\u00e1lfur uppg\u00f6tva\u00f0 l\u00f6gm\u00e1li\u00f0.\u201c Hver var Thomas Morgan og hvert var hans framlag til erf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0innar? Arnar P\u00e1lsson. \u201eHver var Thomas Morgan og hvert var hans framlag til erf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0innar?\u201c. V\u00edsindavefurinn 6.5.2011. http:\/\/visindavefur.is\/?id=59655. Thomas Hunt Morgan f\u00e6ddist 25. september 1866, \u00ed Lexington, Kentucky, \u00ed Bandar\u00edkjunum en … Halda \u00e1fram a\u00f0 lesa ![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.visindavefur.is\/myndir\/thomas_morgan_060511.jpg\" "\\"Thomas")
Morgan f\u00e9kk \u00e1huga \u00e1 erf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i upp \u00far aldam\u00f3tunum 1900, \u00feegar l\u00f6gm\u00e1l Mendels<\/a> voru enduruppg\u00f6tvu\u00f0 af Hugo de Vries (1848\u20131935) og Carl Correns (1864\u20131933).* Hann vann fyrst me\u00f0 m\u00fds og rottur en vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 erf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00fearfnast tilrauna sem spanna margar kynsl\u00f3\u00f0ir, sneri hann s\u00e9r um 1907 a\u00f0 \u00e1vaxtaflugunni (Drosophila melanogaster<\/em>), sem William E. Castle (1867\u20131962) haf\u00f0i prufukeyrt \u00e1ri\u00f0 1901. \u00c1vaxtaflugur mynda fullvaxta afkv\u00e6mi \u00e1 t\u00e6pum tveim vikum vi\u00f0 herbergishita, en engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur \u00feurfti Morgan a\u00f0 b\u00ed\u00f0a eftir ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um. Hugmynd hans var a\u00f0 fj\u00f6lga flugum, \u00e6xla \u00feeim saman og leita a\u00f0 fr\u00e1vikum. Mendel vann me\u00f0 ertur og haf\u00f0i fundi\u00f0 litaafbrig\u00f0i, hrukka\u00f0ar og sl\u00e9ttar baunir, dvergvaxin afbrig\u00f0i og svo framvegis, en Morgan fann ekkert \u00e1\u00feekkt. Hann j\u00e1ta\u00f0i vi\u00f0 gest \u00e1 tilraunstofunni a\u00f0 hann v\u00e6ri vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 gefast upp, \u201eTveggja \u00e1ra vinna er farinn \u00ed s\u00faginn, \u00e9g hef \u00e6xla\u00f0 flugum allan \u00feennan t\u00edma og hef ekkert upp \u00far krafsinu\u201c.** En snemma \u00e1rs 1910 uppskar hann laun erfi\u00f0is s\u00edns. \u00cd einni fl\u00f6skunni fann hann hv\u00edteyg\u00f0a karlflugu. Venjulegar \u00e1vaxtaflugur eru rau\u00f0eyg\u00f0ar eins og sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 \u00e1 myndinni h\u00e9r a\u00f0 ne\u00f0an. Hann ger\u00f0i eins og Mendel, \u00e6xla\u00f0i saman einstaklingum og fylgdi eftir \u00f6llum afkv\u00e6mum. Hv\u00edteyg\u00f0a karlflugan eigna\u00f0ist bara rau\u00f0eyg\u00f0 afkv\u00e6mi. \u00dea\u00f0 s\u00fdnir a\u00f0 rau\u00f0a sams\u00e6ta<\/a> gensins<\/a> er r\u00edkjandi<\/a> yfir \u00feeirri hv\u00edtu. \u00dev\u00ed n\u00e6st \u00e6xla\u00f0i hann saman afkomendunum, br\u00e6\u00f0rum vi\u00f0 systur, og \u00fe\u00e1 birtust hv\u00edteyg\u00f0ar flugur aftur. Honum til mikillar undrunar voru hv\u00edteyg\u00f0u flugurnar allar karlkyns. Hann haf\u00f0i fundi\u00f0 erf\u00f0a\u00fe\u00e1tt sem var bundinn vi\u00f0 kyn.
\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.visindavefur.is\/myndir\/avaxtafluga_060511.jpg\")
\n<\/em><\/p>\n
\nSpend\u00fdr<\/a> og \u00e1vaxtaflugur eru eins a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed leyti a\u00f0 kvend\u00fdrin eru XX og karld\u00fdrin XY (sj\u00e1 svar Gu\u00f0mundar Eggertssonar vi\u00f0 spurningunni Hva\u00f0 geti\u00f0 \u00fei\u00f0 sagt m\u00e9r um kynlitninga?<\/a>). Hv\u00edt- og rau\u00f0eyg\u00f0ar karlflugur komu fram \u00ed j\u00f6fnum hlutf\u00f6llum, sem studdi \u00fe\u00e1 t\u00falkun a\u00f0 um X-tengt gen v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a (sj\u00e1 sk\u00fdringarmynd).
\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.visindavefur.is\/myndir\/avaxtafluga_gen_060511.jpg\")
\n<\/em><\/p>\n\n
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\n** \"Two years work wasted,\" he lamented to one visitor to his laboratory. \"I have been breeding those flies for all that time and I've got nothing out of it.\"(Harrison, R.G., \"Embryology and Its Relations\".)<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"