{"id":347,"date":"2014-10-31T10:58:08","date_gmt":"2014-10-31T10:58:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/?p=347"},"modified":"2014-10-31T10:58:08","modified_gmt":"2014-10-31T10:58:08","slug":"icelandic-getur-verid-ad-neanderdalsmadurinn-hafi-ekki-daid-ut-heldur-blandast-nutimamanninum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/2014\/10\/31\/icelandic-getur-verid-ad-neanderdalsmadurinn-hafi-ekki-daid-ut-heldur-blandast-nutimamanninum\/","title":{"rendered":"Getur veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 neanderdalsma\u00f0urinn hafi ekki d\u00e1i\u00f0 \u00fat heldur blandast n\u00fat\u00edmamanninum?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Arnar P\u00e1lsson. \u201eGetur veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 neanderdalsma\u00f0urinn hafi ekki d\u00e1i\u00f0 \u00fat heldur blandast n\u00fat\u00edmamanninum?\u201c. V\u00edsindavefurinn<\/i> 18.4.2011. http:\/\/visindavefur.is\/?id=8426<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Getur veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 neanderdalsma\u00f0urinn hafi ekki d\u00e1i\u00f0 \u00fat heldur blandast n\u00fat\u00edmamanninum?<\/h1>\n

Hinn vitiborni ma\u00f0ur (Homo sapiens<\/em>) er eina n\u00falifandi manntegundin \u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0inni. Steingervingasagan s\u00fdnir a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 erum komin af st\u00f3rri fj\u00f6lskyldu manntegunda, sem flestar bjuggu \u00ed Afr\u00edku en dreif\u00f0ust einnig um gamla heiminn<\/a>. \u00c1 hverjum t\u00edma voru l\u00edklega uppi nokkrar misjafnlega skyldar manntegundir. \u00dev\u00ed er e\u00f0lilegt a\u00f0 spyrja um \u00fatdau\u00f0a neanderdalsmanna, hven\u00e6r deildi Homo sapiens<\/em> j\u00f6r\u00f0inni me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum manntegundum, og hvernig var samskiptum \u00feessara tegunda h\u00e1tta\u00f0? B\u00e1rust \u00fe\u00e6r \u00e1 banaspj\u00f3t e\u00f0a bl\u00f6ndu\u00f0u \u00fe\u00e6r ge\u00f0i og jafnvel bl\u00f3\u00f0i? Mannfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar hafa tekist \u00e1 vi\u00f0 \u00feessar spurningar. B\u00fasv\u00e6\u00f0i og l\u00edfsh\u00e6ttir apa og manna valda \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 beinaleifar og steingervingar<\/a> \u00feessara tegunda eru af skornum skammti. Engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur hafa fundist leifar tveggja manntegunda sem sta\u00f0fest er a\u00f0 hafi lifa\u00f0 \u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0inni \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu 50.000 \u00e1rum (eftir a\u00f0 n\u00fat\u00edmama\u00f0urinn kom fram). Yngstu leifar Homo neanderthalensis<\/em> eru um \u00fea\u00f0 bil 30.000 \u00e1ra og heillegustu eint\u00f6k Homo floresiensis<\/em> eru \u00e1\u00e6tlu\u00f0 12.000 \u00e1ra. Neanderdalsmenn eru vel\u00feekktir (sj\u00e1 til d\u00e6mis svar vi\u00f0 spurningunni Hva\u00f0 er mannkyni\u00f0 gamalt?<\/a>), nokkrar h\u00f6fu\u00f0k\u00fapur, bein og tennur hafa fundist \u00ed Mi\u00f0-Evr\u00f3pu og K\u00e1kasus. Homo floresiensis<\/em> er mun umdeildari, me\u00f0al annars vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a dvergvaxta mannveru sem fannst \u00e1 einni ind\u00f3nes\u00edskri eyju. F\u00e6r\u00f0 hafa veri\u00f0 r\u00f6k fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 ekki s\u00e9 um s\u00e9rstaka tegund a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a, heldur einstakling sem ef til vill \u00fej\u00e1\u00f0ist af vann\u00e6ringu e\u00f0a vaxtar- e\u00f0a beinasj\u00fakd\u00f3mi. Ekki er vita\u00f0 me\u00f0 vissu hvort Homo floresiensis<\/em> s\u00e9 raunverulega \u00e1\u00f0ur \u00f3\u00feekkt manntegund e\u00f0a ekki.
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\n<\/em><\/p>\n

Er einhver svipur?<\/em>
\nFr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 1995 hefur or\u00f0i\u00f0 bylting \u00ed ra\u00f0greiningu erf\u00f0amengja l\u00edfvera. Samhli\u00f0a hefur fleygt fram t\u00e6kni vi\u00f0 einangrun \u00e1 erf\u00f0aefni \u00far beinaleifum, sem ger\u00f0i erf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ingum kleift a\u00f0 ra\u00f0greina litning hvatbera \u00far t\u00f6nn neanderdalsmanns (Krings o.fl. 1997). Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0ur s\u00fdndu \u00f3yggjandi a\u00f0 H. neanderthalensis<\/em> var \u00e6ttingi n\u00fat\u00edmamannsins og a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00e1ttum sameiginlegan forf\u00f6\u00f0ur fyrir um 500.000-700.000 \u00e1rum s\u00ed\u00f0an. Ekkert \u00ed r\u00f6\u00f0um hvatbera okkar og neanderdalsmanna benti til erf\u00f0abl\u00f6ndunar, samanber or\u00f0 Einars \u00c1rnasonar: \u201eNeanderthalsmenn ur\u00f0u \u00fatdau\u00f0a \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 skilja eftir sig afkomendur.\" (H\u00f6fum vi\u00f0 beina l\u00ednu forfe\u00f0ra fr\u00e1 \u00f6pum til n\u00fat\u00edmamanns e\u00f0a vantar enn \"t\u00fdnda hlekkinn\"?<\/a>). En litningur hvatberans er bara hluti erf\u00f0amengisins og hvert gen<\/a> hefur s\u00edna s\u00f6gu. \u00dev\u00ed var lagt \u00ed a\u00f0 ra\u00f0greina erf\u00f0aefni \u00far beinum \u00feriggja neanderdalsmanna. Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar birtust \u00ed ma\u00ed 2010 og sta\u00f0festu mat \u00e1 aldri hins sameiginlega forf\u00f6\u00f0ur. \u00de\u00e6r s\u00fdndu l\u00edka a\u00f0 neanderdalsmennirnir \u00fer\u00edr voru n\u00e1skyldir innbyr\u00f0is, skyldari en Afr\u00edkumenn og Japanar n\u00fat\u00edmans. Merkilegast er a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0nir hlutar erf\u00f0amengis neanderdalsmanna svipar til erf\u00f0amengis Homo sapiens<\/em>. Besta sk\u00fdringin er a\u00f0 nokkur gen og litningab\u00fatar \u00ed okkur s\u00e9u \u00e6ttu\u00f0 \u00far Neanderdal. Sl\u00edkt gerist ekki nema me\u00f0 \u00e6xlunum og kynbl\u00f6ndun. \u00d6nnur sta\u00f0reynd rennir sto\u00f0um undir \u00feessa t\u00falkun. Gen kennd vi\u00f0 Neanderdal finnast ekki alls sta\u00f0ar. \u00deau finnast ekki \u00ed afr\u00edsku f\u00f3lki, eing\u00f6ngu \u00ed m\u00f6nnum sem b\u00faa utan Afr\u00edku. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 bestu \u00feekkingu um landfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega dreifingu \u00feessara f\u00f6llnu fr\u00e6nda okkar. \u00deeir bjuggu \u00ed Evras\u00edu og hafa l\u00edklega blandast forfe\u00f0rum okkar eftir a\u00f0 \u00feeir fluttu fr\u00e1 Afr\u00edku. Svari\u00f0 vi\u00f0 spurningunni er \u00fev\u00ed j\u00e1. Ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0urnar benda \u00fev\u00ed til a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3tt neanderdalsmenn hafi kvatt j\u00f6r\u00f0ina endalega, megi finna afrit af genum \u00feeirra \u00ed sumum okkar.<\/p>\n

Heimildir, \u00edtarefni og mynd:<\/strong><\/p>\n