{"id":431,"date":"2015-03-26T18:16:25","date_gmt":"2015-03-26T18:16:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/?p=431"},"modified":"2015-06-24T16:20:28","modified_gmt":"2015-06-24T16:20:28","slug":"visindavefur-hvad-eru-hela-frumur","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/2015\/03\/26\/visindavefur-hvad-eru-hela-frumur\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00edsindavefur: Hva\u00f0 eru HeLa-frumur?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hva\u00f0 eru HeLa-frumur? Arnar P\u00e1lsson. \u201eHva\u00f0 eru HeLa-frumur?\u201c. V\u00edsindavefurinn 9.3.2015. http:\/\/visindavefur.is\/?id=69338<\/a>. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1951 innrita\u00f0ist r\u00famlega \u00fer\u00edtug kona, Henrietta Lacks (1920\u20131951), \u00e1 John Hopkins-sp\u00edtalann \u00ed Baltimore sem \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma var einn f\u00e1rra sp\u00edtala sem me\u00f0h\u00f6ndlu\u00f0u bl\u00f6kkuf\u00f3lk. \u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0a sp\u00edtalavistarinnar var hn\u00fatur \u00ed kvi\u00f0arholi sem l\u00e6knar greindu s\u00ed\u00f0an sem krabbamein \u00e1 leginu. \u00dev\u00ed mi\u00f0ur dug\u00f0i me\u00f0fer\u00f0 ekki til a\u00f0 bjarga l\u00edfi hennar en h\u00fan l\u00e9st okt\u00f3ber \u00feetta sama \u00e1r. Seinna kom \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 ors\u00f6kin var HPV-s\u00fdking sem er ein algengasta ors\u00f6k legh\u00e1lskrabbameins. \u00c1 me\u00f0an \u00e1 me\u00f0fer\u00f0 Henr\u00edettu st\u00f3\u00f0 voru frumur fjarl\u00e6g\u00f0ar \u00far \u00e6xlinu og setti v\u00edsindama\u00f0urinn George Gey (1899-1970) \u00fe\u00e6r \u00ed r\u00e6kt, a\u00f0 Henr\u00edettu forspur\u00f0ri.<\/p>\n

\u00c1 \u00feeim t\u00edma var vefjar\u00e6kt ung fr\u00e6\u00f0igrein. Frumur \u00far f\u00f3lki og d\u00fdrum entust yfirleitt takmarka\u00f0an t\u00edma \u00ed r\u00e6kt. Venjulegar l\u00edkamsfrumur geta bara skipt s\u00e9r \u00ed nokkra daga e\u00f0a vikur \u00ed r\u00e6ktunarsk\u00e1l \u00e1\u00f0ur en \u00fe\u00e6r s\u00fdna hr\u00f6rnunarmerki og fara a\u00f0 deyja. Georg og f\u00e9lagar t\u00f3ku hins vegar eftir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00e6xlisfrumur Henr\u00edettu g\u00e1tu skipt s\u00e9r oftar, miklu oftar en a\u00f0rar frumur. \u00de\u00e6r uxu hra\u00f0ar og betur en allar a\u00f0rar frumur og \u00e1ttu eftir a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0last anna\u00f0 l\u00edf. \u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0an fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r entust lengur en a\u00f0rar frumur og virtust ekki hr\u00f6rna er s\u00fa a\u00f0 \u00e6xlisfrumur brj\u00f3ta reglur fj\u00f6lfruma d\u00fdra \u00fear sem \u00feroskun og v\u00f6xtur er undir strangri stj\u00f3rn (annars fara hlutf\u00f6ll vefja og l\u00edkamshluta \u00far b\u00f6ndum og fleira me\u00f0). Frumurnar hennar Henr\u00edettu Lacks hlutu nafni\u00f0 HeLa-frumur. \u00de\u00e6r hafa n\u00fa lifa\u00f0 \u00ed r\u00fam 60 \u00e1r \u00e1 tilraunastofu, sem er helmingi lengur en form\u00f3\u00f0ir \u00feeirra. Tala\u00f0 er um HeLa-frumul\u00ednur \u00fev\u00ed \u00fe\u00e6r eru allar komnar fr\u00e1 upprunalega s\u00fdninu \u00far krabbameini Henr\u00edettu Lacks. \u00dear sem h\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 fj\u00f6lga HeLa-frumum takmarkalaust m\u00e1 kalla \u00fe\u00e6r \u00f3dau\u00f0legar. R\u00f3t \u00f3dau\u00f0leikans er ens\u00edmfl\u00f3ki sem kallast tel\u00f3merasi, sem verndar endalitninga. Ens\u00edmfl\u00f3kinn starfar ekki \u00ed l\u00edkamsfrumum en er ofvirkur \u00ed m\u00f6rgum krabbameinsfrumum eins og HeLa. \u00cd v\u00edsindum skiptir miklu m\u00e1li a\u00f0 gera tilraunir vi\u00f0 sta\u00f0ala\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur. Frumul\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0in f\u00e6ddist um mi\u00f0bik s\u00ed\u00f0ustu aldar og \u00fearfna\u00f0ist vinnuhests sem reyndist vel \u00e1 mismunandi tilraunastofum. HeLa-frumur ur\u00f0u s\u00e1 vinnuhestur. Fr\u00e1 1951 hafa \u00fe\u00e6r veri\u00f0 nota\u00f0ar \u00ed meira en 67 \u00fe\u00fasund ranns\u00f3knagreinar og liggja a\u00f0 baki um 11.000 einkaleyfa. \u00de\u00e6r reyndust s\u00e9rstaklega notadrj\u00fagar fyrir ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 veirum. Jonas Salk (1914-1995) nota\u00f0i til d\u00e6mis HeLa frumur til a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3a b\u00f3luefni gegn l\u00f6munarveiki. HeLa frumur hafa einnig reynst vel vi\u00f0 ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 eitru\u00f0um efnum, krabbameinum, innvi\u00f0um frumunnar og erf\u00f0asj\u00fakd\u00f3mum. Fj\u00f6lmargar a\u00f0rar frumul\u00ednur eru n\u00fa \u00ed notkun, margar hverjar \u00e6tta\u00f0ar \u00far \u00e6xlisvef sj\u00faklinga. Frumur\u00e6kt er fl\u00f3kinn b\u00faskapur og \u00fev\u00ed selja einkafyrirt\u00e6ki votta\u00f0ar frumur (HeLa og a\u00f0rar frumur) til a\u00f0 m\u00e6ta \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir hreinleika og rekjanleika. N\u00fa er almennt vi\u00f0urkennt a\u00f0 spyrja \u00feurfi f\u00f3lk hvort \u00fea\u00f0 vilji taka \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed ranns\u00f3knum e\u00f0a leyfi notkun \u00e1 l\u00edfs\u00fdnum. Uppl\u00fdst sam\u00feykki felur \u00ed s\u00e9r a\u00f0 f\u00f3lki er kynnt markmi\u00f0 ranns\u00f3kna, v\u00e6ntanlegur \u00e1vinningur og m\u00f6gulegar a\u00f0rar aflei\u00f0ingar. Anna\u00f0 \u00e1\u00f0ur var og George Gey og a\u00f0rir veltu si\u00f0fer\u00f0ilegri hli\u00f0 m\u00e1la l\u00edti\u00f0 fyrir s\u00e9r \u00feegar frumur Henr\u00edettu og annarra voru fyrst r\u00e6kta\u00f0ar. Eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur kom fram var Henrietta ekki spur\u00f0 og hvorki h\u00fan, eiginma\u00f0ur hennar n\u00e9 b\u00f6rnin \u00feeirra fimm vissu a\u00f0 frumur hef\u00f0u veri\u00f0 r\u00e6kta\u00f0ar \u00far \u00e6xlinu og s\u00ed\u00f0ar or\u00f0i\u00f0 mikilv\u00e6gar fyrir ranns\u00f3knir. \u00de\u00f3tt Henrietta e\u00f0a a\u00f0rir \u00far Lacks fj\u00f6lskyldunni hafi ekki gefi\u00f0 leyfi fyrir notkun frumanna, \u00farskur\u00f0a\u00f0i d\u00f3mari \u00ed Kaliforn\u00edu a\u00f0 fyrirt\u00e6kjum v\u00e6ri heimilt a\u00f0 selja HeLa-frumur. R\u00f6ksemdin var s\u00fa a\u00f0 leifar sem falla til \u00e1 sp\u00edt\u00f6lum v\u00e6ru ekki eign sj\u00faklinga og m\u00e6tti \u00fev\u00ed hagn\u00fdta \u00fe\u00e6r. Lengi vel var l\u00edtill gaumur gefinn a\u00f0 s\u00f6gu HeLa-frumna en undir lok s\u00ed\u00f0ustu aldar var fari\u00f0 a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a uppruna \u00feeirra. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1996 var framlag Henr\u00edettu hei\u00f0ra\u00f0 af Morehouse-l\u00e6knask\u00f3lanum \u00ed Atlanta, af yfirv\u00f6ldum \u00ed Atlanta og Georg\u00edufylki. Seinna hafa a\u00f0rir fylgt \u00ed kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0 og hei\u00f0ra\u00f0 framlag hennar. \u00c1ri\u00f0 2010 kom \u00fat b\u00f3k um Henr\u00edettu og frumurnar eftir Rebecca L. Skloot, Hi\u00f0 \u00f3dau\u00f0lega l\u00edf Henr\u00edettu Lacks (The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks). \u00dear er sagt fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hversu fj\u00f6lskyldan vissi l\u00edti\u00f0 um frumurnar og e\u00f0li \u00feeirra, og hversu sjaldan v\u00edsindamennirnir r\u00e6ddu vi\u00f0 fj\u00f6lskylduna. \u00cd b\u00f3kinni spyr Deborah elsta d\u00f3ttirin til a\u00f0 mynda \u201efyrst frumur m\u00f3\u00f0ur okkar hafa gert svo miki\u00f0 fyrir l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ina, hv\u00ed hafa b\u00f6rn hennar ekki efni \u00e1 l\u00e6knis\u00fej\u00f3nustu?\u201c Fyrir tveimur \u00e1rum ra\u00f0greindu v\u00edsindamenn vi\u00f0 EMBL-ranns\u00f3knarstofnunina \u00ed Heidelberg \u00ed \u00de\u00fdskalandi erf\u00f0amengi HeLa-frumnanna. Markmi\u00f0i\u00f0 var a\u00f0 birta g\u00f6gnin opinberlega. \u00c6tla m\u00e6tti a\u00f0 \u00feeir hef\u00f0u l\u00e6rt af mist\u00f6kum fort\u00ed\u00f0ar, en \u00feeir r\u00e1\u00f0f\u00e6r\u00f0u sig ekki vi\u00f0 Lacks-fj\u00f6lskylduna eins og e\u00f0lilegt hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessu tilfelli. Erf\u00f0auppl\u00fdsingar eru nefnilega einkauppl\u00fdsingar sem nj\u00f3ta fri\u00f0helgis. \u00cd kj\u00f6lfar opinberrar gagnr\u00fdni var myndu\u00f0 sex manna nefnd, me\u00f0 tveimur fulltr\u00faum fj\u00f6lskyldunnar, sem \u00e1 a\u00f0 fjalla um si\u00f0fer\u00f0ileg \u00e1litam\u00e1l tengd hagn\u00fdtingu erf\u00f0auppl\u00fdsinga HeLa-frumnanna. M\u00e1li\u00f0 sn\u00fdst nefnilega ekki bara um fri\u00f0helgi Henr\u00edettu Lacks sem l\u00e9st fyrir meira en 60 \u00e1rum heldur einnig um afkomendur \u00fear sem \u00ed erf\u00f0amengi foreldris eru miklar uppl\u00fdsingar um erf\u00f0amengi afkv\u00e6mis. Samantekt Henrietta Lacks l\u00e9st \u00far legh\u00e1lskrabbamein 31 \u00e1rs g\u00f6mul. \u00dar \u00e6xli hennar r\u00e6ktu\u00f0ust frumur, nefndar HeLa, sem kalla m\u00e1 \u00f3dau\u00f0legar. HeLa-frumur hafa veri\u00f0 n\u00fdttar \u00ed fj\u00f6lmargar og merkilegar ranns\u00f3knir. Henrietta Lacks var ekki spur\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed hvort n\u00fdta m\u00e6tti l\u00edfs\u00fdni hennar. R\u00e9tt er a\u00f0 f\u00e1 uppl\u00fdst sam\u00feykki \u00e1\u00f0ur en l\u00edfs\u00fdni eru n\u00fdtt til ranns\u00f3kna.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hva\u00f0 eru HeLa-frumur? Arnar P\u00e1lsson. \u201eHva\u00f0 eru HeLa-frumur?\u201c. V\u00edsindavefurinn 9.3.2015. http:\/\/visindavefur.is\/?id=69338. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1951 innrita\u00f0ist r\u00famlega \u00fer\u00edtug kona, Henrietta Lacks (1920\u20131951), \u00e1 John Hopkins-sp\u00edtalann \u00ed Baltimore sem \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma var einn f\u00e1rra sp\u00edtala sem me\u00f0h\u00f6ndlu\u00f0u bl\u00f6kkuf\u00f3lk. \u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0a sp\u00edtalavistarinnar var hn\u00fatur … Halda \u00e1fram a\u00f0 lesa →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":132,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13973],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-431","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-visindavefur-svor"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/431","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/132"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=431"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/431\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":471,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/431\/revisions\/471"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=431"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=431"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=431"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}