{"id":724,"date":"2018-08-17T09:19:36","date_gmt":"2018-08-17T09:19:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/?p=724"},"modified":"2018-08-17T09:19:36","modified_gmt":"2018-08-17T09:19:36","slug":"icelandic-er-haegt-ad-endurlifga-utdaud-dyr","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/2018\/08\/17\/icelandic-er-haegt-ad-endurlifga-utdaud-dyr\/","title":{"rendered":"Er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 endurl\u00edfga \u00fatdau\u00f0 d\u00fdr?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 endurl\u00edfga \u00fatdau\u00f0 d\u00fdr?<\/a> V\u00edsindavefurinn<\/em>, 19. j\u00fan\u00ed 2018.<\/p>\n

\u00cd s\u00f6gu l\u00edfs \u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0inni eru \u00feekktar fimm st\u00f3rar \u00fatdau\u00f0ahrinur \u00fear sem margar tegundir og fj\u00f6lskyldur l\u00edfvera d\u00f3u \u00fat. Ein sl\u00edk hrina var\u00f0 til d\u00e6mis vi\u00f0 lok permt\u00edmabilsins og \u00f6nnur \u00ed lok kr\u00edtart\u00edmans \u00feegar risae\u00f0lurnar d\u00f3u \u00fat<\/a> (endanlega, nema fuglarnir sem eru af \u00feeim komnir). Sj\u00f6tta \u00fatdau\u00f0ahrinan er hafin. \u00d3l\u00edkt \u00feeim fyrri er h\u00fan af mannav\u00f6ldum, vegna mengunar, ey\u00f0ingar b\u00fasv\u00e6\u00f0a, ofvei\u00f0i og loftslagsbreytinga.<\/p>\n

Margar l\u00edfverur hafa d\u00e1i\u00f0 \u00fat \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00f6ldum vegna mannsins, til d\u00e6mis geirfuglar<\/a> og fl\u00f6kkud\u00fafur<\/a>. Margar a\u00f0rar l\u00edfverur eru \u00ed \u00fatr\u00fdmingarh\u00e6ttu. Af sumum tegundum d\u00fdra eru bara eftir tugir, hundru\u00f0ir e\u00f0a \u00fe\u00fasundir einstaklinga \u00ed n\u00e1tt\u00farunni. \u00deekkt er skjaldbakan Einmanna Georg<\/a> \u00e1 Galapagoseyjum, en hann var s\u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0asti sinnar tegundar (Chelonoidis nigra abingdoni<\/em>). Tilraunir til a\u00f0 maka honum vi\u00f0 kerlur af \u00f6\u00f0rum n\u00e1skyldum tegundum b\u00e1ru engan \u00e1rangur og tegundin d\u00f3 \u00fat me\u00f0 honum \u00e1ri\u00f0 2012.<\/p>\n

Spyrja m\u00e1 hvort og \u00fe\u00e1 hva\u00f0a a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir duga til a\u00f0 hindra \u00fatdau\u00f0a tegunda e\u00f0a jafnvel endurl\u00edfga \u00fatdau\u00f0 d\u00fdr? Ein a\u00f0fer\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 reyna a\u00f0 bjarga tegundum \u00far \u00fatr\u00fdmingarh\u00e6ttu er s\u00fa sem Georg f\u00e9kk a\u00f0 pr\u00f3fa. A\u00f0 \u00e6xla einstaklingum vi\u00f0 n\u00e1skyldar tegundir og \u00feeim afkv\u00e6mum svo saman og reyna a\u00f0 velja fyrir eiginleikum sem einkenna tegundina \u00ed h\u00e6ttu. \u00deetta hefur til d\u00e6mis veri\u00f0 reynt me\u00f0 st\u00f3rar kattartegundir, lj\u00f3n<\/a>, t\u00edgrisd\u00fdr<\/a> og skylda ketti. Vandam\u00e1li\u00f0 er a\u00f0 ekki er auglj\u00f3st hvernig h\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 endurbyggja upprunalegu tegundina, til d\u00e6mis lj\u00f3ni\u00f0 \u00far genas\u00fapu st\u00f3rra kattard\u00fdra.<\/p>\n

N\u00fa er a\u00f0allega horft til tveggja a\u00f0fer\u00f0a, kl\u00f3nunar e\u00f0a erf\u00f0abreytinga, \u00ed \u00feeirri von a\u00f0 bjarga tegundum \u00ed \u00fatr\u00fdmingarh\u00e6ttu e\u00f0a jafnvel endurreisa \u00fatdau\u00f0ar tegundir. Kl\u00f3nun, bygg\u00f0 \u00e1 kjarnaflutningi inn \u00ed eggfrumu hefur veri\u00f0 notu\u00f0 og er lambi\u00f0 Doll\u00fd fr\u00e6gasta d\u00e6mi\u00f0, en alls hafa 21 a\u00f0rar d\u00fdrategundir veri\u00f0 kl\u00f3na\u00f0ar me\u00f0 \u00feessari a\u00f0fer\u00f0. N\u00fdlega f\u00e6ddust tveir makak\u00ed-apar, Hua Hua og Zhong Zhong<\/a>, sem b\u00fanir voru til \u00e1 \u00feennan h\u00e1tt.<\/p>\n

Kl\u00f3nun hefur n\u00fdst vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 fj\u00f6lga l\u00edfverum sem eru \u00ed \u00fatr\u00fdmingarh\u00e6ttu. Banteng (Bos javanicus<\/em>), as\u00edskur \u00e6ttingi k\u00faa, var kl\u00f3na\u00f0ur og tv\u00f6 sl\u00edk d\u00fdr voru til s\u00fdnis \u00ed d\u00fdragar\u00f0inum \u00ed San Diego. Kl\u00f3na\u00f0ur gaur (Bos gaurus<\/em>), en gaurar eru indverskir \u00e6ttingjar v\u00edsunda, \u00e1tti a\u00f0 vera a\u00f0ala\u00f0dr\u00e1ttarafl sama d\u00fdragar\u00f0s en hann d\u00f3 sk\u00f6mmu eftir f\u00e6\u00f0ingu. F\u00e6\u00f0ing er h\u00e6ttuleg spend\u00fdrum en g\u00e6ti veri\u00f0 s\u00e9rstaklega h\u00e6ttuleg kl\u00f3nu\u00f0um d\u00fdrum og eru m\u00f6rg d\u00e6mi eru um a\u00f0 kl\u00f3nu\u00f0 afkv\u00e6mi hafi d\u00e1i\u00f0 \u00ed f\u00e6\u00f0ingu. \u00de\u00f3tt kl\u00f3nun komi a\u00f0 gagni \u00fe\u00e1 er h\u00fan hvorki skilvirk n\u00e9 \u00f6rugg a\u00f0fer\u00f0 til a\u00f0 hj\u00e1lpa til vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 fj\u00f6lga d\u00fdrum \u00ed \u00fatr\u00fdmingarh\u00e6ttu. Ein og s\u00e9r dugar h\u00fan heldur ekki til a\u00f0 endurreisa \u00fatdau\u00f0 d\u00fdr \u00fev\u00ed fyrir kl\u00f3nun \u00fearf lifandi frumu e\u00f0a heilan kjarna.<\/p>\n

N\u00fd erf\u00f0at\u00e6kni - CRISPR-Cas-t\u00e6knin - g\u00e6ti hugsanlega gert m\u00f6gulegt a\u00f0 endurl\u00edfga \u00fatdau\u00f0ar tegundir, s\u00e9rstaklega ef h\u00fan er notu\u00f0 me\u00f0 kl\u00f3nunart\u00e6kni. CRISPR-a\u00f0fer\u00f0in gerir m\u00f6gulegt a\u00f0 breyta r\u00f6\u00f0 gena<\/a> \u00e1 markvissan h\u00e1tt. Hugsanlegt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 nota a\u00f0fer\u00f0ina til a\u00f0 breyta erf\u00f0amengi n\u00falifandi tegundar \u00feannig a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 l\u00edkist erf\u00f0amengi \u00fatdau\u00f0s \u00e6ttingja. A\u00f0fer\u00f0in byggir \u00e1 nokkrum veigamiklum forsendum. Til a\u00f0 m\u00f6gulegt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 l\u00edfga vi\u00f0 \u00fatdau\u00f0u tegundina \u00feurfa a\u00f0 vera fyrir hendi uppl\u00fdsingar um erf\u00f0amengi hennar. Ekkert erf\u00f0aefni er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed leifum tegunda sem d\u00f3u \u00fat fyrir millj\u00f3num \u00e1ra. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00fev\u00ed enginn m\u00f6guleiki \u00e1 a\u00f0 endurl\u00edfga risae\u00f0lur e\u00f0a brynfiska. Einnig \u00fearf tegund n\u00e1skylda \u00feeirri \u00fatdau\u00f0u, sem er n\u00e6gilega algeng til a\u00f0 vinna me\u00f0. Uppl\u00fdsingar um ra\u00f0ir erf\u00f0amengja beggja tegunda, \u00feeirrar \u00fatdau\u00f0u og \u00e6ttingjans, \u00feurfa a\u00f0 vera \u00e1rei\u00f0anlegar. S\u00ed\u00f0an \u00fearf a\u00f0 endurskrifa erf\u00f0aefni \u00e6ttingjans og breyta \u00fev\u00ed \u00feannig a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed svipi til erf\u00f0aefnis \u00fatdau\u00f0u tegundarinnar, sem myndi gerast me\u00f0 CRISPR-t\u00e6kninni. Til a\u00f0 hra\u00f0a ferlinu \u00feyrfti l\u00edklega a\u00f0 notast vi\u00f0 kl\u00f3nun fruma og nokkrar umfer\u00f0ir af erf\u00f0abreytingum og \u00feroskun afkv\u00e6ma \u00ed sta\u00f0g\u00f6ngum\u00e6\u00f0rum. \u00deannig v\u00e6ri h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 f\u00e6ra erf\u00f0amengi fjarskylda \u00e6ttingjans (og \u00fear me\u00f0 l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0i einstaklinganna) n\u00e6r \u00fev\u00ed sem einkenndi hina \u00fatdau\u00f0u tegund. Hugmyndin er dj\u00f6rf og spurning hvort h\u00fan s\u00e9 framkv\u00e6manleg. Eitt veigamiki\u00f0 atri\u00f0i er spurningin um hva\u00f0a erf\u00f0abreytingar \u00e6tti a\u00f0 framkv\u00e6ma.<\/p>\n

Munur \u00e1 erf\u00f0aefni n\u00e1skyldra tegunda er mismikill. \u00c1 hinum \u00fatdau\u00f0a lo\u00f0f\u00edl<\/a> og n\u00falifandi Afr\u00edkuf\u00edl<\/a> er um 3% munur \u00e1 erf\u00f0aefni. \u00dea\u00f0 kann a\u00f0 virka sm\u00e1v\u00e6gilegt, en vegna umfangs erf\u00f0amengja hryggd\u00fdra<\/a> \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir \u00feetta a\u00f0 fleiri millj\u00f3nir basa eru \u00f3l\u00edkir \u00ed erf\u00f0amengjum f\u00edls og lo\u00f0f\u00edls. \u00dea\u00f0 er t\u00e6knilega \u00f3m\u00f6gulegt a\u00f0 framkv\u00e6ma millj\u00f3n n\u00e1kv\u00e6mar breytingar me\u00f0 CRISPR-t\u00e6kninni \u00e1 erf\u00f0aefni einnar frumu. Forv\u00edgismenn a\u00f0fer\u00f0arinnar segja a\u00f0 \u00feeir vilji ekki gera allar breytingarnar heldur bara \u00fe\u00e6r sem skipti m\u00e1li. \u00de\u00e1 vaknar n\u00e6sta spurningin hva\u00f0a mismunur \u00e1 genum lo\u00f0f\u00edls og f\u00edls skiptir mestu um muninn \u00e1 \u00fatliti \u00feeirra og heg\u00f0un? Forv\u00edgismennirnir segja a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r s\u00e9u \u00f6rugglega a\u00f0eins 20 til 100, a\u00f0eins \u00feurfi a\u00f0 finna \u00fe\u00e6r.<\/p>\n

\u00der\u00f3unar- og erf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ingar vita a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 er f\u00e1r\u00e1nlega erfitt a\u00f0 finna gen sem hafa \u00e1hrif \u00e1 mun \u00e1 tveimur tegundum. N\u00e6rt\u00e6kt d\u00e6mi er s\u00e1 1-3% munur sem er \u00e1 erf\u00f0aefni manna og simpansa<\/a>. Vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum hugmynd um mismun \u00ed nokkrum genum sem l\u00edklega skipta m\u00e1li fyrir muninn \u00e1 okkur og simp\u00f6nsum, en alls ekki allar breytingarnar. \u00dev\u00ed er harla \u00f3l\u00edklegt a\u00f0 h\u00e6gt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 finna hva\u00f0a 100 st\u00f6kkbreytingar ger\u00f0u lo\u00f0f\u00edlinn fr\u00e1brug\u00f0inn n\u00fat\u00edmaf\u00edlnum, og \u00fear me\u00f0 fellur framtaki\u00f0 um sj\u00e1lft sig.<\/p>\n

Ef til vill er \u00fe\u00f3 veigameira s\u00fa fyrirh\u00f6fn og kostna\u00f0ur sem myndi fylgja \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 endurl\u00edfga \u00fatdau\u00f0a l\u00edfveru e\u00f0a koma tegund \u00far \u00fatr\u00fdmingarh\u00e6ttu me\u00f0 kl\u00f3nun og erf\u00f0at\u00e6kni.<\/p>\n

Vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum mestan \u00e1huga \u00e1 verndun st\u00f3rra d\u00fdra, spend\u00fdr og fugla. En f\u00e6stir hafa \u00e1hyggjur af \u00fatdau\u00f0a orma, bjalla, bakter\u00eda e\u00f0a bl\u00f3ma. Veruleikinn er s\u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feetta eru algengustu h\u00f3par l\u00edfvera \u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0inni. Hra\u00f0i \u00fatdau\u00f0a \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edmanum er h\u00e1r, tali\u00f0 er a\u00f0 um 30 tegundir deyi \u00fat \u00e1 hverjum degi. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00feyrfti \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 kl\u00f3na og endurl\u00edfa um 30 tegundir \u00e1 dag til \u00feess a\u00f0 halda \u00ed horfinu hva\u00f0 var\u00f0ar fj\u00f6lda tegunda.<\/p>\n

R\u00e9tta spurningin er ef til vill hver er besta lei\u00f0in til a\u00f0 vi\u00f0halda fj\u00f6lbreytileika l\u00edfs \u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0inni? Svari\u00f0 er a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00feurfum a\u00f0 breyta neyslumynstri, draga \u00far fer\u00f0al\u00f6gum me\u00f0 flugv\u00e9lum, vernda b\u00fasv\u00e6\u00f0i og \u00f3spillt v\u00ed\u00f0erni.<\/p>\n

Samantekt:<\/p>\n