{"id":818,"date":"2019-09-24T10:10:18","date_gmt":"2019-09-24T10:10:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/?p=818"},"modified":"2019-09-24T10:12:09","modified_gmt":"2019-09-24T10:12:09","slug":"icelandic-ny-grein-um-bleikjuafbrigdin-i-thingvallavatni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/2019\/09\/24\/icelandic-ny-grein-um-bleikjuafbrigdin-i-thingvallavatni\/","title":{"rendered":"N\u00fd grein um bleikjuafbrig\u00f0in \u00ed \u00deingvallavatni"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\"H\u00e1sk\u00f3li<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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H\u00e9r \u00e1 eftir fylgir fr\u00e9ttatilkynning sem vi\u00f0 unnum me\u00f0 kynningardeild H\u00cd og var fjalla\u00f0 um \u00ed nokkrum \u00edslenskum mi\u00f0lum. Bendi f\u00f3lki s\u00e9rstaklega \u00e1 vi\u00f0t\u00f6l vi\u00f0 Sigur\u00f0 Snorrason \u00ed B\u00edtinu \u00e1 Bylgjunni - V\u00edsbendingar um a\u00f0 bleikjuafbrig\u00f0i \u00ed \u00deingvallavatni s\u00e9u a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3ast \u00ed n\u00fdjar tegundir<\/a>\u00a0og Sj\u00f3nm\u00e1li \u00e1 R\u00e1s 1 - ranns\u00f3kn s\u00fdnir a\u00f0 erf\u00f0amunur er \u00feremur \u00e1 bleikjuafbrig\u00f0um \u00ed \u00deingvallavatni<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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N\u00fd ranns\u00f3kn \u00edslenskra v\u00edsindamanna lei\u00f0ir \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 erf\u00f0amunur er \u00e1 \u00feremur afbrig\u00f0um bleikju \u00ed \u00deingvallavatni sem g\u00e6ti veri\u00f0 v\u00edsbending um fyrstu stig myndunar n\u00fdrra tegunda.<\/a> Sagt er fr\u00e1 ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um ranns\u00f3knarinnar \u00ed n\u00fdjustu \u00fatg\u00e1fu v\u00edsindat\u00edmaritsins Ecology and Evolution.<\/p>\n

Fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00edsaldarj\u00f6kull lyftist af \u00cdslandi og h\u00f6rfa\u00f0i af sv\u00e6\u00f0inu vi\u00f0 \u00deingvallavatn undir lok s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00edsaldar, fyrir um 10-12 \u00fe\u00fasund \u00e1rum, og bleikja synti fyrst upp \u00ed vatni\u00f0 hefur tegundin \u00fer\u00f3ast \u00ed nokkur afbrig\u00f0i sem eru \u00f3l\u00edk \u00ed \u00fatliti, st\u00e6r\u00f0, atferli og lifna\u00f0arh\u00e1ttum.<\/p>\n

Menn hafa lengi vita\u00f0 um \u00feennan breytileika bleikjunnar \u00ed vatninu en fyrstur manna til a\u00f0 rannsaka hvers e\u00f0lis hann v\u00e6ri var Bjarni S\u00e6mundsson um aldam\u00f3tin 1900. Nokkru s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00e1tti \u00c1rni Fri\u00f0riksson eftir a\u00f0 taka upp \u00fer\u00e1\u00f0inn. B\u00e1\u00f0ir hylltust \u00feeir a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 sum \u00feessara afbrig\u00f0a v\u00e6ru s\u00e9rstakar tegundir. \u00c1 n\u00edunda \u00e1ratugnum f\u00f3ru \u00ed gang ranns\u00f3knir \u00e1 bleikjunni \u00fear sem \u00e1hersla var l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1 a\u00f0 vei\u00f0a \u00ed \u00f6llum b\u00fasv\u00e6\u00f0um vatnsins og a\u00f0 n\u00e1 s\u00fdnum af \u00f6llum aldurs- og st\u00e6r\u00f0arh\u00f3pum. \u00c1 grundvelli \u00feessara ranns\u00f3kna voru skilgreind fj\u00f6gur mismunandi afbrig\u00f0i bleikju \u00ed vatninu. \u00deau nefnast \u00a0murta, ku\u00f0ungableikja, dvergbleikja og s\u00edlableikja og eru \u00f3l\u00edk hva\u00f0 snertir litamynstur, sk\u00f6pulag, vaxtarferla, st\u00e6r\u00f0 og aldur vi\u00f0 kyn\u00feroska, og b\u00fasv\u00e6\u00f0a- og f\u00e6\u00f0uval.<\/p>\n

Ekki er \u00f3algengt a\u00f0 afbrig\u00f0i hafi myndast me\u00f0al ferskvatnsfiska \u00e1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um og er \u00fe\u00e1 oftast um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a tv\u00f6 afbrig\u00f0i sem n\u00fdta mismunandi f\u00e6\u00f0u og b\u00fasv\u00e6\u00f0i. N\u00fa eru \u00ed gangi fj\u00f6ldi ranns\u00f3kna sem mi\u00f0ar a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 kanna hvers e\u00f0lis sl\u00edk afbrig\u00f0i eru, \u00fe.e.a.s. hvort um s\u00e9 a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a erf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilegan a\u00f0skilna\u00f0 e\u00f0a a\u00f0 afbrig\u00f0in komi fram \u00ed hverri kynsl\u00f3\u00f0 sem svar vi\u00f0 mismunandi umhverfisa\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um \u00ed uppvexti. \u00c1 brei\u00f0ari grundvelli sn\u00faa \u00feessar ranns\u00f3knir einnig a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed varpa lj\u00f3si \u00e1 ferli a\u00f0l\u00f6gunar a\u00f0 n\u00fdjum umhverfisa\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um og \u00fe\u00e1tt sl\u00edkrar a\u00f0l\u00f6gunar \u00ed myndun afbrig\u00f0a og tegunda. Sl\u00edkar ranns\u00f3knir eru \u00fev\u00ed mikilv\u00e6gar \u00ed lj\u00f3si \u00feeirra hr\u00f6\u00f0u umhverfisbreytinga sem n\u00fa eiga s\u00e9r sta\u00f0.<\/p>\n

Framfarir \u00e1 svi\u00f0i sameindal\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0i hafa \u00e1 allra s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1rum opna\u00f0 alveg n\u00fdjar lei\u00f0ir til a\u00f0 n\u00e1lgast spurningar um a\u00f0l\u00f6gun og myndun afbrig\u00f0a og tegunda. \u00cd ranns\u00f3kn v\u00edsindamannanna, sem sagt er fr\u00e1 \u00ed Ecology and Evoloution, var r\u00fdnt \u00ed erf\u00f0aefni \u00feriggja afbrig\u00f0anna, murtu, ku\u00f0ungableikju og dvergbleikju, me\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 fyrir augum a\u00f0 kanna erf\u00f0abreytileika milli \u00feeirra og reyna a\u00f0 komast a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0a gen og \u00feroskunarferlar tengjast \u00fer\u00f3un mismundandi afbrig\u00f0a. Beitt var a\u00f0fer\u00f0um sameindaerf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i, s\u00e9rstaklega a\u00f0fer\u00f0um sem \u00fear sem sko\u00f0u\u00f0 eru afrit af tug\u00fe\u00fasundum gena \u00ed hverju s\u00fdni. \u00deannig er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a hven\u00e6r \u00e1 \u00feroskaskei\u00f0i viss gen eru virk og \u00ed hva\u00f0a vefjum. Einnig er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a erf\u00f0abreytileika milli einstaklinga, \u00ed \u00feessu tilfelli milli afbrig\u00f0anna \u00feriggja af bleikju.<\/p>\n

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\u00derj\u00fa afbrig\u00f0i bleikjunnar veri\u00f0 erf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilega a\u00f0skilin \u00ed fj\u00f6lda kynsl\u00f3\u00f0a<\/h3>\n

Ranns\u00f3knin leiddi \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 murtan, ku\u00f0ungableikjan og dvergbleikjan eru erf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilega a\u00f0skilin og vir\u00f0ast hafa veri\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed fj\u00f6lda kynsl\u00f3\u00f0a. Munurinn \u00e1 afbrig\u00f0unum birtist t.d. \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 tiltekin st\u00f6kkbreyting \u00ed erf\u00f0aefninu er algengari \u00ed einu afbrig\u00f0i en \u00f6\u00f0ru. Af \u00feeim um 20.000 st\u00f6kkbreytingum sem greindar voru \u00ed ranns\u00f3kninni s\u00fdndu r\u00famlega 2.000 umtalsver\u00f0an mun \u00e1 milli afbrig\u00f0anna. \u00deessar st\u00f6kkbreytingar fundust \u00e1 \u00f6llum litningum bleikjunnar, sem bendir til a\u00f0 afbrig\u00f0in hafi veri\u00f0 a\u00f0skilin \u00ed umtalsver\u00f0an t\u00edma. \u00d6nnur g\u00f6gn s\u00fdna enn fremur a\u00f0 s\u00edlableikjan, fj\u00f3r\u00f0a afbrig\u00f0i\u00f0, a\u00f0greinist ekki jafn sk\u00fdrt og hin \u00ferj\u00fa. Henni svipar helst til murtu en takmarkanir gagnanna koma \u00ed veg fyrir sterkar \u00e1lyktanir. N\u00e1nari ranns\u00f3knir g\u00e6tu sk\u00fdrt hvort s\u00edlableikjur s\u00e9u einfaldlega murtur sem l\u00e6ra a\u00f0 bor\u00f0a horns\u00edli e\u00f0a hvort \u00fe\u00e6r s\u00e9u mj\u00f6g n\u00fdlegt afbrig\u00f0i me\u00f0 v\u00e6gan erf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilegan a\u00f0skilna\u00f0 fr\u00e1 murtunni.<\/p>\n

Ranns\u00f3knin s\u00fdndi einnig a\u00f0 dvergbleikjan og ku\u00f0ungableikjan eru skyldari hvor annari en murtan fjarskyldari, sem a\u00f0 s\u00f6gn v\u00edsindamannanna endurspeglar vistfr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00feeirra, en b\u00e6\u00f0i ku\u00f0ungableikja og dvergableikja hafast vi\u00f0 og n\u00e6rast \u00e1 sm\u00e1d\u00fdrum \u00e1 strandbotni \u00deingvallavatns en murta lifir \u00e1 svifl\u00e6gum krabbad\u00fdrum \u00ed vatnsbolnum.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Framfarir \u00e1 svi\u00f0i sameindal\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0i hafa \u00e1 allra s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1rum opna\u00f0 alveg n\u00fdjar lei\u00f0ir til a\u00f0 n\u00e1lgast spurningar um a\u00f0l\u00f6gun og myndun afbrig\u00f0a og tegunda. \u00cd ranns\u00f3kn v\u00edsindamannanna, sem sagt er fr\u00e1 \u00ed Ecology and Evoloution, var r\u00fdnt \u00ed erf\u00f0aefni \u00feriggja afbrig\u00f0anna, murtu, ku\u00f0ungableikju og dvergbleikju, me\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 fyrir augum a\u00f0 kanna erf\u00f0abreytileika milli \u00feeirra og reyna a\u00f0 komast a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0a gen og \u00feroskunarferlar tengjast \u00fer\u00f3un mismundandi afbrig\u00f0a.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\"H\u00e1sk\u00f3li<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n

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Myndun tegunda tekur skemmri t\u00edma en \u00e1\u00f0ur var tali\u00f0<\/h3>\n

V\u00edsindamannah\u00f3purinn \u00e1lyktar a\u00f0 me\u00f0 hli\u00f0sj\u00f3n af erf\u00f0amuninum, sem fram kemur \u00ed ranns\u00f3kninni, og \u00f6\u00f0rum \u00fe\u00e1ttum g\u00e6ti veri\u00f0 um fyrstu stig myndunar tegunda a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a. Tegundir myndast \u00feegar stofn \u00e1kve\u00f0innar l\u00edfveru klofnar upp \u00ed tvo e\u00f0a fleiri h\u00f3pa, oftast eftir landfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegan a\u00f0skilna\u00f0 en jafnvel einnig vegna s\u00e9rh\u00e6fingar a\u00f0 \u00f3l\u00edkum b\u00fasv\u00e6\u00f0um innan sama sv\u00e6\u00f0is, t.d. vatns e\u00f0a vatnakerfis. \u00deegar h\u00f3parnir hafa teki\u00f0 miklum breytingum yfir margar kynsl\u00f3\u00f0ir, \u00ed \u00fatliti, lifna\u00f0arh\u00e1ttum og erf\u00f0asamsetningu, getur \u00f3l\u00edkur hrygningart\u00edmi e\u00f0a mismunur \u00e1 m\u00f6kunaratferli komi\u00f0 \u00ed veg fyrir a\u00f0 afbrig\u00f0i \u00e6xlist saman og jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt einhver br\u00f6g\u00f0 s\u00e9u a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed \u00fe\u00e1 getur veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 blendingsafkv\u00e6mi, sem \u00feannig eru komin til, s\u00e9u \u00f3l\u00edklegri til a\u00f0 lifa af og n\u00e1 a\u00f0 geta af s\u00e9r afkv\u00e6mi. S\u00e9 \u00feetta raunin er tala\u00f0 um a\u00f0 h\u00f3parnir s\u00e9u or\u00f0nir a\u00f0skildir.<\/p>\n

Lengi var tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 myndun tegunda t\u00e6ki \u00e1r\u00fe\u00fasundir e\u00f0a millj\u00f3nir \u00e1ra en n\u00fdlegar ranns\u00f3knir s\u00fdna a\u00f0 stofnar l\u00edfvera geta \u00fer\u00f3ast mj\u00f6g hratt og \u00feessi ranns\u00f3kn bendir til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feeir geti jafnvel a\u00f0skilist \u00ed \u00f3l\u00edkar ger\u00f0ir innan sama vatnakerfis \u00e1 tilt\u00f6lulega stuttum t\u00edma. Hversu lengi bleikjuafbrig\u00f0in \u00ed \u00deingvallavatni standast t\u00edmans t\u00f6nn er \u00f3visst en full \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a er til a\u00f0 hafa \u00e1hyggjur \u00fdmsum hra\u00f0fara breytingum \u00e1 umhverfinu eins og h\u00e6kkandi hitastigi.<\/p>\n

Fj\u00f6lbreytni l\u00edfr\u00edkisins hefur heilla\u00f0 mannkyn fr\u00e1 \u00f6r\u00f3fi alda en me\u00f0 a\u00f0fer\u00f0um n\u00fat\u00edmav\u00edsinda er m\u00f6gulegt a\u00f0 rannsaka uppsprettur \u00feessarar fj\u00f6lbreytni og kraftana sem skapa hana og m\u00f3ta. \u00dea\u00f0 hve l\u00edfr\u00edki \u00cdslands er tilt\u00f6lulega ungt og landfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega einangra\u00f0 b\u00fd\u00f0ur upp \u00e1 einst\u00f6k t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri til a\u00f0 rannsaka fyrstu skref \u00ed myndun l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0ilegs fj\u00f6lbreytileika, \u00fer\u00f3un afbrig\u00f0a og tegunda.<\/p>\n

A\u00f0 ranns\u00f3kninni stendur h\u00f3pur v\u00edsindmanna vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands og Hafranns\u00f3knastofnun auk fyrrverandi nemenda H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans. Fyrsti h\u00f6fundur greinarinnar er J\u00f3hannes Gu\u00f0brandsson, starfsma\u00f0ur Hafranns\u00f3knastofnunar, sem n\u00fdveri\u00f0 lauk doktorspr\u00f3fi fr\u00e1 H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands. Auk hans koma \u00feau Kalina H. Kapralova , Sigur\u00f0ur S. Snorrason, Arnar P\u00e1lsson, Zophon\u00edas O. J\u00f3nsson, Sigr\u00ed\u00f0ur R. Franzd\u00f3ttir, sem \u00f6ll starfa vi\u00f0 L\u00edf- og umhverfisv\u00edsindadeild H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands, a\u00f0 ranns\u00f3kninni \u00e1samt \u00de\u00f3ru Margr\u00e9ti Bergsveinsd\u00f3ttur, nema vi\u00f0 Uppsalah\u00e1sk\u00f3la, og V\u00f6lundi Hafsta\u00f0, nema vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3lann \u00ed Lundi.<\/p>\n

Ranns\u00f3knina m\u00e1 n\u00e1lgast \u00e1 vefnum<\/a><\/p>\n

Vi\u00f0 \u00feetta m\u00e1 b\u00e6ta a einn a\u00f0standandi ranns\u00f3knarinnar, Kalina H. Kapralova, vann \u00ed samvinnu vi\u00f0 meistaranemann Edite Fiskovi\u010da\u00a0stutta heimildamynd um \u00e6xlun bleikjunnar \u00ed \u00deingvallavatni. Myndina m\u00e1 finna \u00e1 YouTube<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Mynd af bleikjum \u00ed vatni t\u00f3k Quentin Horta og mynd af b\u00e1taf\u00f3lki t\u00f3k Arnar P\u00e1lsson.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/article>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n

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H\u00e9r \u00e1 eftir fylgir fr\u00e9ttatilkynning sem vi\u00f0 unnum me\u00f0 kynningardeild H\u00cd og var fjalla\u00f0 um \u00ed nokkrum \u00edslenskum mi\u00f0lum. Bendi f\u00f3lki s\u00e9rstaklega \u00e1 vi\u00f0t\u00f6l vi\u00f0 Sigur\u00f0 Snorrason \u00ed B\u00edtinu \u00e1 Bylgjunni - V\u00edsbendingar um a\u00f0 bleikjuafbrig\u00f0i \u00ed \u00deingvallavatni s\u00e9u a\u00f0 … Halda \u00e1fram a\u00f0 lesa →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":132,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13968,13971],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-818","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-articles-about-science","category-general-biology"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/818","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/132"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=818"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/818\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":820,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/818\/revisions\/820"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=818"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=818"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=818"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}