{"id":877,"date":"2020-04-15T10:46:16","date_gmt":"2020-04-15T10:46:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/?p=877"},"modified":"2020-04-15T10:48:48","modified_gmt":"2020-04-15T10:48:48","slug":"icelandic-getur-koronuveiran-sem-veldur-covid-19-stokkbreyst-og-ordid-haettulegri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/apalsson\/IS\/2020\/04\/15\/icelandic-getur-koronuveiran-sem-veldur-covid-19-stokkbreyst-og-ordid-haettulegri\/","title":{"rendered":"Getur k\u00f3r\u00f3nuveiran sem veldur COVID-19 st\u00f6kkbreyst og or\u00f0i\u00f0 h\u00e6ttulegri?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Arnar P\u00e1lsson. \u201eGetur k\u00f3r\u00f3nuveiran sem veldur COVID-19 st\u00f6kkbreyst og or\u00f0i\u00f0 h\u00e6ttulegri?\u201c V\u00edsindavefurinn<\/i>, 26. mars 2020. S\u00f3tt 15. apr\u00edl 2020. http:\/\/visindavefur.is\/svar.php?id=79040.<\/p>\n

\u00cd huga almennings eru st\u00f6kkbreytingar<\/a> oft tengdar vi\u00f0 dramat\u00edskar breytingar og ofurkrafta. Pers\u00f3nur og ofurhetjur eins og Pr\u00f3fessor Xavier, Mystiqe\/Raven og Caliban \u00far s\u00f6gum og kvikmyndum um X-mennin eru allt d\u00e6mi um einstaklinga sem \u00f6\u00f0lu\u00f0ust s\u00e9rstaka h\u00e6fileika vegna st\u00f6kkbreytinga. \u00cd raunveruleikanum eru st\u00f6kkbreytingar yfirleitt mun v\u00e6gari. Or\u00f0i\u00f0 st\u00f6kkbreyting er \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed raun misv\u00edsandi \u00fear sem \u00fea\u00f0 gefur til kynna a\u00f0 r\u00f3tt\u00e6kar breytingar ver\u00f0i \u00e1 eiginleikum l\u00edfvera. Sta\u00f0reyndin er s\u00fa a\u00f0 a\u00f0eins \u00f6rl\u00edtill minnihluti breytinga \u00e1 erf\u00f0aefni<\/a> veldur st\u00f6kkum \u00ed \u00fatliti, h\u00e1ttum e\u00f0a h\u00e6fni l\u00edfvera.<\/span>[1]<\/a><\/sup> Or\u00f0i\u00f0 erf\u00f0afr\u00e1vik<\/dfn> v\u00e6ri \u00fev\u00ed mun betra nafn yfir \u00fe\u00e6r breytingar sem ver\u00f0a \u00e1 erf\u00f0aefni l\u00edfvera.<\/p>\n

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Margir \u00edmynda s\u00e9r a\u00f0 st\u00f6kkbreytingar feli \u00ed s\u00e9r r\u00f3tt\u00e6kar breytingar \u00e1 eiginleikum l\u00edfvera, eins og \u00e1 vi\u00f0 um \u00ed kvikmyndum um X-mennin. Flestar st\u00f6kkbreytingar sem n\u00e1 einhverri t\u00ed\u00f0ni \u00ed stofni (meira en 0,1%) eru hlutlausar og hafa hvorki j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0 n\u00e9 neikv\u00e6\u00f0 \u00e1hrif \u00e1 h\u00e6fni einstakling sem ber hana.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

T\u00ed\u00f0ni st\u00f6kkbreytinga<\/a> er mismunandi eftir l\u00edfverum. \u00cd hverri kynfrumu<\/a> manna eru um 20 til 70 n\u00fdjar st\u00f6kkbreytingar. Veirur<\/a> st\u00f6kkbreytast mun hra\u00f0ar.<\/span>[2]<\/a><\/sup> Meira m\u00e1li skiptir a\u00f0 st\u00f6kkbreytingar geta haft missterk \u00e1hrif \u00e1 l\u00edfverur og h\u00e6fni \u00feeirra. \u00deeim m\u00e1 skipta \u00ed \u00ferj\u00e1r ger\u00f0ir me\u00f0 tilliti til \u00e1hrifa \u00e1 h\u00e6fni, \u00fea\u00f0 er j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0ar, neikv\u00e6\u00f0ar e\u00f0a hlutlausar. H\u00e6fni er h\u00e9r \u00fer\u00f3unarfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegt hugtak sem segir til um hlutfallslega getu einstaklinga \u00ed l\u00edfsbar\u00e1ttunni, til d\u00e6mis til a\u00f0 fj\u00f6lga s\u00e9r, lifa af vi\u00f0 erfi\u00f0ar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur e\u00f0a sleppa fr\u00e1 afr\u00e6ningjum.<\/span>[3]<\/a><\/sup> A\u00f0eins \u00f6rl\u00edtill minnihluti st\u00f6kkbreytinga er j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0ur og eykur h\u00e6fni einstaklinga sem bera \u00fe\u00e6r. \u00deessar st\u00f6kkbreytingar geta auki\u00f0 h\u00e6fni me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed til d\u00e6mis a\u00f0 gera einstaklingum kleift a\u00f0 fj\u00f6lga s\u00e9r hra\u00f0ar e\u00f0a lifa lengur. J\u00e1kv\u00e6tt n\u00e1tt\u00farulegt val mun lei\u00f0a til \u00feess a\u00f0 einstaklingum me\u00f0 sl\u00edkar j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0ar st\u00f6kkbreytingar fj\u00f6lgar \u00ed t\u00ed\u00f0ni \u00e1 kostna\u00f0 annara ger\u00f0a. A\u00f0 endingu getur j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0a st\u00f6kkbreytingin or\u00f0i\u00f0 allsr\u00e1\u00f0andi, \u00fea\u00f0 er a\u00f0 segja allir einstaklingar \u00ed stofninum bera hana. \u00deannig \u00fer\u00f3ast l\u00edfverur og ver\u00f0a betur a\u00f0laga\u00f0ar. Mun st\u00e6rra hlutfall n\u00fdrra st\u00f6kkbreytinga hefur neikv\u00e6\u00f0 \u00e1hrif \u00e1 h\u00e6fni, til d\u00e6mis me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 raska mikilv\u00e6gum genum<\/a>. \u00deessar breytingar n\u00e1 aldrei mikilli t\u00ed\u00f0ni \u00ed stofni vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r draga til d\u00e6mis \u00far l\u00edfsl\u00edkum e\u00f0a frj\u00f3semi einstaklinga og hreinsandi n\u00e1tt\u00farulegt val fjarl\u00e6gir \u00fe\u00e6r. \u00deri\u00f0ja ger\u00f0 st\u00f6kkbreytinga eru hinar hlutlausu. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir a\u00f0 n\u00fd st\u00f6kkbreyting hefur hvorki neikv\u00e6\u00f0 n\u00e9 j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0 \u00e1hrif \u00e1 h\u00e6fni einstaklings sem ber hana. Flestar st\u00f6kkbreytingar sem n\u00e1 einhverri t\u00ed\u00f0ni \u00ed stofni (meira en 0,1%) eru af \u00feessari ger\u00f0. Sl\u00edkar breytingar geta n\u00e1\u00f0 umtalsver\u00f0ri t\u00ed\u00f0ni \u00ed stofni, og hluti \u00feeirra n\u00e6r 100% t\u00ed\u00f0ni sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir a\u00f0 allir einstaklingar eru arfhreinir um fr\u00e1viki\u00f0. \u00deessar breytingar eru kjarninn \u00ed sameindaklukkunni (e. molecular clock) sem er notu\u00f0 til a\u00f0 meta hra\u00f0a \u00fer\u00f3unar l\u00edfvera. Sameindaklukkuna m\u00e1 l\u00edka nota til a\u00f0 meta hra\u00f0a \u00fer\u00f3unar veira eins og l\u00edfuppl\u00fdsingafr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn Trevor Bedford og samstarfsmenn hafa gert \u00ed ranns\u00f3knum \u00e1 smitferli og \u00fer\u00f3un vesturn\u00edlarveirunnar<\/a>, infl\u00faensu<\/a> og n\u00fa SARS-CoV-2<\/a> sem veldur sj\u00fakd\u00f3mnum COVID-19<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Uppl\u00fdsingar um fr\u00e1vik \u00ed erf\u00f0aefni vesturn\u00edlarveiru, sem greindist fyrst \u00ed Vestur-N\u00edlarh\u00e9ra\u00f0i \u00ed \u00daganda, s\u00fdna fj\u00f6lbreytileika og smitlei\u00f0ir \u00e1 \u00e1rabilinu 1998 og 2018. A. \u00c6ttartr\u00e9 ra\u00f0greindra veiru erf\u00f0amengja, litir s\u00fdna smit \u00e1 sv\u00e6\u00f0um. B. Smitlei\u00f0ir tilfella sem b\u00e1rust fr\u00e1 Bandar\u00edkjunum til Mi\u00f0- og Su\u00f0ur-Amer\u00edku. Smelli\u00f0 \u00e1 myndina til a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 st\u00e6rra eintak af henni.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Samantekt:<\/strong><\/p>\n