{"id":47,"date":"2016-11-21T13:49:10","date_gmt":"2016-11-21T13:49:10","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/astabryndis\/?page_id=47"},"modified":"2016-11-21T14:47:40","modified_gmt":"2016-11-21T14:47:40","slug":"hvernig-fer-nam-fram","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/astabryndis\/kennsluthrounarstjori\/hvernig-fer-nam-fram\/","title":{"rendered":"Hvernig fer n\u00e1m fram?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Hvernig fer n\u00e1m fram?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Flestir n\u00fat\u00edma kennslufr\u00e6\u00f0ingar og stu\u00f0ningsmenn hugr\u00e6nu s\u00e1larfr\u00e6\u00f0innar (cognitive psychology) nota \u00fdmsar \u00fatg\u00e1fur af hugsm\u00ed\u00f0ahyggju (constructivism) til a\u00f0 \u00fatsk\u00fdra hvernig n\u00e1m fer fram. \u00de\u00e6r kenningar byggja \u00e1 \u00feeirri hugsun a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 b\u00e6tum vi\u00f0 \u00feekkingu okkar me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 byggja \u00e1 eldri \u00feekkingu og reynslu okkar, eins og vi\u00f0 s\u00e9um a\u00f0 breyta og b\u00e6ta vi\u00f0 \u00ed innri byggingu hugans (schemata). N\u00fdr skilningur, reynsla og uppl\u00fdsingar sem vi\u00f0 s\u00f6fnum m\u00f3tar, breytir e\u00f0a b\u00e6tir vi\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessa byggingu (structure). \u00deannig reisum vi\u00f0 okkar eigin hugsm\u00ed\u00f0, okkar eigin \u00feekkingar- og reynsluh\u00fas, hvort sem er \u00e1 vitsmunalega, tilfinningalega, samskiptalega, e\u00f0a skynhreyfi svi\u00f0inu (psychomotor domain). \u00cd kennslu er \u00fe\u00e1 oft l\u00f6g\u00f0 minni \u00e1hersla \u00e1 utanb\u00f3karl\u00e6rd\u00f3m \u00e1 sta\u00f0reyndum en \u00feess \u00ed sta\u00f0 unni\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 efla skilning og gagnr\u00fdna hugsun. Enginn nemandi kemur inn \u00ed kennslustund \u00e1n einhverrar \u00feekkingar, reynslu, e\u00f0a sko\u00f0ana, \u00feannig a\u00f0 hlutverk kennarans er a\u00f0 kanna hva\u00f0 nemendur vita n\u00fa \u00feegar og a\u00f0sto\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0an vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 afla s\u00e9r vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar\u00feekkingar, auk \u00feess a\u00f0 lei\u00f0r\u00e9tta hugmyndir sem er bygg\u00f0ar \u00e1 misskilningi. \u00deannig myndast n\u00fd \u00feekking og reynsla vi\u00f0 tengingu vi\u00f0 undirliggjandi \u00feekkingu og reynslu \u00ed gegnum vitsmunalega \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku \u00ed n\u00e1minu, en h\u00fan d\u00fdpkar skilning og gagnr\u00fdna hugsun. Piaget (1950) og Bruner (1960, 1966) eru helstu upphafsmenn hugsm\u00ed\u00f0ahyggjunnar (meira)<\/p>\n<p><em>Hva\u00f0 me\u00f0 minni\u00f0? <\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00cd hugr\u00e6nu s\u00e1larfr\u00e6\u00f0inni (cognitive psychology) er nota\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 m\u00f3del, gagna\u00farvinnslum\u00f3deli\u00f0 (information processing theory) \u00a0til a\u00f0 \u00fatsk\u00fdra hvernig n\u00e1m fer fram. Liti\u00f0 er \u00e1 mannshugann sem gagna\u00farvinnslukerfi e\u00f0a \u00feekkingarvinnslukerfi. Hugurinn tekur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti uppl\u00fdsingum (acquisition), vinnur e\u00f0a velur \u00far \u00feeim, geymir\/skr\u00e1ir \u00ed minni (geymd\/retention) e\u00f0a hendir \u00fat, og endurheimtir \u00far minni (retrieval). Minni\u00f0 (memory) er \u00fer\u00edskipt. \u00dea\u00f0 dynja \u00e1 okkur alls kyns uppl\u00fdsingar \u00far umhverfi okkar. \u00de\u00e6r berast inn \u00ed skynminni eitt augnablik en \u00fear fer fram skj\u00f3tt val um hvort taka \u00e1 vi\u00f0 \u00feessum uppl\u00fdsingum. Ef svo er, \u00fe\u00e1 f\u00e6rast \u00fe\u00e6r strax yfir \u00ed stundarminni\u00f0 e\u00f0a skammt\u00edmaminni\u00f0 (short term memory). \u00dea\u00f0 hefur \u00fe\u00f3 mj\u00f6g takmarka\u00f0 geymslupl\u00e1ss (yfirleitt mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 sj\u00f6 atri\u00f0i \u00ed einu) og var\u00f0veislut\u00edminn er l\u00edka takmarka\u00f0ur. \u00deetta fer \u00fe\u00f3 eftir einstaklingum og \u00feeirri t\u00e6kni sem \u00feeir nota vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 muna. \u00dea\u00f0 er til d\u00e6mis h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 b\u00fata e\u00f0a flokka uppl\u00fdsingarnar (chunking), e\u00f0a \u00e6fa \u00fe\u00e6r til a\u00f0 halda \u00feeim vi\u00f0 (maintenance rehearsal). \u00de\u00e1 fara \u00fe\u00e6r yfir \u00ed langt\u00edmaminni. Til d\u00e6mis leggjum vi\u00f0 \u00e1 minni\u00f0 s\u00edman\u00famer me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 skipta 7 t\u00f6lust\u00f6fum \u00ed 3 og 4, 864 1659. Vi\u00f0 t\u00f6kum eftir a\u00f0 fyrri hlutinn eru jafnar t\u00f6lur ni\u00f0ur \u00e1 vi\u00f0 864. \u00deetta hj\u00e1lpar okkur a\u00f0 muna. Ef vi\u00f0 gerum ekkert vi\u00f0 uppl\u00fdsingarnar, \u00fe\u00e1 hverfa \u00fe\u00e6r flj\u00f3tt. Tali\u00f0 er a\u00f0 uppl\u00fdsingar geymist \u00ed langt\u00edmaminni \u00ed merkingareiningum sem eru tengdar innbyr\u00f0is og\/e\u00f0a tengdar eldri \u00feekkingu \u00ed langt\u00edmaminninu. Langt\u00edmaminni skiptist \u00ed a\u00f0fer\u00f0aminni (procedural memory) sem geymir \u00fdmsa f\u00e6rni til athafna og l\u00fdsandi minni (declarative memory) sem geymir minningar um atbur\u00f0i sem hafa gerst og sta\u00f0reyndir.<\/p>\n<p><em>Hva\u00f0a \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu hefur \u00feetta fyrir kennslu?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00deegar kennari spyr nemendur spurninga var\u00f0andi reynslu \u00feeirra og \u00feekkingu \u00e1 einhverju efni, \u00fe\u00e1 endurheimta \u00feeir \u00far langt\u00edmaminni mikilv\u00e6gar uppl\u00fdsingar sem \u00feeir tengja s\u00ed\u00f0an vi\u00f0 n\u00fdja \u00feekkingu og reynslu. Minningarnar geta haft \u00e1hrif \u00e1 hvernig vi\u00f0 skynjum og breg\u00f0umst vi\u00f0 umr\u00e6\u00f0uefnum e\u00f0a n\u00fdrri \u00feekkingu. Umr\u00e6\u00f0an ver\u00f0ur til \u00feess a\u00f0 athygli nemandans vaknar, en athygli er forsenda fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 t\u00f6kum \u00fe\u00e1tt og l\u00e6rum.<\/p>\n<p><em>Hva\u00f0 hefur \u00feetta me\u00f0 h\u00e1sk\u00f3lakennslu a\u00f0 gera?<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Stundum er spurt hvort einhver \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a s\u00e9 til a\u00f0 breyta e\u00f0a endurm\u00f3ta kennsluh\u00e6tti \u00ed h\u00e1sk\u00f3lum, nemendur s\u00e9u j\u00fa fullor\u00f0nir og komi \u00feanga\u00f0 af f\u00fasum og frj\u00e1lsum vilja. Ranns\u00f3knir hafa s\u00fdnt a\u00f0 nemendami\u00f0a\u00f0ar kennslua\u00f0fer\u00f0ir, \u00fe.e. kennslua\u00f0fer\u00f0ir sem virkja nemendur \u00ed n\u00e1mi s\u00ednu, hafa s\u00f6mu \u00e1hrif \u00e1 eldri og yngri nemendur. Nemendur muna betur \u00fea\u00f0 sem \u00feeir l\u00e6r\u00f0u \u00fev\u00ed athyglin var vakandi og \u00e1hugi oftast meiri. Auk \u00feess skapa\u00f0ist gott andr\u00famslegt sem annars vegar tengdi saman nemendur \u00ed h\u00f3pnum, og hins vegar nemendur og kennara.<\/p>\n<p><em>Hva\u00f0 eru nemendami\u00f0a\u00f0ar kennslua\u00f0fer\u00f0ir?<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hvernig fer n\u00e1m fram? Flestir n\u00fat\u00edma kennslufr\u00e6\u00f0ingar og stu\u00f0ningsmenn hugr\u00e6nu s\u00e1larfr\u00e6\u00f0innar (cognitive psychology) nota \u00fdmsar \u00fatg\u00e1fur af hugsm\u00ed\u00f0ahyggju (constructivism) til a\u00f0 \u00fatsk\u00fdra hvernig n\u00e1m fer fram. \u00de\u00e6r kenningar byggja \u00e1 \u00feeirri hugsun a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 b\u00e6tum vi\u00f0 \u00feekkingu okkar me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 byggja \u00e1 eldri \u00feekkingu og reynslu okkar, eins og vi\u00f0 s\u00e9um a\u00f0 breyta og [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1412,"featured_media":0,"parent":10,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-47","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/astabryndis\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/47","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/astabryndis\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/astabryndis\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/astabryndis\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1412"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/astabryndis\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=47"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/astabryndis\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/47\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":52,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/astabryndis\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/47\/revisions\/52"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/astabryndis\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/astabryndis\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=47"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}