I<\/p>\n
Fyrir Al\u00feingi liggur frumvarp til breytinga \u00e1 l\u00f6gum nr. 2\/1993 (EES-l\u00f6gin), en \u00deorger\u00f0ur Katr\u00edn Gunnarsd\u00f3ttur utanr\u00edkisr\u00e1\u00f0herra hefur n\u00fa lagt \u00fea\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 n\u00fdju. Fyrrum utanr\u00edkisr\u00e1\u00f0herra lag\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 fram fyrst \u00feegar \u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2023 en af einhverjum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um sem m\u00e9r eru ekki kunnar hlaut \u00fea\u00f0 ekki afgrei\u00f0slu.<\/p>\n
Meginatri\u00f0i frumvarpsins er a\u00f0 lagt er til a\u00f0 eftirfarandi breyting ver\u00f0i ger\u00f0 \u00e1 4. gr. laganna og h\u00fan ver\u00f0i svohlj\u00f3\u00f0andi:\u00a0Ef sk\u00fdrt og \u00f3skilyrt laga\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i sem r\u00e9ttilega innlei\u00f0ir skuldbindingu samkv\u00e6mt EES-samningnum er \u00f3samr\u00fdmanlegt \u00f6\u00f0ru almennu laga\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i skal hi\u00f0 fyrrnefnda ganga framar, nema Al\u00feingi hafi m\u00e6lt fyrir um anna\u00f0. Sama \u00e1 vi\u00f0 um skuldbindingar sem eru innleiddar me\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnvaldsfyrirm\u00e6lum.<\/em><\/p>\n \u00cd 3. gr. EES-laganna er fyrir eftirfarandi regla:\u00a0Sk\u00fdra skal l\u00f6g og reglur, a\u00f0 svo miklu leyti sem vi\u00f0 \u00e1, til samr\u00e6mis vi\u00f0 EES-samninginn og \u00fe\u00e6r reglur sem \u00e1 honum byggja.<\/em><\/p>\n Ekki er \u00ed frumvarpinu gert r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 \u00feessari reglu \u00ed 3. gr. ver\u00f0i breytt enda er h\u00fan e\u00f0lileg og sj\u00e1lfs\u00f6g\u00f0 og er \u00ed raun ekki anna\u00f0 en sta\u00f0festing \u00e1 \u00feeirri almennu og allt umlykjandi l\u00f6gsk\u00fdringarreglu a\u00f0 sk\u00fdra beri \u00edslensk l\u00f6g til samr\u00e6mis vi\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarlegar skuldbindingar \u00edslenska r\u00edkisins eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem unnt er.<\/p>\n II<\/p>\n Regluna \u00ed 3. gr. er a\u00f0 rekja til b\u00f3kunar 35 vi\u00f0 EES-samninginn sem var\u00f0ar st\u00f6\u00f0u EES-reglna \u00ed \u00edslenskum landsr\u00e9tti. Efni hennar er a\u00f0 EFTA-r\u00edkin (\u00fear me\u00f0 tali\u00f0 \u00cdsland) skuldbinda sig til a\u00f0 setja, ef \u00fe\u00f6rf krefur, laga\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i sem tryggi a\u00f0 EES-reglur, sem komnar eru til framkv\u00e6mda, gangi framar \u00f6\u00f0rum reglum landsr\u00e9ttar ef hinar s\u00ed\u00f0arnefndu rekast \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e6r fyrrnefndu. B\u00f3kunin hefur a\u00f0 geyma \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarlega skuldbindingu sem Al\u00feingi taldi sig \u00e1 s\u00ednum t\u00edma fulln\u00e6gja me\u00f0 fyrrnefndri 3. gr. EES-laganna.<\/p>\n Ef or\u00f0alag reglunnar \u00ed 3. gr. er sko\u00f0a\u00f0 s\u00e9st aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti gl\u00f6ggt a\u00f0 b\u00f3kunin er ekki efnislega tekin beint upp \u00ed \u00edslensk l\u00f6g heldur \u00feess \u00ed sta\u00f0 sett l\u00f6gsk\u00fdringarregla sem gengur, samkv\u00e6mt or\u00f0um s\u00ednum, skemmra en skuldbindingin \u00ed b\u00f3kuninni.<\/p>\n H\u00f6fundur \u00feessa pistils skrifa\u00f0i fyrir n\u00e6stum 30 \u00e1rum um EES-samninginn \u00ed \u00dalflj\u00f3t, t\u00edmarit laganema vi\u00f0 H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands, \u00fear sem fjalla\u00f0 er me\u00f0al annars um 3. gr. EES-laganna. Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an af \u00feeirri athugun var \u00ed a\u00f0alatri\u00f0um s\u00fa a\u00f0 efast m\u00e6tti um a\u00f0 reglan \u00ed 3. gr. v\u00e6ri til \u00feess fallin a\u00f0 fulln\u00e6gja skuldbindingunni \u00ed b\u00f3kun 35. \u00de\u00f3 var ger\u00f0ur s\u00e1 fyrirvari \u00ed greininni a\u00f0 \u00feetta f\u00e6ri eftir \u00fev\u00ed hvernig d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar myndu \u00ed framt\u00ed\u00f0inni beita 3. gr. og hversu langt \u00feeir v\u00e6ru tilb\u00fanir til a\u00f0 ganga til a\u00f0 vir\u00f0a skuldbindingu \u00edslenska r\u00edkisins samkv\u00e6mt b\u00f3kun 35 og veita EES-reglum forgang \u00e1 grundvelli hennar \u00fear sem \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1 vi\u00f0. S\u00ed\u00f0ar hefur komi\u00f0 \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 3. gr. EES-laganna, eins og \u00edslenskir d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar beita henni, dugar ekki til a\u00f0 fulln\u00e6gja b\u00f3kuninni. Vel m\u00e1 gagnr\u00fdna \u00feessa d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6md \u00edslenskra d\u00f3mst\u00f3la, en h\u00fan er samt sta\u00f0reynd. Hefur \u00edslenska r\u00edki\u00f0 af \u00feessum s\u00f6kum veri\u00f0 slegi\u00f0 \u00e1 puttana af\u00a0ESA\u00a0fyrir a\u00f0 sinna ekki skyldum s\u00ednum til a\u00f0 tryggja EES-reglum forganga \u00fear sem \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1 vi\u00f0. Reynslan hefur nefnilega s\u00fdnt a\u00f0 efasemdir h\u00f6fundar fyrir n\u00e6stum 30 \u00e1rum um a\u00f0 3. gr. dyg\u00f0i til a\u00f0 fulln\u00e6gja skuldbindingum \u00cdslands samkv\u00e6mt b\u00f3kun 35 voru ekki \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0ulausar og reyndar \u00ed lj\u00f3s komi\u00f0 a\u00f0 h\u00fan gerir \u00fea\u00f0 hreint ekki vegna \u00feess hvernig \u00edslenskir d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar hafa haga\u00f0 framkv\u00e6md sinni. Hefur \u00feetta skapa\u00f0 talsver\u00f0a r\u00e9ttar\u00f3vissu og valdi\u00f0 einstaklingum sem vilja byggja r\u00e9ttindi s\u00edna \u00e1 EES-reglum b\u00fasifjum og r\u00edkinu m\u00f6gulega ska\u00f0ab\u00f3taskyldu, ef \u00fat \u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 er fari\u00f0.<\/p>\n Vitaskuld er \u00fea\u00f0 svo a\u00f0 sl\u00edk forgangsregla sem l\u00f6g\u00f0 er til leysir ekki \u00far \u00f6llum vanda sem kann a\u00f0 koma upp um tengsl EES-samningsins og \u00edslenskra laga. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00e1 raunar vi\u00f0 um l\u00f6ggj\u00f6f \u00e1 m\u00f6rgum svi\u00f0um \u00fear sem laga\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i veita miki\u00f0 svigr\u00fam til mats og oft erfitt a\u00f0 sp\u00e1 fyrir um ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u \u00ed lagalegum \u00e1greiningi. \u00de\u00f3 ver\u00f0ur ekki s\u00e9\u00f0 a\u00f0 me\u00f0 sl\u00edku forgangs\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i ver\u00f0i sk\u00f6pu\u00f0 meiri r\u00e9ttar\u00f3vissa en n\u00fa \u00feegar r\u00edkir um st\u00f6\u00f0u EES-reglna vegna \u00feess hve illa 3. gr. EES-laganna er til \u00feess fallin a\u00f0 veita EES-reglum fulla virkni \u00fear sem \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1 vi\u00f0. \u00devert \u00e1 m\u00f3ti er \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a til a\u00f0 \u00e6tla a\u00f0 h\u00fan ver\u00f0i minni en n\u00fa er.<\/p>\n III<\/p>\n R\u00f6k fyrir \u00feeirri lei\u00f0 sem Al\u00feingi valdi \u00e1 s\u00ednum t\u00edma v\u00f6r\u00f0u\u00f0u me\u00f0al annars \u00e1hyggjur af fullveldisframsali \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 l\u00f6gfestingu samningsins og a\u00f0 ekki hafi veri\u00f0 h\u00e6gt, vegna stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rinnar, a\u00f0 setja hreina og kl\u00e1ra forgangsreglu og binda \u00feannig hendur l\u00f6ggjafans \u00ed framt\u00ed\u00f0inni. \u00deessi forsenda er r\u00f6ng a\u00f0 mati undirrita\u00f0s enda er\u00a0frumvarpi\u00f0\u00a0reist \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 forgangsreglan s\u00e9 eing\u00f6ngu sett \u00ed almenn l\u00f6g sem Al\u00feingi getur alltaf breytt ef svo ber undir. Einkennilegt er a\u00f0 halda \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 setja tiltekin l\u00f6g s\u00e9 l\u00f6ggjafinn a\u00f0 binda hendur s\u00ednar til framt\u00ed\u00f0ar. Hi\u00f0 r\u00e9tta er au\u00f0vita\u00f0 a\u00f0 me\u00f0 hreinni forgangsreglu bindur Al\u00feingi eing\u00f6ngu hendur handhafa framkv\u00e6mdarvalds og d\u00f3mst\u00f3la innanlands, sem og einstaklinga og l\u00f6ga\u00f0ila, me\u00f0an h\u00fan er \u00ed gildi eins og Al\u00feingi gerir me\u00f0 setningu laga endran\u00e6r. Al\u00feingi getur e\u00f0li m\u00e1lsins samkv\u00e6mt aldrei bundi\u00f0 sig til framb\u00fa\u00f0ar me\u00f0 setningu laga \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hlutverk \u00feess samkv\u00e6mt stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1nni er einmitt a\u00f0 setja n\u00fd l\u00f6g og breyta eldri l\u00f6gum ef svo ber undir. Engin l\u00f6g sem Al\u00feingi setur binda hendur \u00feess til framb\u00fa\u00f0ar. Ekki heldur \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00feau s\u00e9u sett til a\u00f0 fulln\u00e6gja skuldbindingum samkv\u00e6mt EES-samningnum.<\/p>\n \u00cd frumvarpinu sem liggur fyrir Al\u00feingi er stefnt a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta \u00far \u00feessum \u00e1galla \u00e1 EES-l\u00f6gunum \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed skyni a\u00f0 fulln\u00e6gja loks skuldbindingunni \u00ed b\u00f3kun 35 og setja reglu sem tryggir sk\u00fdrum og \u00f3skilyrtum laga\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um, sem r\u00e9ttilega innlei\u00f0a skuldbindingu samkv\u00e6mt EES-samningnum, forgang fram yfir a\u00f0rar reglur \u00edslensks r\u00e9ttar. \u00deetta er til \u00feess falli\u00f0 a\u00f0 ey\u00f0a r\u00e9ttar\u00f3vissu sem 3. gr. EES-laganna hefur skapa\u00f0, en ekki auka \u00e1 hana eins og haldi\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 fram. \u00de\u00e1 hafa ekki komi\u00f0 fram nein fulln\u00e6gjandi r\u00f6k fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 sl\u00edk regla s\u00e9 andst\u00e6\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1, heldur eru \u00fevert \u00e1 m\u00f3ti f\u00e6r\u00f0 fyrir \u00fev\u00ed sannf\u00e6randi r\u00f6k \u00ed greinarger\u00f0 me\u00f0 frumvarpinu a\u00f0 svo s\u00e9 ekki.<\/p>\n IV<\/p>\n Regla um forgang ESB\/EES-reglna er grundvallarregla \u00ed r\u00e9tti sambandsins og byggir \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 forsenda fyrir sameiginlegum marka\u00f0i \u00e1 svi\u00f0i v\u00f6ruvi\u00f0skipta, \u00fej\u00f3nustu, fj\u00e1rmagnsflutninga og vinnuafls s\u00e9 a\u00f0 s\u00f6mu reglur gildi alls sta\u00f0ar \u00e1 honum. Hugmyndin er s\u00fa, svo sk\u00fdrt s\u00e9 me\u00f0 d\u00e6mi, a\u00f0 Hollendingur sem n\u00fdtir s\u00e9r r\u00e9ttindi samkv\u00e6mt ESB og flytur til Sp\u00e1nar og stofnar \u00fear fyrirt\u00e6ki eigi a\u00f0 geta treyst \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 reglur ESB gangi framar \u00f6\u00f0rum sp\u00e6nskum l\u00f6gum r\u00e9tt eins og Sp\u00e1nverji sem kemur s\u00e9r fyrir \u00ed Hollandi \u00ed s\u00f6mu erindagj\u00f6r\u00f0um \u00e1 a\u00f0 geta treyst \u00e1 forgang \u00feeirra \u00ed Hollandi. Meginatri\u00f0i EES-samningsins er a\u00f0 \u00cdslendingum eru trygg\u00f0 \u00feessi r\u00e9ttindi l\u00edka, eins og \u00cdsland v\u00e6ri \u00ed ESB. \u00cdslendingur sem flytur til Sp\u00e1nar \u00e1 a\u00f0 geta treyst \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hann nj\u00f3ti r\u00e9ttinda samkv\u00e6mt ESB-reglum og m\u00f6gulegar fullveldishugmyndir Sp\u00e1nverja standi \u00fev\u00ed ekki \u00ed vegi. \u00c1 sama h\u00e1tt \u00e1 Sp\u00e1nverji sem til \u00cdslands flytur a\u00f0 geta treyst \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 fullveldis\u00e1hyggjur \u00cdslendinga standi \u00fev\u00ed ekki \u00ed vegi a\u00f0 hann nj\u00f3ti r\u00e9ttinda samkv\u00e6mt EES-reglum. Me\u00f0 EES-samningnum og b\u00f3kun 35 gengust \u00cdslendingar undir \u00fe\u00e1 skuldbindingu a\u00f0 tryggja einmitt \u00feetta.<\/p>\n \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir \u00feessi a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er vir\u00f0ist auglj\u00f3su sannindi fer enn \u00e1 n\u00fd af sta\u00f0 umr\u00e6\u00f0an um framsal lagasetningarvalds, yfirgang Evr\u00f3pustofnana, l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0ishalla, sj\u00e1lfs\u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0unarr\u00e9tt \u00cdslendinga og fl. Mikilv\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 \u00e1tta sig \u00e1 a\u00f0 reglum EES er fyrst og fremst \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 veita einstaklingum og a\u00f0ilum \u00ed atvinnurekstri a\u00f0ild a\u00f0 sameiginlegum marka\u00f0i ESB og veita \u00feeim \u00fear me\u00f0 r\u00e9ttindi, en leggja einnig \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 skyldur \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 kr\u00f6fur hins sameiginlega marka\u00f0ar. Ef m\u00f6nnum er alvara me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 fyrirvarar \u00cdslendinga um fullveldi og sj\u00e1lfs\u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0unarr\u00e9tt standi \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed vegi a\u00f0 einstaklingar og a\u00f0ilar \u00ed atvinnurekstri \u00e1 \u00cdslandi f\u00e1i a\u00f0 fullu noti\u00f0 r\u00e9ttinda sinna \u00e1 sameiginlegum marka\u00f0i ESB, sem \u00cdslendingar sj\u00e1lfir s\u00f3ttu um a\u00f0 f\u00e1 a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 \u00e1n a\u00f0ildar a\u00f0 sambandinu, er fullveldi\u00f0 \u00feeim ekki \u00fea\u00f0 skj\u00f3l sem \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e6tti a\u00f0 vera heldur stendur \u00fea\u00f0 beinl\u00ednis \u00ed vegi \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feeir f\u00e1i noti\u00f0 \u00feessara r\u00e9ttinda.<\/p>\n H\u00f6fundur er pr\u00f3fessor og deildarforseti lagadeildar HA.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" I Fyrir Al\u00feingi liggur frumvarp til breytinga \u00e1 l\u00f6gum nr. 2\/1993 (EES-l\u00f6gin), en \u00deorger\u00f0ur Katr\u00edn Gunnarsd\u00f3ttur utanr\u00edkisr\u00e1\u00f0herra hefur n\u00fa lagt \u00fea\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 n\u00fdju. Fyrrum utanr\u00edkisr\u00e1\u00f0herra lag\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 fram fyrst \u00feegar \u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2023 en af einhverjum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um sem m\u00e9r … Continue reading