{"id":1033,"date":"2025-03-10T15:21:24","date_gmt":"2025-03-10T15:21:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/?p=1033"},"modified":"2025-03-11T12:37:54","modified_gmt":"2025-03-11T12:37:54","slug":"fornar-logbaekur-gildandi-log-og-domar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/2025\/03\/10\/fornar-logbaekur-gildandi-log-og-domar\/","title":{"rendered":"Fornar l\u00f6gb\u00e6kur, gildandi l\u00f6g og d\u00f3mar"},"content":{"rendered":"

Inngangur<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hinn 25. febr\u00faar sl. flutti \u00e9g \u00ed Eddu, h\u00fasi \u00edslenskunnar, t\u00f6lu um fornar l\u00f6gb\u00e6kur, gildandi l\u00f6g og d\u00f3ma. Efni\u00f0 tengist handritas\u00fdningunni Heimur \u00ed or\u00f0um sem er \u00ed gangi, en \u00fear eru me\u00f0al annars fornar l\u00f6gb\u00e6kur til s\u00fdnis. \u00cd \u00feessu erindi m\u00ednu fjalla\u00f0i \u00e9g um \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu \u00feessara l\u00f6gb\u00f3ka \u00ed samt\u00edmanum, hva\u00f0a \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00feeirra kunni enn a\u00f0 vera \u00ed gildi og \u00fe\u00e1 hvernig \u00feau birtast \u00ed d\u00f3mum \u00ed samt\u00edmanum. H\u00e9r er \u00fea\u00f0 helsta \u00far \u00fev\u00ed sem \u00e9g haf\u00f0i a\u00f0 segja.<\/p>\n

Byrjum \u00e1 sm\u00e1 t\u00f6lfr\u00e6\u00f0i. D\u00f3mar og \u00farskur\u00f0ir eru (flestir) birtir \u00e1 nets\u00ed\u00f0um d\u00f3mst\u00f3lanna svo \u00feetta efni er a\u00f0gengilegt \u00f6llum sem \u00e1huga hafa. \u00c9g sl\u00f3 fyrst inn leitaror\u00f0in \u201eGr\u00e1g\u00e1s\u201c og \u201eJ\u00f3nsb\u00f3k\u201c \u00e1 nets\u00ed\u00f0um H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar og Landsr\u00e9ttar. Vefs\u00ed\u00f0a H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar n\u00e6r eing\u00f6ngu aftur til 1998. S\u00ed\u00f0an 1998 hefur J\u00f3nsb\u00f3k veri\u00f0 nefnd \u00ed 125 m\u00e1lum og Gr\u00e1g\u00e1s \u00ed 83 m\u00e1lum. \u00cd d\u00f3mum Landsr\u00e9ttar fr\u00e1 stofnun hans 2018 er J\u00f3nsb\u00f3k nefnd \u00ed 23 d\u00f3mum og Gr\u00e1g\u00e1s \u00ed 11 d\u00f3mum.<\/p>\n

Landn\u00e1ma, sem a\u00f0 v\u00edsu er ekki l\u00f6gb\u00f3k, er nefnd \u00ed \u00a071 d\u00f3mi \u00ed H\u00e6star\u00e9tti (fr\u00e1 1998) og \u00ed Landsr\u00e9tti \u00ed 15 d\u00f3mum. Landn\u00e1ma kemur fyrst og fremst til sko\u00f0unar svonefndum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lendum\u00e1lum \u00fear sem h\u00fan \u00feykir til merkis um a\u00f0 tiltekin landsv\u00e6\u00f0i hafi \u00e1 einhverjum t\u00edmapunkti veri\u00f0 h\u00e1\u00f0 einkaeignar\u00e9tti, en \u00fea\u00f0 er stundum tali\u00f0 skipta m\u00e1li vi\u00f0 \u00feegar tekin er afsta\u00f0a til \u00feess hvort landeigendur kunni a\u00f0 eiga r\u00e9tt til umdeildra sv\u00e6\u00f0a e\u00f0a hvort um hafi veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a einskis manns land (terra nullius<\/em>) sem r\u00edki\u00f0 \u00e6tti \u00fe\u00e1. H\u00e9r m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 m\u00e1li\u00f0 sn\u00faist um s\u00f6nnunargildi Landn\u00e1mu, r\u00e9tt eins og annarra skjala endran\u00e6r, fornra og n\u00fdrra. \u00ddmsar kenningar eru til um hvers vegna Landn\u00e1ma var skrifu\u00f0 og sumar eru \u00feess e\u00f0lis a\u00f0, s\u00e9u \u00fe\u00e6r r\u00e9ttrar, lei\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e6r til \u00feess a\u00f0 s\u00f6nnunargildi hennar ver\u00f0i a\u00f0 teljast frekar takmarka\u00f0. \u00dea\u00f0 er anna\u00f0 m\u00e1l og ver\u00f0ur l\u00e1ti\u00f0 liggja h\u00e9r milli hluta.<\/p>\n

T\u00f6lur \u00feessar eru \u00e1hugaver\u00f0ar og \u00e9g ver\u00f0 a\u00f0 j\u00e1ta a\u00f0 fj\u00f6ldi tilv\u00edsana kom m\u00e9r a\u00f0eins \u00e1 \u00f3vart. En fj\u00f6ldi \u00farlausna \u00fear sem \u00feessi rit eru nefnd segir \u00fe\u00f3 ekki alla s\u00f6guna. Fyrst er \u00feess a\u00f0 geta a\u00f0 tilv\u00edsun \u00ed forna l\u00f6gb\u00f3k, oftast J\u00f3nsb\u00f3k, \u00fearf ekki alltaf a\u00f0 vera \u00ed d\u00f3mi\u00a0 H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar e\u00f0a Landsr\u00e9ttar, \u00fev\u00ed \u00feetta getur veri\u00f0 \u00ed h\u00e9ra\u00f0d\u00f3mi \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 skili s\u00e9r \u00ed d\u00f3m \u00e6\u00f0ri r\u00e9ttar. \u00de\u00e1 eru \u00feessi rit oft nefnd \u00ed \u00feeim hluta d\u00f3ms \u00fear sem rakin eru m\u00e1ls\u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0ur og lagar\u00f6k \u00a0a\u00f0ila m\u00e1lsins. L\u00f6gmenn \u00feeirra freista \u00feess \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 fiska upp \u00far \u00feessum fornu ritum eitthva\u00f0 sem kann a\u00f0\u00a0 ver\u00f0a \u00feeim a\u00f0 haldi fyrir m\u00e1lsta\u00f0 skj\u00f3lst\u00e6\u00f0inga sinna, mismunandi l\u00edklegt til \u00e1rangurs skulum vi\u00f0 segja, en \u00fea\u00f0 m\u00e1 alltaf reyna. \u00de\u00f3tt l\u00f6gmenn sl\u00e1i um sig me\u00f0 tilv\u00edsunum \u00ed fornar l\u00f6gb\u00e6kur \u00fearf \u00fea\u00f0 ekki a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0a a\u00f0 d\u00f3mendur taki \u00fe\u00e6r upp \u00ed ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u s\u00edna. Svo ber a\u00f0 nefna a\u00f0 \u00fear sem \u00feessar tilv\u00edsanir eru nefndar \u00ed d\u00f3mi a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r eru oftar en ekki hluti af l\u00fdsingu \u00e1 fors\u00f6gu laga\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0is sem l\u00f6ggjafinn hefur sett \u00ed samt\u00edmanum og varpa \u00feannig lj\u00f3si \u00e1 s\u00f6gulegan a\u00f0draganda \u00feess, sem getur skipt m\u00e1li um hvernig \u00fea\u00f0 beri skilja. Vi\u00f0 \u00feessar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur getur tilv\u00edsun \u00ed fornar b\u00e6kur haft \u00f3beint<\/em>\u00a0gildi fyrir ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u. Loks er \u00fea\u00f0 sjaldg\u00e6ft, en \u00feekkist samt, a\u00f0 ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a m\u00e1ls beinl\u00ednis (e\u00f0a n\u00e6stum \u00fev\u00ed) r\u00e1\u00f0ist af tilv\u00edsun \u00ed forn laga\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i, einkum \u00far J\u00f3nsb\u00f3k. \u00deetta gildir l\u00edka um Landn\u00e1mu sem einhvers konar s\u00f6nnunargagn ef \u00fat \u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 fari\u00f0.<\/p>\n

Lagahreinsun og brottfall laga og laga\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0a<\/strong><\/p>\n

Me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum nr. 118\/1990 var hreinsa\u00f0 til \u00ed \u00edslenskum l\u00f6gum og \u00fear me\u00f0 lagasafninu. Felldur \u00far gildi fj\u00f6ldi laga og lagabo\u00f0a og voru m\u00f6rg hver eldri en fr\u00e1 1874 \u00feegar lagasetningavaldi\u00f0 f\u00e6r\u00f0ist til Al\u00feingis. \u00dea\u00f0 sem er einna athyglisver\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 \u00feessi lagahreinsunarl\u00f6g, er a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 undirb\u00faning \u00feeirra var tekin s\u00e9rst\u00f6k \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un um a\u00f0 \u201efella ekki formlega \u00far gildi\u201c \u00feau \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i sem voru og eru enn elst \u00ed lagasafninu \u00fe.e. \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i Kristinr\u00e9ttar \u00c1rna biskups \u00deorl\u00e1kssonar, 47 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i J\u00f3nsb\u00f3kar sem enn voru \u00ed lagasafni, r\u00e9ttarb\u00f3t Eir\u00edks konungs Magn\u00fassonar og al\u00feingisd\u00f3m um rekamark fr\u00e1 1300. \u00deessi lagahreinsun haf\u00f0i \u00e1tt s\u00e9r langan a\u00f0draganda \u00fev\u00ed alveg fr\u00e1 1888 h\u00f6f\u00f0u umr\u00e6\u00f0ur sta\u00f0i\u00f0 um hana. Einkum vildu sumir hreinsa \u00fat d\u00f6nsk lagabo\u00f0! Um s\u00f6gu \u00feessa er fjalla\u00f0 \u00ed greinarger\u00f0 sem fylgdi frumvarpinu og saga lagahreinsunarhugmynda rakin. Fer \u00fear talsvert pl\u00e1ss \u00ed a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a elstu \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0in og er \u00fea\u00f0 um sumt athyglisvert. \u00dear segir me\u00f0al annars:<\/p>\n

Vi\u00f0 vinnubr\u00f6g\u00f0 a\u00f0 lagahreinsun ber a\u00f0 \u00e1liti nefndarinnar a\u00f0 skirrast vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 hreyfa vi\u00f0 hinum elstu lagabo\u00f0um sem \u00ed gildi eru og pr\u00fd\u00f0a \u00edslensk lagas\u00f6fn og hl\u00fdtur \u00fea\u00f0 sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 \u00feoka fyrir br\u00fdnni nau\u00f0syn ef sl\u00edku er a\u00f0 skipta. Yfirleitt eru \u00feau laga\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i J\u00f3nsb\u00f3kar, sem talin eru \u00ed gildi, me\u00f0 \u00feeim h\u00e6tti a\u00f0 \u00feau ganga ekki \u00ed berh\u00f6gg vi\u00f0 n\u00fat\u00edmal\u00f6g e\u00f0a lagavi\u00f0horf, en g\u00e6ta ber \u00feess, svo sem \u00e1\u00f0ur greinir, a\u00f0 samlaga einst\u00f6k \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00feeirra meginreglum laga e\u00f0a einst\u00f6kum settum laga\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um \u00feegar \u00feeim er beitt. Veldur \u00fea\u00f0 sjaldnast vafa. Athyglisvert er a\u00f0 til nokkurra J\u00f3nsb\u00f3kar\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0a hefur veri\u00f0 v\u00edsa\u00f0 \u00ed h\u00e6star\u00e9ttard\u00f3mum \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1rum. \u00cd \u00feessu lagahreinsunarstarfi ber \u00fev\u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum \u00fer\u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta lagaverndarsj\u00f3narmi\u00f0a og \u00feyrma hinum fornu l\u00f6gum.<\/em><\/p>\n

Samkv\u00e6mt \u00feessum or\u00f0um er lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 svonefnd \u201elagaverndunarsj\u00f3narmi\u00f0\u201c og \u201e\u00fe\u00f6rfin fyrir a\u00f0 \u00feyrma hinum fornu l\u00f6gum\u201c r\u00e9\u00f0u \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed raun a\u00f0 hin fornu l\u00f6g fengu a\u00f0 \u201ehalda gildi s\u00ednu\u201c eins og \u00fea\u00f0 er or\u00f0a\u00f0. \u00de\u00f3tt \u00e9g deili vissulega \u00feessari verndartilfinningu gagnvart fornum l\u00f6gum ver\u00f0 \u00e9g samt a\u00f0 vi\u00f0urkenna a\u00f0 m\u00e9r finnst \u00fea\u00f0 frekar undarleg hugmynd a\u00f0 \u201ehalda \u00ed gildi\u201c l\u00f6gum vegna sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0a af \u00feessu tagi.<\/p>\n

Lagabo\u00f0 fyrir 1874<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cd r\u00e9ttarheimildafr\u00e6\u00f0inni sem \u00e9g las \u00ed l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inni \u00e1 s\u00ednum t\u00edma eftir \u00c1rmann Sn\u00e6varr var s\u00e9rstakur flokkur r\u00e9ttarheimildanna, n\u00e1nar tilteki\u00f0 settra laga, sem h\u00e9t l\u00f6g sett fyrir 1874. S\u00f6gufr\u00f3\u00f0ir menn og konur \u00feekkja a\u00f0 me\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1nni 1874 um hin sjerstaklegu m\u00e1lefni \u00cdslands f\u00e9kk Al\u00feingi l\u00f6ggjafarvald (me\u00f0 konungi) og einveldi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 fyrst formlega afnumi\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. \u00deetta markar talsvert mikilv\u00e6g skil \u00ed r\u00e9ttars\u00f6gu \u00cdslands. \u00c1 \u00fdmsu gekk um form lagasetningar \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00ed gegnum aldirnar. F\u00f6rum a\u00f0eins stutt yfir \u00feetta.<\/p>\n

\u00cd prenta\u00f0ri \u00fatg\u00e1fu lagasafns fr\u00e1 1990 er efnisskr\u00e1 \u00fear sem l\u00f6gum er ra\u00f0a\u00f0 upp \u00ed aldursr\u00f6\u00f0 og\u00a0 au\u00f0velt a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 hva\u00f0a ritstj\u00f3rar t\u00f6ldu \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 heima \u00e6tti \u00ed lagasafni af lagabo\u00f0um fyrir 1874. Sum m\u00e1 \u00e6tla a\u00f0 hafi \u00f6rugglega \u00e1tt \u00fear heima, en anna\u00f0 miklu s\u00ed\u00f0ur. \u00deess er a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta a\u00f0 safn gildandi laga hverju sinni sem safna\u00f0 er \u00ed \u201elagasafn\u201c er anna\u00f0 en l\u00f6gb\u00f3k sem l\u00f6gtekin er \u00e1 einu bretti, eins og ger\u00f0ist me\u00f0 J\u00e1rns\u00ed\u00f0u \u00a01271-1273 og svo J\u00f3nsb\u00f3k 1281. Gr\u00e1g\u00e1s var ekki svolei\u00f0is l\u00f6gb\u00f3k, miklu fremur lagasafn e\u00f0a lagaskr\u00e1 e\u00f0a eftir atvikum l\u00f6gsk\u00fdringarrit. Af \u00feessu lei\u00f0ir a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3tt ritstj\u00f3rar lagasafns hafi teki\u00f0 \u00fdmis forn \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i, \u00fear me\u00f0 tali\u00f0 \u00far J\u00f3nsb\u00f3k, sker \u00fea\u00f0 \u00fat af fyrir sig ekki \u00far um \u00fea\u00f0 hvort \u00feau eru \u00ed raun gildandi l\u00f6g. \u00cd raun eru \u00fea\u00f0 d\u00f3marar sem skera \u00far um \u00feetta \u00feegar \u00feeir d\u00e6ma m\u00e1l. \u00cd lj\u00f3si \u00feessa er svol\u00edti\u00f0 \u00f3heppilegt or\u00f0alagi\u00f0 \u00ed greinarger\u00f0inni me\u00f0 hreinsunarl\u00f6gunum sem v\u00edsa\u00f0 er til h\u00e9r a\u00f0 framan um a\u00f0 g\u00f6mlu l\u00f6gin hafi fengi\u00f0 a\u00f0\u00a0halda gildi s\u00ednu<\/em>\u00a0\u00fev\u00ed \u00f3svissan um gildi \u00feeirra haf\u00f0i r\u00edkt lengi og gerir au\u00f0vita\u00f0 enn.<\/p>\n

\u00cd lagasafninu er ekkert beint \u00far Gr\u00e1g\u00e1s. \u00deannig ef horft er til lagasafnsins \u00fe\u00e1 hafa ritstj\u00f3rar \u00feess v\u00e6ntanlega tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 ekkert v\u00e6ri \u201e\u00ed gildi\u201c \u00far Gr\u00e1g\u00e1s. \u00dea\u00f0 m\u00e1 heita r\u00f6kr\u00e9tt \u00feegar af \u00feeirri \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0u a\u00f0 l\u00f6gtaka J\u00e1rns\u00ed\u00f0u hefur l\u00edklega \u00e1tt a\u00f0 fella \u00far gildi \u00feau l\u00f6g sem voru \u00ed\u00a0 Gr\u00e1g\u00e1s, ef svo m\u00e1 segja. S\u00ed\u00f0an hafi J\u00f3nsb\u00f3k fellt \u00far gildi J\u00e1rns\u00ed\u00f0u. \u00c1 hinn b\u00f3ginn kemur \u00fdmislegt \u00ed J\u00f3nsb\u00f3k \u00far Gr\u00e1g\u00e1s. L\u00edklegast allt \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 norr\u00e6nar lagahugmyndir me\u00f0 evr\u00f3pskar r\u00e6tur \u00ed germ\u00f6nskum r\u00e9tti, jafnvel me\u00f0 sm\u00e1 dassi af R\u00f3marr\u00e9tti, enda l\u00f6g\u00f0u R\u00f3mverjar undir sig st\u00f3ran hluta German\u00edu, eins og sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 t.d. \u00e1 Svarta hli\u00f0inu (Porta Nigra) \u00ed Trier \u00ed R\u00ednarl\u00f6ndum.<\/p>\n

Hin elstu l\u00f6g<\/strong><\/p>\n

F\u00f6rum a\u00f0eins yfir \u00feau fornu l\u00f6g sem ritstj\u00f3rar lagasafnsins telja a\u00f0 n\u00fa eigi \u00fear heima. Elsti lagab\u00e1lkurinn sem kemur \u00fear fyrir er Kristinr\u00e9ttur \u00c1rna biskups \u00deorl\u00e1kssonar fr\u00e1 1275.\u00a0\u00a0Kristinr\u00e9ttur \u00c1rna biskups\u00a0<\/em>t\u00f3k vi\u00f0 af hinum kristinna laga\u00fe\u00e6tti\u00a0Gr\u00e1g\u00e1sar<\/em>, sem haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 l\u00f6gtekin. \u00cd lagasafninu eins og \u00fea\u00f0 er n\u00fa \u00e1 netinu eru tv\u00f6 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00far \u00feessum fornum l\u00f6gum. Vi\u00f0 skulum gefa okkur t\u00edma til a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a \u00feau \u00fear sem \u00feau varpa lj\u00f3si \u00e1 \u00e1litaefnin sem kom upp vi\u00f0 beitingu fornra laga\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0a.<\/p>\n

\u00deessi \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i hlj\u00f3\u00f0a svo:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Um forr\u00e6\u00f0i biskups \u00e1 kirkjum ok eignum \u00feeirra.\u2026 Landeigandi er skyldr at l\u00e1ta gera kirkju \u00e1 b\u00e6 s\u00ednum, hverr sem fyrr l\u00e9t gera.<\/em><\/li>\n
  2. Um kirkjuv\u00edgslu. V\u00edgja skal kirkju s\u00ed\u00f0an er ger er \u2026 En ef kirkja brenn upp e\u00f0a annars kostar spillist, sv\u00e1 at ni\u00f0r fellr \u00f6ll e\u00f0a meiri hlutr, \u00fe\u00e1 skal v\u00edgja endrgerva kirkju. En \u00fe\u00f3 at kirkjur\u00e1f brenni upp, f\u00fani ok ni\u00f0r falli l\u00edtill hlutr af veggjum, \u00fe\u00e1 skal eigi v\u00edgja endrb\u00e6tta kirkju. \u2026<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Vitaskuld er \u00feetta h\u00e6pin lagasetning fr\u00e1 sj\u00f3narh\u00f3li samt\u00edmans, \u00fe\u00f3 ekki v\u00e6ri af annarri \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0u en \u00feeirri a\u00f0 11. gr. fer bers\u00fdnilega gegn tr\u00fafrelsis\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rinnar, sem og MSE. Af s\u00f6mu \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0u er 12. gr. einkennileg \u00fear sem \u00feetta er alfari\u00f0 gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegt atri\u00f0i og \u00e1 ekki erindi \u00ed l\u00f6g. Af hverju er Si\u00f0mennt ekki b\u00fainn a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta m\u00e1li\u00f0 til s\u00edn taka?<\/p>\n

    J\u00f3nsb\u00f3k 1281. <\/em>Enn er talsvert \u00far J\u00f3nsb\u00f3k \u00ed lagasafninu e\u00f0a alls 47 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i. Samkv\u00e6mt g\u00f3\u00f0um pistli \u00deorsteins Hjaltasonar h\u00e6star\u00e9ttarl\u00f6gmanns \u00e1 Akureyri \u00e1 V\u00edsindavefnum er um \u00fea\u00f0 bil 10% J\u00f3nsb\u00f3kar enn \u201e\u00ed gildi\u201c(h\u00e9r<\/a>).<\/p>\n

    Stundum er sagt a\u00f0 J\u00f3nsb\u00f3kart\u00edmabilinu hafi loki\u00f0 1732 \u00feegar r\u00e9ttarfarsreglur Norsku laga (Norsku l\u00f6g Kristj\u00e1n 4 fr\u00e1 1687) voru l\u00f6gteknar \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. \u00dea\u00f0 er ekki verra \u00e1rtal en \u00fdmis \u00f6nnur sem koma til greina til a\u00f0 marka endalok J\u00f3nsb\u00f3kar. L\u00f6gb\u00f3kin st\u00f3\u00f0 a\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfs\u00f6g\u00f0u ekki \u00f3breytt allan \u00feennan t\u00edma og kvarnast haf\u00f0i \u00far henni \u00e1 \u00feessari l\u00f6ngu lei\u00f0 \u00ed gegnum aldirnar. Spurning er s\u00ed\u00f0an hvern\u00e6r svo miki\u00f0 haf\u00f0i falli\u00f0 \u00far gildi a\u00f0 segja megi a\u00f0 l\u00f6gb\u00f3kin hafi ekki veri\u00f0 \u00ed gildi sem sl\u00edk \u00fe\u00f3tt einst\u00f6k \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00far henni st\u00e6\u00f0u enn.<\/p>\n

    Um \u00feetta er a\u00f0 segja, a\u00f0 \u00feessi \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i J\u00f3nsb\u00f3kar sem enn eru \u00ed lagasafninu eru ritu\u00f0 \u00e1 fornu m\u00e1li og \u00e9g myndi \u00e6tla a\u00f0 mestu illskiljanlegu flestu f\u00f3lki \u00ed samt\u00edmanum, og eru l\u00f6gmenn og d\u00f3marar ekki undanskildir. Margir myndu \u00fear af lei\u00f0andi segja a\u00f0 svona lagatexti standist ekki l\u00e1gmarkskr\u00f6fur r\u00e9ttarr\u00edkisins um a\u00f0 samf\u00e9laginu s\u00e9 ekki bara stj\u00f3rna\u00f0 me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum, heldur \u00feurfi l\u00f6gin a\u00f0 vera \u00feorra f\u00f3lks skiljanleg. \u00a0Hva\u00f0 um \u00fea\u00f0, \u00feegar \u00feetta er r\u00e6tt \u00fearf einnig a\u00f0 hafa \u00ed huga a\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessum fornu l\u00f6gum birtist \u00ed \u00fdmsu lagahugsun sem er l\u00edk \u00fev\u00ed sem \u00e1 vi\u00f0 n\u00fa \u00e1 d\u00f6gum. Kemur \u00fea\u00f0 kannski ekki \u00e1 \u00f3vart \u00fev\u00ed, eins og \u00cdslendingas\u00f6gurnar, vitna \u00feessi fornu l\u00f6g um a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3tt t\u00e6knin breytist og b\u00faskaparh\u00e6ttir og \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir allar t\u00f6lvurnar, snjallmennin og allsherjarneti\u00f0, breytist mannskepnan hi\u00f0 innra n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega ekki neitt og \u00fear af lei\u00f0andi sama \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir samb\u00e6rilegar grunnreglur um saml\u00edf manna. \u00deegar kemur a\u00f0 s\u00e1larl\u00edfi manneskjunnar hafa engar framfarir or\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00e9g hygg. \u00ddmsar reglur J\u00f3nsb\u00f3kar eiga \u00ed \u00feessum skilningi erindi \u00ed samt\u00edmanum og l\u00e1tum \u00fe\u00e1 liggja milli hvort \u00fe\u00e6r hafa \u00ed raun lagagildi.<\/p>\n

    \u00de\u00f3tt margar reglur J\u00f3nsb\u00f3kar sem finna m\u00e1 \u00ed lagasafninu s\u00e9u illskiljanlegar, eru sumar \u00feeirra \u00fe\u00f3 mun kjarnyrtari og sk\u00fdrari en \u00e1 vi\u00f0 um samt\u00edmal\u00f6g. \u00deannig segir \u00ed 12 kap. Kvennagiptinga \u00ed J\u00f3nsb\u00f3k, sem enn er \u00ed lagasafninu: \u201e\u2026 V\u00e9lakaup skal at vettugi hafa. \u2026\u201c\u00a0 \u00cd gildandi samningal\u00f6gum eru svonefndar \u00f3gildingareglur \u00a0\u00ed 28. gr. \u2013 37. gr. og telja um a\u00f0 bil 1330 or\u00f0 me\u00f0an fimm eru talin duga \u00ed J\u00f3nsb\u00f3k. \u00cd \u00feessum reglum r\u00e6\u00f0ir um a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0nar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur s\u00e9u \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i samninga \u00feess e\u00f0lis og fengin fram me\u00f0 \u00feess konar a\u00f0fer\u00f0um a\u00f0 ekki er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 bera \u00feau fyrir og vir\u00f0a ber \u00feau a\u00f0 vettugi. Kannski var pressa \u00e1 menn \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1 daga er J\u00f3nsb\u00f3k var f\u00e6r\u00f0 \u00ed letur a\u00f0 vera stuttor\u00f0ir \u00fev\u00ed afar d\u00fdrt var a\u00f0 skrifa \u00e1 k\u00e1lfskinn.<\/p>\n

    R\u00e9ttarb\u00f3t Eir\u00edks konungs fr\u00e1 1294.<\/em> N\u00e6sta gama lagabo\u00f0 sem tali\u00f0 er eiga erindi \u00ed lagasafni\u00f0 eru \u00ferj\u00fa \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00far r\u00e9ttarb\u00f3t Eir\u00edks konungs Magn\u00fassonar fr\u00e1 1294. \u00dear segir \u00feetta:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. N\u00fa ferr ma\u00f0r \u00e1 veg me\u00f0 hrossi ok \u00fe\u00f3 at \u00feeir s\u00e9 \u00fer\u00edr, ok stendr hey n\u00e6r g\u00f6tu, en b\u00e6r eigi alln\u00e6r, \u00fe\u00e1 taki \u00feeir at \u00f3sekju, ef \u00feeir \u00feurfu, \u00feat sem hross \u00feeira eta \u00fear, ef nau\u00f0syn gengr til.<\/em><\/li>\n
    2. Ef hr\u00fatr kemr til sau\u00f0a e\u00f0a hafr til geita ok gerir spell \u00e1, b\u00e6ti ska\u00f0a allan, ef hann er heimtr \u00e1\u00f0r. \u2026<\/em><\/li>\n
    3. Ska\u00f0ab\u00e6tr skal gjalda s\u00e1 er sv\u00edn \u00feau \u00e1, er ska\u00f0a gera, sv\u00e1 sem fyrir annan f\u00e9na\u00f0.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \u00de\u00e1 vitum vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0. Reynum a\u00f0 \u00edmynda okkur hagn\u00fdtt gildi fyrstu reglunnar n\u00fa \u00e1 d\u00f6gum. Ef hey liggur \u00e1 v\u00ed\u00f0avangi og engin b\u00e6r \u00ed augs\u00fdn \u00fe\u00e1 mega hrossin \u00e9ta af rei\u00f0manninum a\u00f0 refsilausu, enda s\u00e9 \u00fea\u00f0 hrossinu nau\u00f0synlegt. \u00deetta er au\u00f0vita\u00f0 gagnlegt fyrir hestamenn a\u00f0 vita. Hin eru \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 almennar reglur, flestar \u00f3skr\u00e1\u00f0ar, um tj\u00f3n af v\u00f6ldum d\u00fdra, \u00fe\u00f3tt reyndar \u00fe\u00e6r s\u00e9u eftir or\u00f0alagi J\u00f3nsb\u00f3kar bundnar vi\u00f0 tj\u00f3n af v\u00f6ldum hr\u00fata, hafra og sv\u00edna.<\/p>\n

      Nokkrir d\u00f3mar<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Fyrst nefni \u00e9g d\u00f3m H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar fr\u00e1 1972.<\/p>\n

      Atvikin eru a\u00f0 A var heyrnarlaus og veikur \u00e1 ge\u00f0i. Hann var heima hj\u00e1 s\u00e9r og taldi a\u00f0 verkamenn sem voru a\u00f0 st\u00f6rfum eigi fjarri truflu\u00f0u sig. T\u00f3k hann byssu og skaut nokkrum skotum \u00ed \u00e1tt a\u00f0 m\u00f6nnunum, en h\u00e6f\u00f0i \u00fe\u00f3 ekki neinn \u00feeirra sem betur fer, \u00fe\u00f3tt hur\u00f0 hafi vissulega skolli\u00f0 n\u00e6rri h\u00e6lum. Einn mannanna B f\u00e9kk tauga\u00e1fall og var fr\u00e1 vinnu um skei\u00f0. B h\u00f6f\u00f0a\u00f0i m\u00e1l gegn A til grei\u00f0slu b\u00f3ta.<\/p>\n

      \u00de\u00e1 kom s\u00e9r vel a\u00f0 geta gripi\u00f0 til reglu \u00ed 8. kapitula J\u00f3nsb\u00f3kar um \u201e\u00f3\u00f0s manns v\u00edg ok hversu me\u00f0 hann skal fara\u201c. \u00dear segir: \u201e\u00a0\u00a0Ef \u00f3\u00f0r ma\u00f0r br\u00fdst \u00f3r b\u00f6ndum ok ver\u00f0r hann manns bani, \u00fe\u00e1 skal b\u00e6ta af f\u00e9 hans \u2026 ef til er \u2026 En ef \u00f3\u00f0r ma\u00f0r s\u00e6rir mann, \u00fe\u00e1 skal arfi uppi l\u00e1ta vera s\u00e1rb\u00e6tr ok l\u00e6knisf\u00e9 af f\u00e9 hins \u00f3\u00f0a.\u201c<\/em>\u00a0\u00cd h\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3mi og H\u00e6star\u00e9tti var tali\u00f0 r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 leggja f\u00e9b\u00f3taskyldu \u00e1 A samkv\u00e6mt \u201egrunnreglum\u201c \u00feessa \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0is.<\/p>\n

      Or\u00f0alagi\u00f0 \u00ed J\u00f3nsb\u00f3kar\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0inu er nokku\u00f0 atviksbundi\u00f0 eins og \u00fea\u00f0 er kalla\u00f0. Ef or\u00f0alagi\u00f0 er sko\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e1tti \u00fea\u00f0 eftir str\u00f6ngu or\u00f0alagi s\u00ednu ekki vi\u00f0 \u00ed m\u00e1linu enda braust hinn \u00f3\u00f0i hvorki \u00far b\u00f6ndum og n\u00e9 hlaust bani af atl\u00f6gunni. Grunnhugsunin er \u00feessi, eins og d\u00f3mararnir skyldu hana, a\u00f0 andlega vanheill einstaklingur getur bori\u00f0 b\u00f3ta\u00e1byrg\u00f0 a\u00f0 einkar\u00e9tti vegna h\u00e1ttsemi sinnar \u00fe\u00f3tt honum ver\u00f0i ekki refsa\u00f0 fyrir hana vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 hann er \u00f3sakh\u00e6fur (\u00fe.e. \u00f3\u00f0ur). Grunnreglan sem J\u00f3nsb\u00f3kar\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 hefur a\u00f0 geyma var enn g\u00f3\u00f0 og gild l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0 hyggju d\u00f3maranna sem d\u00e6mdu, ef svo m\u00e1 segja.<\/p>\n

      \u00deessir regla d\u00fakka\u00f0i einnig upp \u00ed d\u00f3mi Landsr\u00e9ttar fr\u00e1 2021, en um var a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a sakam\u00e1l sem reis af \u00edkveikju \u00ed h\u00fasi vi\u00f0 Br\u00e6\u00f0raborgarst\u00edg \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk, en \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0i var talinn \u00f3sakh\u00e6fur og l\u00e1tinn s\u00e6ta \u00f6ryggisg\u00e6slu \u00e1 vi\u00f0eigandi stofnun. \u00dear segir me\u00f0al annars:<\/p>\n

      Me\u00f0 hinum \u00e1fr\u00fdja\u00f0a d\u00f3mi var talin s\u00f6nnu\u00f0 s\u00fa h\u00e1ttsemi \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0a sem honum var gefin a\u00f0 s\u00f6k \u00ed b\u00e1\u00f0um li\u00f0um \u00e1k\u00e6ru en hann s\u00fdkna\u00f0ur af refsikr\u00f6fu \u00e1k\u00e6ruvaldsins me\u00f0 v\u00edsan til fyrrnefndrar\u00a0 greinar\u00a0 laga\u00a0 nr.\u00a0 19\/1940.\u00a0 \u00c1k\u00e6r\u00f0a\u00a0 var\u00a0 aftur\u00a0 \u00e1 m\u00f3ti\u00a0 gert\u00a0 a\u00f0\u00a0 s\u00e6ta \u00f6ryggisg\u00e6slu\u00a0 \u00e1\u00a0 vi\u00f0eigandi\u00a0 stofnun.\u00a0 Me\u00f0\u00a0 v\u00edsan\u00a0 til\u00a0 8.\u00a0 kap\u00edtula Mannhelgisb\u00e1lks \u00a0J\u00f3nsb\u00f3kar \u00a0ver\u00f0ur \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0i\u00a0\u00a0 einnig\u00a0\u00a0 d\u00e6mdur\u00a0\u00a0 til\u00a0\u00a0 a\u00f0\u00a0\u00a0 grei\u00f0a\u00a0\u00a0 brota\u00feolum\u00a0\u00a0 og\u00a0\u00a0 \u00f6\u00f0rum einkar\u00e9ttarkr\u00f6fuh\u00f6fum ska\u00f0a og miskab\u00e6tur eins og greinir \u00ed hinum \u00e1fr\u00fdja\u00f0a d\u00f3mi.<\/em><\/p>\n

      \u00a0<\/em>Samkv\u00e6mt \u00feessu lifir \u00feetta \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i J\u00f3nsb\u00f3kar um \u00f3\u00f0s manns v\u00edg all g\u00f3\u00f0u l\u00edfi, a\u00f0 minnsta kosti grunnhugsunin \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed.<\/p>\n

      Svo er \u00fea\u00f0 kaupfox, sem menn nefndu svo \u00e1 k\u00e1lfskinninu, og \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed efni a\u00f0 l\u00edta til d\u00f3ms H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar 16. desember 1993.<\/p>\n

      M\u00e1lavextir voru a\u00f0 1. desember 1989 keypti A krana af B og gengi\u00f0 fr\u00e1 kaupunum. A \u00e1kva\u00f0 a\u00f0 geyma kranann hj\u00e1 B fram yfir j\u00f3l. \u00deegar A \u00e6tla\u00f0i a\u00f0 s\u00e6kja kranann sinn kom \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 B var b\u00fainn a\u00f0 selja og afhenda hann \u00f6\u00f0rum a\u00f0ila C. A var skiljanlega \u00f3s\u00e1ttur og bar fyrir sig 14 kapitula J\u00f3nsb\u00f3kar:\u00a0 \u00dear segir:<\/p>\n

      ..... \u00deat m\u00e1 eigi haldast, ef ma\u00f0r selr manni \u00feat, er hann hefir \u00f6\u00f0rum fyrr selt. En ef s\u00e1 hefir h\u00f6nd at, er s\u00ed\u00f0arr keypti, \u00fe\u00e1.....\u00e1 s\u00e1 kaup at hafa, er fyrr keypti, ef honum fullnast vitni......\u00fe\u00e1 er \u00feeim kaupfox, er s\u00ed\u00f0arr keypti...... \u00deat er kaupfox, ef ma\u00f0r kaupir \u00feat, er hinn \u00e1tti ekki \u00ed, er seldi, nema at \u00feess r\u00e1\u00f0i v\u00e6ri selt, er \u00e1tti. N\u00fa skal hann hitta \u00feann, sem honum seldi, ok heimta sitt af honum......<\/em><\/p>\n

      \u00cd h\u00e9ra\u00f0d\u00f3mi segir:<\/p>\n

      \u00de\u00f3tt \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00feetta [J\u00f3nsb\u00f3kar] hafi aldrei gengi\u00f0 \u00far gildi, hefur \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e6tt takm\u00f6rkunum og breytilegri t\u00falkun \u00e1 \u00fdmsum t\u00edmum. Vegna \u00e1hrifa R\u00f3mar\u00e9ttar var lengi tali\u00f0, a\u00f0 fyrri kaupandi hef\u00f0i ekki \u00f6\u00f0last eignarr\u00e9tt, ef hann haf\u00f0i ekki teki\u00f0 hinn keypta hlut \u00ed v\u00f6rslur s\u00ednar. \u00deetta er ekki regla gildandi \u00edslensks r\u00e9ttar, og ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 leggja til grundvallar, a\u00f0 stefnandi hafi veri\u00f0 or\u00f0inn eigandi kranans, \u00feegar stefndi keypti hann.<\/em><\/p>\n

      \u00cd d\u00f3mi H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar segir:<\/p>\n

      \u00cd \u00edslenskum r\u00e9tti n\u00fdtur ekki annarra settra reglna um \u00e1litaefni hli\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed, sem til \u00farlausnar er \u00ed m\u00e1li \u00feessu, en \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0a 14. kap\u00edtula kaupab\u00e1lks J\u00f3nsb\u00f3kar, sem rakin eru \u00ed h\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3mi, og vi\u00f0 h\u00e9rlenda d\u00f3mvenju er ekki a\u00f0 sty\u00f0jast \u00ed \u00feessu efni. Ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 telja, a\u00f0 enn megi \u00e1 \u00feessari fornu r\u00e9ttarheimild byggja, \u00feegar \u00e1greiningsefni og tilefni \u00feess er eins h\u00e1tta\u00f0 og h\u00e9r.<\/em><\/p>\n

      Sem sagt, kaupfox er \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 selja manni hlut sem ma\u00f0ur \u00e1 ekki og m\u00f6nnum r\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 fr\u00e1 a\u00f0 stunda sl\u00edk vi\u00f0skipti vilji \u00feeir komast undan armi J\u00f3nsb\u00f3karlaga.<\/p>\n

      Svo er \u00fea\u00f0 annar \u00farskur\u00f0ur fr\u00e1 Landsr\u00e9tti 2021. \u00dear er r\u00e6tt um \u00e1litaefni sem var\u00f0a \u00f3skipta sameign.<\/p>\n

      \u00de\u00e1 kom \u00feetta \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed 20. kapitula kaupab\u00e1lks J\u00f3nsb\u00f3kar a\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0um notum um \u00fea\u00f0 hvernig me\u00f0 skuli fara ef menn tveir e\u00f0a fleiri eiga einn grip saman. Segir \u00fear:<\/p>\n

      \u00a0Alla \u00fe\u00e1 gripi er menn eigu saman, hv\u00e1rt sem \u00feat er akr e\u00f0a teigar, h\u00fas e\u00f0a a\u00f0ra hluti, \u00fe\u00e1 er skipti f\u00e6r \u00e1 komit, \u00fe\u00e1 skal s\u00e1 skipti r\u00e1\u00f0a er skipta vill \u2026 En \u00fear sem tveir menn e\u00f0a fleiri eigu einn grip saman, \u00feann eigi f\u00e6r skipti \u00e1 komit sv\u00e1 at eigi ver\u00f0i ska\u00f0i af, e\u00f0a \u00feann er annarr vill gagn af hafa, en annarr \u00f3r\u00e6kir e\u00f0a m\u00e1 eigi, bj\u00f3\u00f0i \u00feeim fyrst er til m\u00f3ts eigu vi\u00f0 hann. N\u00fa vilja \u00feeir eigi kaupa, \u00fe\u00e1 hluti, hverr kaupa skal, ok leysi s\u00e1 er hl\u00fdtr eptir \u00fev\u00ed sem \u2026 skynsamir menn meta, e\u00f0a seli hverjum er hann vill, ok l\u00faki \u00feeim sinn hluta ver\u00f0s. Vilja \u00feeir eigi vi\u00f0 taka, hafi at \u00f3sekju \u00fear til er hinir heimta ok \u00e1byrgist sem sitt f\u00e9 \u2026<\/em><\/p>\n

      \u00cd \u00farskur\u00f0i Landsr\u00e9ttar segir:<\/p>\n

      Vi\u00f0\u00a0 \u00farlausn\u00a0 m\u00e1ls\u00a0 \u00feessa\u00a0 ver\u00f0ur\u00a0 fyrst\u00a0 a\u00f0\u00a0 l\u00edta\u00a0 til\u00a0 \u00feess\u00a0 a\u00f0\u00a0 samkv\u00e6mt\u00a0 meginreglu <\/em>eignar\u00e9ttar,\u00a0 sem\u00a0 \u00e1\u00a0 sto\u00f0\u00a0 \u00ed\u00a0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um\u00a0 20.\u00a0 kap\u00edtula\u00a0 kaupab\u00e1lks\u00a0 J\u00f3nsb\u00f3kar,\u00a0 getur\u00a0 einn sameigenda krafist slita \u00e1 s\u00e9rstakri sameign til \u00feess a\u00f0 hver \u00feeirra f\u00e1i hluta af henni \u00ed \u00a0samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 eignarhlutfall sitt, enda s\u00e9 h\u00fan skiptanleg, skiptum ver\u00f0i komi\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 lei\u00f0i til tj\u00f3ns a\u00f0 \u00fearflausu og \u00fea\u00f0 stangist hvorki \u00e1 vi\u00f0 l\u00f6g n\u00e9 samning sem\u00a0 eignina\u00a0 var\u00f0a,\u00a0 sbr.\u00a0 me\u00f0al\u00a0 annars\u00a0 d\u00f3ma\u00a0 H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar\u00a0 21.\u00a0 j\u00fan\u00ed \u00a02005\u00a0 \u00ed\u00a0 m\u00e1li\u00a0 nr. 234\/2005 og 22. febr\u00faar 2006.<\/em><\/p>\n

      Berg\u00fe\u00f3rshvoll og K\u00e1rager\u00f0i<\/strong><\/p>\n

      A\u00f0 lokum skulum vi\u00f0 sko\u00f0a a\u00f0eins einn d\u00f3ma Landsr\u00e9ttar fr\u00e1 2021. M\u00e1li\u00f0 rata\u00f0i \u00ed fr\u00e9ttir vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fear var fari\u00f0 ansi langt aftur og gramsa\u00f0 \u00ed g\u00f6mlum l\u00f6gum og b\u00f3kum. \u00dear er fjalla\u00f0 um Berg\u00fe\u00f3rshvol (I og II) og K\u00e1rager\u00f0i og kr\u00f6fur eigenda s\u00ed\u00f0arnefndu jar\u00f0arinnar til hlunninda sem fylgdu Berg\u00fe\u00f3rshvoli. D\u00f3murinn s\u00fdnir hvernig margv\u00edslegar fornar heimildir eru nota\u00f0a til a\u00f0 rekja s\u00f6gulega \u00fer\u00f3un lag\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0a og reglna til frekari skilnings \u00e1 gildandi reglum, auk \u00feess sem hann var\u00f0ar lj\u00f3si \u00e1 s\u00f6nnunargildi gamalla heimilda.<\/p>\n

      \u00cd d\u00f3minum er teki\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 Berg\u00fe\u00f3rshvols er fyrst geti\u00f0 \u00ed Brennu-Nj\u00e1lss\u00f6gu sem talin er skrifu\u00f0 \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ari hluta 13. aldar. Ekki er tala\u00f0 um hven\u00e6r K\u00e1rager\u00f0is s\u00e9 fyrst geti\u00f0, en rifjum upp a\u00f0 K\u00e1ri S\u00f6lmundarson slapp \u00far brennunni. Segir \u00ed s\u00f6gunni a\u00f0 K\u00e1ri hafi hlaupi\u00f0 a\u00f0 l\u00e6k einum \u201eog kasta\u00f0i s\u00e9r \u00ed ofan og sl\u00f6kkti \u00e1 s\u00e9r eldinn. \u00dea\u00f0an hlj\u00f3p hann me\u00f0 reykinum \u00ed gr\u00f3f nokkura og hv\u00edldi sig og er \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0an k\u00f6llu\u00f0 K\u00e1ragr\u00f3f.\u201c Spurning hvort nafni\u00f0 K\u00e1rager\u00f0i tengist \u00feessu. Ekki er \u00fea\u00f0 \u00f3sennilegt, en skiptir \u00fe\u00f3 ekki \u00f6llu m\u00e1li um \u00farlausn m\u00e1lsins.<\/p>\n

      \u00cd m\u00e1linu var deilt um hvort K\u00e1rager\u00f0i tilheyr\u00f0i \u00f3skipt hlunnindi me\u00f0 Berg\u00fe\u00f3rshvoli og um \u201etilheyrandi umfer\u00f0arr\u00e9tt.\u201c Til a\u00f0 taka afst\u00f6\u00f0u til \u00feessarar kr\u00f6fu \u00feurfti me\u00f0al annars a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a lagalega st\u00f6\u00f0u K\u00e1rager\u00f0is sem hj\u00e1leigu \u00ed gegnum aldirnar og hven\u00e6r h\u00fan hafi or\u00f0i\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0 j\u00f6r\u00f0.<\/p>\n

      \u00cd d\u00f3minum segir.<\/p>\n

      K\u00e1rager\u00f0is er geti\u00f0 \u00ed jar\u00f0ab\u00f3k \u00c1rna Magn\u00fassonar og P\u00e1ls V\u00eddal\u00edn sem loki\u00f0 var \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1712 til 1714 en b\u00f3kin er tekin saman \u00e1 grundvelli erindisbr\u00e9fs sem Danakonungur gaf \u00fat 1702. \u00dear er K\u00e1rager\u00f0i s\u00f6g\u00f0 vera hj\u00e1leiga fr\u00e1 Berg\u00fe\u00f3rshvoli. Ekki er geti\u00f0 hlunninda sem fylgdu K\u00e1rager\u00f0i en \u00ed l\u00fdsingu \u00e1 Berg\u00fe\u00f3rshvoli er l\u00fdst hlunnindum sem \u00feeirri j\u00f6r\u00f0 fylgdu. Er \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al talinn r\u00e9ttur til reka fyrir landi jar\u00f0arinnar. \u00de\u00e1 hafi j\u00f6r\u00f0in afnot af fiski sem lagst hafi til Oddakirkju \u00e1 Rang\u00e1rv\u00f6llum sem var eigandi jar\u00f0arinnar.<\/em><\/p>\n

      \u00cd jar\u00f0amatinu fr\u00e1 1804 er K\u00e1rager\u00f0is geti\u00f0 sem hj\u00e1leigu fr\u00e1 Berg\u00fe\u00f3rshvoli og jar\u00f0irnar metnar saman. \u00cd jar\u00f0amatinu fr\u00e1 1849 eru \u201eBerg\u00fe\u00f3rshvoll me\u00f0 K\u00e1rager\u00f0i\u201c metnar saman, en \u00feess ekki geti\u00f0 berum or\u00f0um a\u00f0 K\u00e1rager\u00f0i s\u00e9 hj\u00e1leiga. \u00de\u00e1 er \u00feess a\u00f0 geta a\u00f0 \u00ed riti J. Johnsen sem kom \u00fat 1847 er K\u00e1rager\u00f0i s\u00f6g\u00f0 vera hj\u00e1leiga (\u201ehj\u00e1l.\u201c) Berg\u00fe\u00f3rshvols en riti\u00f0 inniheldur brau\u00f0l\u00fdsingar, uppl\u00fdsingar um f\u00f3lksfj\u00f6lda \u00ed hreppum og prestak\u00f6llum, \u00e1grip af b\u00fana\u00f0art\u00f6flum 1855 til 1845 og sk\u00fdrslur um s\u00f6lu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0jar\u00f0a \u00e1 landinu.<\/em><\/p>\n

      \u00cd jar\u00f0ab\u00f3k fr\u00e1 1861 eru Berg\u00fe\u00f3rshvoll og K\u00e1rager\u00f0i tilgreind undir sama li\u00f0 og teki\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 K\u00e1rager\u00f0i s\u00e9 hj\u00e1leiga. Ver\u00f0m\u00e6ti K\u00e1rager\u00f0is er meti\u00f0 sem tilteki\u00f0 hlutfall, 33,35%, af samantekinni hundra\u00f0st\u00f6lu jar\u00f0anna beggja.<\/em><\/p>\n

      \u00cd landamerkjab\u00f3k Rang\u00e1rvallas\u00fdslu sem tekin var saman \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1884 til 1890 er ekki fjalla\u00f0 s\u00e9rstaklega um landamerki K\u00e1rager\u00f0is en v\u00edsa\u00f0 til landamerkja Berg\u00fe\u00f3rshvols fr\u00e1 1883. \u00cd fasteignamati 1916-1918 eru jar\u00f0irnar tilgreindar sem s\u00edn hvor j\u00f6r\u00f0in og K\u00e1rager\u00f0i metin sem 34,88% af samanl\u00f6g\u00f0u ver\u00f0m\u00e6ti jar\u00f0anna beggja. Um K\u00e1rager\u00f0i segir einnig a\u00f0 beitilandi\u00f0 s\u00e9 \u00f3skipt fr\u00e1 Berg\u00fe\u00f3rshvoli og landamerkin \u00feau s\u00f6mu.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

      Svo er fari\u00f0 \u00ed sm\u00e1 s\u00f6gulegt fer\u00f0alag lengra aftur \u00fear sem segir:<\/p>\n

      Lengst af voru ekki \u00ed gildi s\u00e9rstakar reglur e\u00f0a l\u00f6g um hj\u00e1leigur, a\u00f0rar en \u00fe\u00e6r a\u00f0 \u00ed Gr\u00e1g\u00e1s er leiguli\u00f0um e\u00f0a hj\u00e1leigub\u00e6ndum \u00f3heimilt a\u00f0 leigja \u00f6\u00f0rum me\u00f0 s\u00e9r \u00ed \u00f3leyfi landeiganda. Heimildir greina fr\u00e1 leiguli\u00f0um \u00e1 11. \u00f6ld. \u00deeim f\u00f3r s\u00ed\u00f0an fj\u00f6lgandi \u00e1 12. og 13. \u00f6ld en meirihluti b\u00e6nda mun hafa veri\u00f0 leiguli\u00f0ar vi\u00f0 lok \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0veldisaldar. \u00deannig var a\u00f0greining milli a\u00f0al- e\u00f0a heimajar\u00f0ar annars vegar og hj\u00e1leigu hins vegar vel \u00feekkt h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi allt fr\u00e1 13. \u00f6ld. Hj\u00e1leigur voru s\u00e9rst\u00f6k rekstrareining og heimili fyrir leiguli\u00f0a og hans f\u00f3lk og gengu kaupum og s\u00f6lum me\u00f0 a\u00f0alj\u00f6r\u00f0inni og eigandi a\u00f0aljar\u00f0ar greiddi af henni tolla og t\u00edundir. Algengt var a\u00f0 \u00fdmsar kva\u00f0ir v\u00e6ru lag\u00f0ar \u00e1 leiguli\u00f0a auk grei\u00f0slu landskuldar e\u00f0a leigugjalds. Var \u00feeim til a\u00f0 mynda gert a\u00f0 grei\u00f0a leigu af k\u00fagildum, leysa af hendi vinnuskyldu, grei\u00f0a heytoll og tolla af smj\u00f6ri og ostum og fleira. Lagt hefur veri\u00f0 til grundvallar a\u00f0 v\u00e6ri hj\u00e1leigu \u00fathluta\u00f0 landi \u00far heimaj\u00f6r\u00f0inni a\u00f0 fullu v\u00e6ri h\u00fan \u00fear me\u00f0 or\u00f0in sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6tt b\u00fdli eins og hver \u00f6nnur j\u00f6r\u00f0 en me\u00f0an \u00fea\u00f0 hef\u00f0i ekki veri\u00f0 gert m\u00e6tti eigandinn leggja hana undir heimaj\u00f6r\u00f0ina e\u00f0a a\u00f0ra hj\u00e1leigu \u00feegar hann vildi, sbr. til hli\u00f0sj\u00f3nar d\u00f3m H\u00e6star\u00e9ttar fr\u00e1 30. mars 2017 \u00ed m\u00e1li nr. 566\/2016.<\/em><\/p>\n

      Loks er r\u00e6tt um vei\u00f0ir\u00e9tt \u00ed Affalli s\u00e9rstaklega og segir:<\/p>\n

      \u00cd Landbrig\u00f0is\u00fe\u00e6tti Gr\u00e1g\u00e1sar var kve\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 um a\u00f0 \u00fear, sem menn \u00e6ttu merkiv\u00f6tn saman, \u00e6tti hver a\u00f0 vei\u00f0a fyrir s\u00ednu landi. \u00cd 56. kap\u00edtula Landleigub\u00e1lks J\u00f3nsb\u00f3kar sag\u00f0i a\u00f0 hver ma\u00f0ur \u00e6tti vatn og vei\u00f0ist\u00f6\u00f0 fyrir sinni j\u00f6r\u00f0u sem a\u00f0 fornu hafi veri\u00f0 nema me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum v\u00e6ri fr\u00e1 komi\u00f0. \u00deessum grunnreglum \u00edslensks r\u00e9ttar um r\u00e9tt til vei\u00f0a \u00ed straumv\u00f6tnum og st\u00f6\u00f0uv\u00f6tnum var fylgt vi\u00f0 setningu vatnalaga nr. 15\/1923, \u00fear sem m\u00e6lt var svo fyrir \u00ed 1. mgr. 121. gr. a\u00f0 landeiganda og \u00feeim, sem hann veitti heimild til, v\u00e6ri einum heimil vei\u00f0i \u00ed vatni \u00e1 landi s\u00ednu. Eftir afn\u00e1m 121. gr. vatnalaga hafa efnislega s\u00f6mu reglur gilt \u00e1fram samkv\u00e6mt framangreindum \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um laga um lax og silungsvei\u00f0i.<\/em><\/p>\n

      \u00deessi d\u00f3mur, og fleiri d\u00f3mar sem var\u00f0a landaeignir, hlunnindi jar\u00f0a og \u00fev\u00ed um l\u00edkt, s\u00fdnir a\u00f0 tilv\u00edsanir til fornra laga geta haft margv\u00edslega \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu \u00feegar rekja \u00fearf fors\u00f6gu laga\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0a sem og til a\u00f0 varpa lj\u00f3si \u00e1 forna r\u00e9ttarst\u00f6\u00f0u sem getur haft \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu fyrir \u00farlausn m\u00e1la \u00ed samt\u00edmanum.<\/p>\n

      Dr. jur. Dav\u00ed\u00f0 \u00de\u00f3r Bj\u00f6rgvinsson.\u00a0H\u00f6fundur er pr\u00f3fessor vi\u00f0 lagadeild HA og deildaforseti<\/em><\/p>\n

      \n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Inngangur Hinn 25. febr\u00faar sl. flutti \u00e9g \u00ed Eddu, h\u00fasi \u00edslenskunnar, t\u00f6lu um fornar l\u00f6gb\u00e6kur, gildandi l\u00f6g og d\u00f3ma. Efni\u00f0 tengist handritas\u00fdningunni Heimur \u00ed or\u00f0um sem er \u00ed gangi, en \u00fear eru me\u00f0al annars fornar l\u00f6gb\u00e6kur til s\u00fdnis. \u00cd \u00feessu … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1298,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"link","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[759],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1033","post","type-post","status-publish","format-link","hentry","category-oflokkad","post_format-post-format-link"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1033","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1298"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1033"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1033\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1039,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1033\/revisions\/1039"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1033"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1033"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1033"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}