{"id":1051,"date":"2025-04-01T10:24:02","date_gmt":"2025-04-01T10:24:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/?p=1051"},"modified":"2025-05-07T13:34:29","modified_gmt":"2025-05-07T13:34:29","slug":"1051","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/2025\/04\/01\/1051\/","title":{"rendered":"Heimilisofbeldi og mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1li Evr\u00f3pu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Inngangur<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hinn 5. mars sl. h\u00e9lt \u00e9g fyrirlestur \u00e1 r\u00e1\u00f0stefnu um samning Evr\u00f3pur\u00e1\u00f0sins um forvarnir og bar\u00e1ttu gegn ofbeldi \u00e1 konum og heimilisofbeldi. Samningurinn er yfirleitt nefndur- Istanb\u00falsamningurinn og er fr\u00e1 2011. R\u00e1\u00f0stefnan var haldin \u00e1 vegum Universidade Lus\u00f3fona \u00ed Lissabon \u00ed Port\u00fagal. H\u00e1sk\u00f3li \u00feessi er st\u00e6rsti einkah\u00e1sk\u00f3linn \u00fear \u00ed landi stofna\u00f0ur 1987 og er samvinnuverkefni\u00a0\u00a0svonefndra \u201elus\u00f3fon\u201c landa (Grupo Lus\u00f3fona). R\u00edkjah\u00f3pi \u00feessum heyra til Port\u00fagal, Brasil\u00eda, Gr\u00e6nh\u00f6f\u00f0aeyjar, Ang\u00f3la, Guinea-<\/u>Bissau\u00a0og\u00a0Mozambique<\/u>, en l\u00f6ndin eiga \u00fea\u00f0 sameiginlegt a\u00f0 port\u00fagalska er \u00fear a\u00f0altungum\u00e1l e\u00f0a anna\u00f0 opinbert tungum\u00e1l \u00edb\u00faa (adoptive\u00a0language).\u00a0Lus\u00f3f\u00f3n\u00a0er hli\u00f0st\u00e6tt \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 tala um a\u00f0 l\u00f6nd s\u00e9u\u00a0angl\u00f3f\u00f3n\u00a0\u00fear sem enska hefur \u00feessa st\u00f6\u00f0u og\u00a0frank\u00f3f\u00f3n\u00a0\u00fear sem franska r\u00e6\u00f0ur r\u00edkjum. \u00deetta eru arfleif\u00f0\u00a0n\u00fdlendustefnu Evr\u00f3pur\u00edkja allt fram \u00e1 20. \u00f6ld.<\/p>\n

Fyrirlestur minn fjalla\u00f0i um \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu Istanb\u00falsamningsins fyrir d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6md mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ls Evr\u00f3pu (MDE). \u00cdsland er a\u00f0ili a\u00f0 \u00feessu samningi (\u00edsl. \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ing: Istanb\u00falsamningurinn.pdf<\/a>). Sta\u00f0a Istanb\u00falsamningsins \u00ed d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6md MDE hefur talsver\u00f0a \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu fyrir innlei\u00f0ingu samningsins \u00ed landsr\u00e9tt samningsr\u00edkjanna og fyrir innlenda d\u00f3mst\u00f3la, en samningurinn, sem ger\u00f0ur var \u00e1 vettvangi Evr\u00f3pur\u00e1\u00f0sins, er mikilv\u00e6gasti al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legi s\u00e1ttm\u00e1linn sem tekur \u00e1 ofbeldi gegn konum og heimilisofbeldi (ofbeldi \u00ed n\u00e1num samb\u00f6ndum). Er hann me\u00f0al annars r\u00f3t \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0a \u00edslensku hegningarlaganna um heimisofbeldi e\u00f0a ofbeldi \u00ed n\u00e1num samb\u00f6ndum, sbr. einkum \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i 218. gr. a-c.<\/p>\n

Istanb\u00falsamningurinn\u00a0og kvenr\u00e9ttindabar\u00e1tta<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cd inngangsor\u00f0um samningsins eru \u00fdmsar \u00e1hugaver\u00f0ar yfirl\u00fdsingar sem s\u00fdna tengsl samningsins vi\u00f0 kvenr\u00e9ttindabar\u00e1ttu. \u00dear segir me\u00f0al annars a\u00f0\u00a0\u00a0samningsa\u00f0ilar geri s\u00e9r grein fyrir a\u00f0 ofbeldi gegn konum s\u00e9 birtingarform s\u00f6gulegs \u00f3jafnv\u00e6gis \u00ed valdahlutf\u00f6llum milli kvenna og karla sem leitt hafi til drottnunar karla yfir og mismununar gagnvart konum og komi \u00ed veg fyrir fullan framgang \u00feeirra. \u00de\u00e1 segir a\u00f0 samningsa\u00f0ilar vi\u00f0urkenni a\u00f0 ofbeldi gegn konum s\u00e9 \u00ed e\u00f0li s\u00ednu kynbundi\u00f0 ofbeldi og eitt helsta f\u00e9lagslega t\u00e6ki\u00f0 til a\u00f0 ney\u00f0a konur til a\u00f0 skipa l\u00e6gri sess \u00ed samf\u00e9laginu en karlar. Jafnframt segir a\u00f0\u00a0\u00a0samningsa\u00f0ilar geri s\u00e9r grein fyrir og telji miki\u00f0 \u00e1hyggjuefni a\u00f0 konur og st\u00falkur ver\u00f0i oft fyrir alvarlegu ofbeldi, svo sem heimilisofbeldi, kynfer\u00f0islegri \u00e1reitni, nau\u00f0gun, \u00fevingun \u00ed hj\u00f3naband, gl\u00e6pum sem kenndir eru vi\u00f0 \u201ehei\u00f0ur\u201c og limlesti kynf\u00e6ra sem s\u00e9 alvarlegt brot \u00e1 mannr\u00e9ttindum kvenna og st\u00falkna og komi \u00ed veg fyrir a\u00f0 jafnr\u00e9tti kvenna og karla n\u00e1i fram a\u00f0 ganga.<\/p>\n

\u00de\u00f3tt teki\u00f0 s\u00e9 fram \u00ed inngangi samningsins a\u00f0 konur geti l\u00edka beitt ofbeldi er lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 markmi\u00f0 hans er fyrst og fremst a\u00f0 taka \u00e1 ofbeldi karla gegn konum. \u00de\u00e1 er \u00e1hugavert a\u00f0 samningurinn er me\u00f0al annars, svo sem kemur fram \u00ed inngangi hans, reistur \u00e1 forsendum sem fela \u00ed s\u00e9r sk\u00edrskotun til\u00a0feminiskra\u00a0f\u00e9lagslegra kenninga, sem ekki er v\u00edst a\u00f0 full fr\u00e6\u00f0ileg samsta\u00f0a s\u00e9 um, svo sem um a\u00f0 ofbeldi gegn konum s\u00e9 f\u00e9lagslegt t\u00e6ki, \u00ed h\u00f6ndum\u00a0karlmanna\u00a0og \u00e6tla ver\u00f0i a\u00f0 nota\u00f0 s\u00e9 til a\u00f0 ney\u00f0a konur til a\u00f0 skipa l\u00e6gri sess \u00ed samf\u00e9laginu. Hva\u00f0 sem \u00fev\u00ed l\u00ed\u00f0ur vangaveltum um fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegt r\u00e9ttm\u00e6ti sl\u00edkra fr\u00e6\u00f0ikenninga fer ekki \u00e1 milli m\u00e1la a\u00f0\u00a0Istanb\u00falsamningurinn\u00a0er framlag til kvenr\u00e9ttindabar\u00e1ttu me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hann bers\u00fdnilega gengur \u00fat fr\u00e1 a\u00f0 konur s\u00e9u \u00feolendur en karlar miklu s\u00ed\u00f0ur \u00fe\u00f3tt samningurinn eigi vissulega l\u00edka vi\u00f0 um ofbeldi kvenna gagnvart k\u00f6rlum.<\/p>\n

Helstu skyldur r\u00edkja samkv\u00e6mt\u00a0Istanb\u00falsamningnum<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cd 2. mgr. 5. gr.\u00a0Istanb\u00falsamningsins\u00a0kemur fram mikilv\u00e6gasta grundvallarregla samningsins s\u00e9 horft \u00e1 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu hans fyrir\u00a0\u00a0sk\u00fdringu og framkv\u00e6md\u00a0MSE. Segir \u00fear a\u00f0 samningsa\u00f0ilar skuli gera nau\u00f0synlegar r\u00e1\u00f0stafanir, me\u00f0 lagasetningu e\u00f0a \u00f6\u00f0rum h\u00e6tti, til a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir og rannsaka heimilisofbeldi, refsa gerendum og b\u00e6ta fyrir ofbeldisbrot sem falla undir gildissvi\u00f0 samningsins.\u00a0\u00a0\u00de\u00e1 er \u00ed 6. gr. samningsins \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i sem ber yfirskriftina \u201ekynju\u00f0 stefna\u201c en\u00a0\u00a0\u00fear segir a\u00f0 samningsa\u00f0ilar skuldbindi sig til a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta kynjasj\u00f3narmi\u00f0a vi\u00f0 framkv\u00e6md og mat \u00e1 \u00e1hrifum \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0a samningsins og til a\u00f0 stu\u00f0la a\u00f0 og framfylgja me\u00f0 virkum h\u00e6tti jafnr\u00e9ttisstefnu kvenna og karla og valdeflingu kvenna.<\/p>\n

\u00deegar bakgrunnur\u00a0Istanb\u00falsamningsins er sko\u00f0a\u00f0ur kemur lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 hann t\u00f3k \u00ed r\u00edkum m\u00e6li mi\u00f0 af\u00a0MSE\u00a0og d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6md\u00a0MDE\u00a0fyrir 2011. \u00dearf \u00fev\u00ed ekki a\u00f0 koma \u00e1 \u00f3vart a\u00f0 \u00ed d\u00f3mum\u00a0MDE\u00a0um heimilisofbeldi er \u00ed r\u00edkum m\u00e6li v\u00edsa\u00f0 til\u00a0\u00a0Istanb\u00falsamningsins\u00a0eftir a\u00f0 hann var ger\u00f0ur til a\u00f0 skilgreina skyldur samkv\u00e6mt\u00a0MSE. \u00dea\u00f0 eru \u00fev\u00ed n\u00e1in og gagnvirk tengsl milli \u00feessara tveggja samninga.<\/p>\n

\u00cd 1. grein\u00a0MSE\u00a0er kve\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 um a\u00f0 samningsa\u00f0ilar skuli tryggja \u00f6llum innan l\u00f6gs\u00f6gu \u00feeirra \u00feau r\u00e9ttindi og frelsi sem skilgreint er \u00ed\u00a0I. kafla \u00feessa samnings. \u00deetta er almennt skili\u00f0 \u00feannig a\u00f0 \u00feetta n\u00e1i til tvenns konar skuldbindinga. \u00cd fyrsta lagi \u00feess sem nefnt er neikv\u00e6\u00f0ar skyldur sem fela \u00ed s\u00e9r a\u00f0 r\u00edki brj\u00f3ti ekki gegn r\u00e9ttindum sem verndu\u00f0 eru \u00ed efnis\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um samningsins. \u00c1 hinn b\u00f3ginn er tala\u00f0 um j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0ar skyldur sem fela \u00ed s\u00e9r r\u00edkin taki til r\u00e1\u00f0stafana til a\u00f0 tryggja a\u00f0 borgararnir nj\u00f3ti \u00feeirra r\u00e9ttinda sem s\u00e1ttm\u00e1linn kve\u00f0ur \u00e1 um. \u00dea\u00f0 er einmitt um \u00feessar j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0u skyldur sem\u00a0Istanb\u00falsamningurinn\u00a0fjallar um.<\/p>\n

Skyldur r\u00edkja samkv\u00e6mt Istanb\u00falsamningnum eru margv\u00edslegar og ekki t\u00f3m til a\u00f0 gera grein fyrir \u00feeim \u00f6llum h\u00e9r. Taka \u00fe\u00e6r til skyldna r\u00edkja til a\u00f0 setja s\u00e9r heildar\u00e1\u00e6tlun og samr\u00e6mda stefnu \u00ed m\u00e1laflokknum, gera \u00e1\u00e6tlanir og tryggja a\u00f0 framkv\u00e6md \u00feeirra s\u00e9 fj\u00e1rm\u00f6gnu\u00f0 og sk\u00fdrt s\u00e9 hva\u00f0a stofnanir beri \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00e1 henni. \u00de\u00e1 er \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um skyldur r\u00edkja til a\u00f0 taka til almennra fyrirbyggjandi r\u00e1\u00f0stafana me\u00f0 vitundarvakningu um heimilisofbeldi, fr\u00e6\u00f0slu, \u00fej\u00e1lfun s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0inga, uppl\u00fdsinga\u00f6flun og almenna stu\u00f0nings\u00fej\u00f3nustu vi\u00f0 \u00feolendur, hj\u00e1lpars\u00edmal\u00ednur o.s.frv. \u00dea\u00f0 eru \u00fe\u00f3 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0in \u00ed VI. kafla Istanb\u00falsamningsins sem skipta mestu m\u00e1li fyrir innihald fyrirlesturs m\u00edns. \u00deessi \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i fjalla um skyldur l\u00f6greglu e\u00f0a annar yfirvalda til a\u00f0ger\u00f0a \u00feegar \u00feeim berst vitneskja um heimilisofbeldi e\u00f0a grunsemdir um \u00fear um. N\u00e1nar er \u00fear fjalla\u00f0 um ranns\u00f3kn brota, saks\u00f3kn, r\u00e9ttarfarsreglur og verndarr\u00e1\u00f0stafanir.<\/p>\n

MDE\u00a0og heimilisofbeldi<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cd fyrirlestrinum fjalla\u00f0i \u00e9g talsvert um d\u00f3m yfirdeildar\u00a0MDE\u00a0\u00ed m\u00e1li\u00a0Kurt gegn Austurr\u00edki<\/em>\u00a0fr\u00e1 j\u00fan\u00ed 2021 \u00fear sem r\u00e6tt er um r\u00e9ttinn til l\u00edfsins og heimilisofbeldi og j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0ar skyldur, sem svo eru nefndar, samkv\u00e6mt honum.<\/p>\n

K\u00e6randi er austurr\u00edsk kona, f\u00e6dd \u00e1ri\u00f0 1978. H\u00fan gekk \u00ed hj\u00f3naband 2003 og eigna\u00f0ist me\u00f0 manni s\u00ednum tv\u00f6 b\u00f6rn f\u00e6dd 2004 og 2005. \u00cd j\u00fal\u00ed 2010 haf\u00f0i h\u00fan samband vi\u00f0 l\u00f6greglu og tilkynnti a\u00f0 eiginma\u00f0ur hennar hef\u00f0i lagt \u00e1 hana hendur. \u00cd kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0 var sett n\u00e1lgunarbann \u00e1 eiginmanninn og var honum gert a\u00f0 halda sig fr\u00e1 heimili fj\u00f6lskyldunnar og foreldrum konunnar \u00ed 14 daga, auk \u00feess sem hann s\u00e6tti sakam\u00e1laranns\u00f3kn fyrir\u00a0l\u00edkams\u00e1r\u00e1s. Eiginma\u00f0urinn var s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00ed jan\u00faar 2011 sakfelldur fyrir l\u00edkams\u00e1r\u00e1s og alvarlegar h\u00f3tanir og d\u00e6mdur \u00ed \u00feriggja m\u00e1na\u00f0a skilor\u00f0sbundi\u00f0 fangelsi. \u00cd ma\u00ed 2012 lag\u00f0i k\u00e6randi inn bei\u00f0ni um skilna\u00f0 og sama dag k\u00e6r\u00f0i h\u00fan eiginmann aftur til l\u00f6greglu fyrir nau\u00f0gun og h\u00f3tanir. Var eiginma\u00f0urinn f\u00e6r\u00f0ur \u00ed yfirheyrslu og \u00farskur\u00f0a\u00f0ur \u00ed n\u00e1lgunarbann a\u00f0 n\u00fdju \u00ed tv\u00e6r vikur. Vi\u00f0 yfirheyrslu greindu b\u00f6rn mannsins einnig fr\u00e1 ofbeldi af hendi f\u00f6\u00f0ur. \u00cd ma\u00ed kom eiginma\u00f0urinn \u00ed sk\u00f3la\u00a0A\u00a0og spur\u00f0i kennara hvort hann m\u00e6tti r\u00e6\u00f0a vi\u00f0 son sinn \u00ed einr\u00fami \u00fear sem hann hyg\u00f0ist gefa honum peninga. Kennarinn, sem vissi ekkert um m\u00e1lefni fj\u00f6lskyldunnar, veitti honum heimild til \u00feess a\u00f0 tala vi\u00f0 drenginn. \u00deegar drengurinn koma ekki til baka \u00ed sk\u00f3lastofuna h\u00f3f kennarinn a\u00f0 leita a\u00f0 honum og fann hann a\u00f0 lokum \u00ed kjallara sk\u00f3lans. Hann haf\u00f0i \u00fe\u00e1 veri\u00f0 skotinn \u00ed h\u00f6f\u00f0u\u00f0 og hlaut hann bana af sk\u00f6mmu s\u00ed\u00f0ar. Systir hans haf\u00f0i or\u00f0i\u00f0 vitni a\u00f0 atbur\u00f0inum en var \u00f3meidd. K\u00e6randi h\u00f6f\u00f0a\u00f0i\u00a0ska\u00f0ab\u00f3tam\u00e1l\u00a0gegn yfirv\u00f6ldum vegna vanr\u00e6kslu \u00feeirra \u00e1 a\u00f0 gr\u00edpa til n\u00e6gjanlegra r\u00e1\u00f0stafana til a\u00f0 vernda hana og b\u00f6rnin gagnvart ofbeldi eiginmannsins. Einkum bar h\u00fan fyrir sig a\u00f0 yfirv\u00f6ld hef\u00f0u ekki gert n\u00f3g til a\u00f0 halda eiginmanninum fr\u00e1 fj\u00f6lskyldunni, t.d. me\u00f0 \u00ed a\u00f0 halda honum \u00ed g\u00e6slu (var\u00f0haldi) og saks\u00f3knari hef\u00f0\u00a0i\u00a0vita\u00f0 a\u00f0 h\u00e6tta hef\u00f0i stafa\u00f0 a\u00f0 manninum. Ekki var fallist \u00e1 kr\u00f6fur k\u00e6randa fyrir d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum \u00ed Austurr\u00edki. Fyrir\u00a0MDE\u00a0h\u00e9lt k\u00e6randi \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 yfirv\u00f6ld hef\u00f0u brug\u00f0ist skyldum s\u00ednum samkv\u00e6mt 2., 3. og 8. gr.\u00a0MSE\u00a0sinni til a\u00f0 vernda hana og b\u00f6rn hennar gegn ofbeldi eiginmannsins. V\u00edsa\u00f0i h\u00fan til \u00feess a\u00f0 h\u00fan hef\u00f0i s\u00e9rstaklega uppl\u00fdst l\u00f6greglu um a\u00f0 h\u00fan \u00f3tta\u00f0ist um l\u00edf barna sinna.<\/p>\n

\u00cd d\u00f3mi\u00a0MDE\u00a0er l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1hersla \u00e1 a\u00f0 r\u00edkjum beri r\u00edk skylda til a\u00f0 vernda einstaklinga gagnvart ofbeldi me\u00f0 v\u00edsan til \u00feeirra j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0u skyldna sem kve\u00f0i\u00f0 er \u00e1 um \u00ed 2. gr.\u00a0MSE\u00a0(r\u00e9tturinn til l\u00edfsins). Einkum er l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1hersla \u00e1 yfirv\u00f6ldum beri skylda til a\u00f0 breg\u00f0ast skj\u00f3tt vi\u00f0 um lei\u00f0 og \u00e1sakanir um heimilisofbeldi komi upp sem er \u00ed fullu samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 skyldur samkv\u00e6mt\u00a0Istanb\u00falsamningnum. Yfirv\u00f6ldum b\u00e6ri, \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 \u00feann samning, a\u00f0 eiga frumkv\u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed meta sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6tt hvort \u00feolendum stafa\u00f0i br\u00e1\u00f0 og raunverulega h\u00e6tta af ofbeldisheg\u00f0un eiginmannsins \u00ed \u00feessu tilfelli. Vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 mat skipti einkum m\u00e1li hvort ofbeldi hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 \u00edtreka\u00f0 og vi\u00f0varandi. \u00de\u00e1 er l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1hersla \u00e1 a\u00f0 mikilv\u00e6gt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 starfsmenn yfirvalda sem \u00e6tti \u00ed samskiptum vi\u00f0 \u00feolendur heimilisofbeldis hlyti reglulega \u00fej\u00e1lfun og fr\u00e6\u00f0slu me\u00f0 a\u00f0 markmi\u00f0i a\u00f0 \u00e1tta sig \u00e1 heg\u00f0unarmynstri gerenda heimilisofbeldis. Me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed m\u00f3ti v\u00e6ri unnt a\u00f0 tryggja a\u00f0 mat \u00e1 h\u00e6ttu sem kynni a\u00f0 vera til sta\u00f0ar, breg\u00f0ast vi\u00f0 me\u00f0 vi\u00f0eigandi h\u00e6tti og tryggja \u00ed t\u00edma vernd \u00feolenda. Ef yfirv\u00f6ld m\u00e6tu a\u00f0 h\u00e6ttan v\u00e6ri br\u00e1\u00f0 og raunveruleg b\u00e6ri \u00feeim skylda til a\u00f0 gr\u00edpa til a\u00f0ger\u00f0a, sem f\u00e6li \u00ed\u00a0\u00a0s\u00e9r n\u00e6gjanleg og fulln\u00e6gjandi vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 vi\u00f0 h\u00e6ttunni, \u00fe.m.t. me\u00f0 sviptingu frelsis eiginmannsins ef anna\u00f0 dyg\u00f0i ekki. Eftir \u00edtarlegan r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ning d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins var ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld hef\u00f0u \u00e1 n\u00e6gilegan h\u00e1tt fulln\u00e6gt skyldum s\u00ednum\u00a0\u00a0s\u00fdnt \u00fe\u00e1 s\u00e9rst\u00f6ku kostg\u00e6fni sem nau\u00f0synleg er. \u00cd fyrsta lagi hef\u00f0u yfirv\u00f6ld framkv\u00e6mt sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6tt og fulln\u00e6gjanlegt\u00a0\u00a0\u00e1h\u00e6ttumat eins og\u00a0Istanb\u00falsamningurinn m\u00e6lir fyrir um. L\u00f6greglan hef\u00f0i ekki einungis reitt sig \u00e1 fr\u00e1s\u00f6gn k\u00e6randa um atbur\u00f0i heldur afla\u00f0 annarra s\u00f6nnunargagna, teki\u00f0 myndir og l\u00e1ti\u00f0 framkv\u00e6ma l\u00e6knisranns\u00f3kn. \u00de\u00e1 hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 kanna\u00f0 hvort skotvopn v\u00e6ru skr\u00e1\u00f0 \u00e1 eiginmann brota\u00feola. Enn taldi d\u00f3murinn a\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 fara ekki fram \u00e1 g\u00e6sluvar\u00f0hald yfir eiginmanninum hef\u00f0i r\u00edki\u00f0 ekki vanr\u00e6kt skyldur s\u00ednar, einkum me\u00f0 hli\u00f0sj\u00f3n af skilyr\u00f0um landsr\u00e9ttar og 5. gr.\u00a0MSE.<\/p>\n

Me\u00f0 v\u00edsan til \u00feessara atri\u00f0a var ekki tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 broti\u00f0 hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 gegn efnis\u00fe\u00e6tti 2. gr.\u00a0MSE. Minnihluti d\u00f3menda, sj\u00f6 d\u00f3marar af sautj\u00e1n, t\u00f6ldu aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti a\u00f0 um hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a brot \u00e1 2. gr.\u00a0MSE. \u00de\u00f3tt meirihluti\u00a0MDE\u00a0hef\u00f0i komist a\u00f0 \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u a\u00f0 2. gr.\u00a0MSE\u00a0hef\u00f0i ekki veri\u00f0 brotin er d\u00f3murinn b\u00fdsna gott d\u00e6mi um hvernig skyldur r\u00edkja samkv\u00e6mt\u00a0MSE\u00a0um heimilisofbeldi eru leiddar me\u00f0 sk\u00fdrum h\u00e6tti af\u00a0Istanb\u00falsamningnum. \u00dea\u00f0 er er ekki n\u00fdtt a\u00f0\u00a0MDE\u00a0v\u00edsi til\u00a0Istanb\u00falsamningsins. Me\u00f0 \u00feessum d\u00f3mi er \u00fe\u00f3 or\u00f0i\u00f0 sk\u00fdrara en \u00e1\u00f0ur a\u00f0 j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0ar skyldur r\u00edkja \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 ofbeldi gagnvart konum, heimilisofbeldi og ofbeldi \u00ed n\u00e1num samb\u00f6ndum r\u00e1\u00f0ast \u00ed raun af \u00feeim skyldum sem\u00a0\u00a0Istanb\u00falsamningurinn gerir \u00e1\u00f0ur fyrir. Me\u00f0 \u00feessum stefnumarkandi d\u00f3mi festir\u00a0MDE\u00a0\u00feessa a\u00f0fer\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed sessi me\u00f0 afgerandi h\u00e6tti.<\/p>\n

Lokaor\u00f0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Af beitingu\u00a0MDE\u00a0\u00e1\u00a0Istanb\u00falsamningsins\u00a0vi\u00f0 sk\u00fdringu \u00feeirra skylda sem felast \u00ed\u00a0MSE\u00a0lei\u00f0ir a\u00f0 slagkraftur\u00a0Istanb\u00falsamningsins\u00a0\u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legu samhengi ver\u00f0ur mun meiri en annars myndi vera. M\u00e1li\u00f0, og \u00f6nnur m\u00e1l sem v\u00edsa\u00f0 er til \u00ed umr\u00e6ddum d\u00f3mi, s\u00fdnir a\u00f0\u00a0Istanb\u00falsamningurinn\u00a0gegnir lykilhlutverki vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 skilgreina frekar r\u00e9ttindi einstaklinga samkv\u00e6mt\u00a0MSE, einkum kvenna og barna, a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er var\u00f0ar vernd gegn heimilisofbeldi sem og j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0ar skyldur r\u00edkja \u00ed \u00feessum efnum.<\/p>\n

\u00deetta hefur talsver\u00f0a \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu \u00fear sem\u00a0Istanb\u00falsamningurinn\u00a0sj\u00e1lfur kve\u00f0ur ekki \u00e1 um neinar sk\u00fdrar e\u00f0a beinar heimildir til a\u00f0 framfylgja skyldum r\u00edkja samkv\u00e6mt honum. Hann kve\u00f0ur a\u00f0 v\u00edsu \u00e1 um eftirlitskerfi (Grevio) \u00ed 66.\u00a0\u00a0og 67. gr. sem felur \u00ed s\u00e9r m\u00f6guleika til a\u00f0 fylgja samningnum eftir. Eftirlitskerfi\u00f0 samkv\u00e6mt\u00a0Istanb\u00falsamningurinn, er \u00fe\u00f3 fremur veikt, r\u00e9tt eins og \u00e1 vi\u00f0 um flesta al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega s\u00e1ttm\u00e1la.<\/p>\n

\u00c1 hinn er b\u00f3ginn er fullnustukerfi\u00f0 samkv\u00e6mt\u00a0MSE\u00a0tilt\u00f6lulega \u00e1hrifar\u00edkt og skilvirkt mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 a\u00f0ra al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega mannr\u00e9ttindasamninga. Felst munurinn helst \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0\u00a0MSE\u00a0gerir er r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir d\u00f3mst\u00f3l (MDE) sem hafi s\u00ed\u00f0asta or\u00f0i\u00f0 um t\u00falkun s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lans og heimild hans til a\u00f0 kve\u00f0a upp bindandi d\u00f3ma, sem og hlutverk r\u00e1\u00f0herranefndar Evr\u00f3pur\u00e1\u00f0sins til a\u00f0 kn\u00fdja r\u00edki til a\u00f0 hl\u00edta d\u00f3munum. Um \u00feetta eru \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed 46. gr.\u00a0MSE.<\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00feessu felst a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0herranefnd Evr\u00f3pur\u00e1\u00f0sins \u00fer\u00fdstir \u00e1 r\u00edki a\u00f0 grei\u00f0a b\u00e6tur \u00ed m\u00e1lum \u00fear sem \u00fe\u00e6r hafa veri\u00f0 d\u00e6mdar auk m\u00e1lskostna\u00f0ar. \u00dear a\u00f0 auki er leitast vi\u00f0 kn\u00fdja r\u00edki \u00e1 um a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0ast a\u00f0 r\u00f3t vandans, svo sem me\u00f0 umb\u00f3tum \u00e1 l\u00f6ggj\u00f6f e\u00f0a \u00f6\u00f0ru regluverki, sem og taka \u00e1 kerfisl\u00e6gum vandam\u00e1lum vi\u00f0 a\u00f0\u00a0framfylgja\u00a0reglum e\u00f0a l\u00f6gm\u00e6tum \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0unum yfirvalda og d\u00f3mst\u00f3la.<\/p>\n

Ekki er \u00fear me\u00f0 sagt a\u00f0 kerfi\u00f0 sem sett hefur veri\u00f0 \u00e1 f\u00f3t me\u00f0\u00a0MSE\u00a0s\u00e9 fullkomi\u00f0 og virki alltaf, en \u00fea\u00f0 gerir \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed \u00fe\u00f3 flestum tilfellum, sem gerir \u00fea\u00f0 fremur skilvirkt\u00a0\u00a0\u00ed samanbur\u00f0i vi\u00f0 flesta al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0lega mannr\u00e9ttindasamninga, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al\u00a0Istanb\u00falsamninginn. Me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 sam\u00feykkja svo a\u00f0 segja meginreglur\u00a0Istanb\u00falsamningsins\u00a0sem innbygg\u00f0ar \u00ed\u00a0MSE\u00a0og d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6md\u00a0MDE\u00a0styrkir \u00fea\u00f0 umtalsvert beina \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu\u00a0Istanb\u00falsamningsins\u00a0og sem \u00feannig hefur r\u00edkari og beinni \u00e1hrif \u00e1 l\u00f6ggj\u00f6f, stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslu og d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6md d\u00f3mst\u00f3la heima fyrir.<\/p>\n

H\u00f6fundur er h\u00e6star\u00e9ttarl\u00f6gma\u00f0ur, deildarforseti og pr\u00f3fessor vi\u00f0 lagadeild H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans \u00e1 Akureyri<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Inngangur Hinn 5. mars sl. h\u00e9lt \u00e9g fyrirlestur \u00e1 r\u00e1\u00f0stefnu um samning Evr\u00f3pur\u00e1\u00f0sins um forvarnir og bar\u00e1ttu gegn ofbeldi \u00e1 konum og heimilisofbeldi. Samningurinn er yfirleitt nefndur- Istanb\u00falsamningurinn og er fr\u00e1 2011. R\u00e1\u00f0stefnan var haldin \u00e1 vegum Universidade Lus\u00f3fona \u00ed … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1298,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"link","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[759],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1051","post","type-post","status-publish","format-link","hentry","category-oflokkad","post_format-post-format-link"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1051","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1298"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1051"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1051\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1065,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1051\/revisions\/1065"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1051"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1051"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1051"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}