{"id":1161,"date":"2025-11-26T13:27:01","date_gmt":"2025-11-26T13:27:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/?p=1161"},"modified":"2025-12-03T13:00:39","modified_gmt":"2025-12-03T13:00:39","slug":"feminisk-logfraedi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/2025\/11\/26\/feminisk-logfraedi\/","title":{"rendered":"Fem\u00edn\u00edsk l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i"},"content":{"rendered":"

Inngangur<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kvennaverkfalli\u00f0 \u00e1 d\u00f6gunum og samf\u00e9lagsumr\u00e6\u00f0a \u00ed a\u00f0draganda \u00feess og \u00ed kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0 gefur m\u00e9r tilefni til a\u00f0 rifja upp nokkur atri\u00f0i um fem\u00edn\u00edsk l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i e\u00f0a lagakenningar (feminist legal theory).<\/p>\n

Klass\u00edskar kenningar \u00ed r\u00e9ttarheimspeki hafa flestar, jafnvel allar, veri\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0ar af k\u00f6rlum. \u00deessum lagakenningum er \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 sk\u00fdra e\u00f0li laganna og r\u00e9ttarkerfisins og \u00e1hrif \u00feess og \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu fyrir alla einstaklinga, \u00f3h\u00e1\u00f0 kyni. \u00c1 hinn b\u00f3ginn leggja margar fr\u00e6\u00f0ikonur sem i\u00f0ka \u00fea\u00f0 sem nefnt hefur veri\u00f0 fem\u00edn\u00edsk l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i e\u00f0a fem\u00edn\u00edskar lagakenningar, \u00e1herslu \u00e1 a\u00f0 kyn h\u00f6funda kenninganna hafi einmitt \u00e1hrif \u00e1 inntak \u00feeirra. Fem\u00edn\u00edskar lagakenningar freista \u00feess me\u00f0al annars a\u00f0 r\u00f6ksty\u00f0ja a\u00f0 l\u00f6g og r\u00e9ttarkerfi m\u00f3tist af reynslu karla fremur en kvenna og leitast vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 varpa lj\u00f3si \u00e1 hvernig \u00feessi \u00f3jafna sta\u00f0a birtist \u00e1 m\u00f6rgum svi\u00f0um r\u00e9ttarins, svo sem \u00ed refsir\u00e9tti, fj\u00f6lskyldur\u00e9tti, samningar\u00e9tti og fleiri svi\u00f0um.<\/p>\n

Ekki er deilt um a\u00f0 fem\u00edn\u00edsk l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i s\u00e9 \u00e1 stundum hlutdr\u00e6g og er \u00fea\u00f0 me\u00f0vita\u00f0 og vi\u00f0urkennt me\u00f0al margra fem\u00ednista. \u00c1herslan er \u00e1 kvenl\u00e6gt sj\u00f3narhorn \u00ed l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegri umr\u00e6\u00f0u og leitast er vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 skerpa \u00e1 reynslu og st\u00f6\u00f0u kvenna vi\u00f0 lagager\u00f0, \u00ed fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum bollaleggingum um l\u00f6g og \u00ed lagaframkv\u00e6md \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed skyni a\u00f0 draga hlut kvenna. \u00de\u00f3tt kenningarnar s\u00e9u mismunandi og konurnar deili ekki allar s\u00f6mu sko\u00f0unum, ekki frekar en karlarnir, varpa \u00fe\u00e6r lj\u00f3si \u00e1 tilteki\u00f0 hagn\u00fdtt og f\u00e9lagslegt sj\u00f3narhorn \u00e1 l\u00f6gin sem hefur a\u00f0 \u00e1liti fem\u00ednista lengst af veri\u00f0 vanr\u00e6kt.<\/p>\n

Mismunandi sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Fem\u00edn\u00edskar kenningar \u00ed l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i einkennast af \u00feremur mismunandi meginsj\u00f3narmi\u00f0um. \u00cd fyrsta lagi \u00e1herslu \u00e1 f\u00e9lagslegan e\u00f0a l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0ilegan mun karla og kvenna. \u00cd \u00f6\u00f0ru lagi \u00e1 s\u00fdn \u00e1 samf\u00e9lagi\u00f0 sem fe\u00f0raveldi (patriarchy), \u00fear sem skipan samf\u00e9lagsins \u00fej\u00f3ni hagsmunum karla. \u00cd \u00feri\u00f0ja lagi af s\u00fdn \u00e1 l\u00f6gin sem m\u00f3tu\u00f0 s\u00e9u til a\u00f0 vi\u00f0halda og styrkja fe\u00f0raveldi\u00f0. \u00deetta geri a\u00f0 verkum a\u00f0 skipan samf\u00e9lags og f\u00e9lagslegra tengsla almennt s\u00e9 hagfelldara k\u00f6rlum en konum. \u00de\u00e1 er \u00fev\u00ed l\u00edka haldi\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 l\u00f6gin endurspegli a\u00f0allega reynslu karla og s\u00e9u m\u00f3tu\u00f0 af hv\u00edtum menntu\u00f0um k\u00f6rlum sem b\u00faa vi\u00f0 st\u00f6\u00f0ugan efnahag. \u00de\u00f3tt \u00fdmsir lagab\u00e1lkar fjalli um st\u00f6\u00f0u kvenna og s\u00e9u raunar afsprengi kvenr\u00e9ttindabar\u00e1ttu og s\u00e9 \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta hag kvenna, s\u00e9 \u00feessi sta\u00f0a kvenna skilgreind og afm\u00f6rku\u00f0 \u00fat fr\u00e1 karll\u00e6gu sj\u00f3narhorni. \u00dea\u00f0 s\u00e9u fyrst og fremst hugmyndir karla um h\u00e6fileika, getu og reynslu kvenna sem m\u00f3ta l\u00f6gin, t\u00falkun \u00feeirra og framkv\u00e6md.<\/p>\n

Tv\u00e6r \u00e1hrifamiklar konur<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mary Wollstonecraft (1759\u20131797) er gjarnan nefnd me\u00f0al fyrstu fem\u00edn\u00edsku kenningasmi\u00f0anna, en b\u00f3k hennar Til varnar r\u00e9ttindum konunnar<\/em> (e. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman<\/em> 1792) hefur veri\u00f0 gefin \u00fat \u00ed \u00edslenskri \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu G\u00edsla Magn\u00fassonar af Hinu \u00edslenska b\u00f3kmenntaf\u00e9lagi (L\u00e6rd\u00f3msrit). B\u00f3kin er t\u00edmam\u00f3taverk \u00ed s\u00f6gu kvenr\u00e9ttinda. Wollstonecraft r\u00f6kstuddi a\u00f0 konur v\u00e6ru skynsemisverur sem v\u00e6ru full f\u00e6rar um a\u00f0 bera borgaralegar skyldur, en st\u00e6\u00f0u k\u00f6rlum a\u00f0 baki vegna skorts \u00e1 menntun og t\u00e6kif\u00e6rum. Enginn heilvita ma\u00f0ur efast um \u00fea\u00f0 lengur a\u00f0 konur s\u00e9u skynsemisverur sem s\u00e9u full f\u00e6rar um a\u00f0 axla borgaralegar skyldur, en \u00feetta \u00fe\u00f3tti ekki auglj\u00f3st \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1 daga er Wollstonecraft skrifa\u00f0i s\u00edna b\u00f3k. Hitt er meira vafam\u00e1l hvort skortur kvenna \u00e1 menntun standi \u00fev\u00ed enn fyrir \u00ferifum a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r axli borgaralegar skyldur, enda eru konur n\u00fa or\u00f0i\u00f0 miklu duglegri a\u00f0 afla s\u00e9r h\u00e1sk\u00f3lamenntunar en karlar. \u00de\u00f6kk s\u00e9 konum eins og Wollstonecraft \u00e1samt m\u00f6rgum \u00f6\u00f0rum dugmiklum fem\u00ednistum.<\/p>\n

Simone de Beauvoir (1908\u20131986) haf\u00f0i mikil \u00e1hrif fyrir fem\u00ednisma \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00f6ld me\u00f0 verki s\u00ednu Le Deuxi\u00e8me Sexe <\/em>(oftast \u00fe\u00fdtt: Hitt kyni\u00f0 ). H\u00fan l\u00fdsti \u00fev\u00ed hvernig konur v\u00e6ru skilgreindar sem \u201ehitt kyni\u00f0\u201c \u00ed huga karla og a\u00f0 l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0ilegur kynjamunur v\u00e6ri nota\u00f0ur til a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ta misr\u00e9tti. Kenningar hennar leggja grunn a\u00f0 \u00feeirri hugmynd a\u00f0 kyn s\u00e9 f\u00e9lagslega m\u00f3ta\u00f0 frekar en l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0ilega \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0: \u201eMa\u00f0ur f\u00e6\u00f0ist ekki kona, heldur ver\u00f0ur kona.\u201c Beauvoir lag\u00f0i \u00e1herslu \u00e1 a\u00f0 konur \u00e6ttu a\u00f0 nj\u00f3ta frelsis og jafnr\u00e9ttis \u00e1 eigin forsendum, ekki sem undantekningar fr\u00e1 karll\u00e6gu vi\u00f0mi\u00f0i. Hugmyndir hennar ur\u00f0u r\u00e1\u00f0andi \u00ed fem\u00edn\u00edskum lagakenningum \u00e1 sj\u00f6unda og \u00e1ttunda \u00e1ratug s\u00ed\u00f0ustu aldar. H\u00fan leggur \u00e1herslu \u00e1 a\u00f0 jafnr\u00e9tti krefjist \u00feess a\u00f0 konur ver\u00f0i fullvalda einstaklingar, sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0ir \u00ed hugsun og ath\u00f6fnum, og vinna \u00feurfi a\u00f0 samf\u00e9lagsbreytingum til a\u00f0 au\u00f0velda \u00feetta.<\/p>\n

Fj\u00f3rar kenningar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Algengt er \u00ed ritum um r\u00e9ttarheimspeki a\u00f0 skipta fem\u00edn\u00edskum lagakenningum \u00ed frj\u00e1lslyndar, menningarlegar, r\u00f3tt\u00e6kar og s\u00ed\u00f0-m\u00f3dern\u00edskar fem\u00edn\u00edskar lagakenningar. L\u00edtum a\u00f0eins n\u00e1nar \u00e1 \u00feetta.<\/p>\n

Frj\u00e1lslyndar fem\u00edn\u00edskar kenningar leggja \u00e1herslu \u00e1 jafnan r\u00e9tt kvenna og karla \u00e1 \u00f6llum svi\u00f0um samf\u00e9lagsins, svo sem \u00feegar kemur a\u00f0 kosningar\u00e9tti, r\u00e9tti til menntunar, atvinnu, launa og \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku \u00ed stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lum. \u00de\u00f3tt \u00e1rangur hafi veri\u00f0 mikill \u00ed Vestr\u00e6num l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isr\u00edkjum, hafa sumir fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn bent \u00e1 a\u00f0 konur s\u00e9u enn a\u00f0 starfa innan ramma sem m\u00f3ta\u00f0ur s\u00e9 af k\u00f6rlum. Me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum or\u00f0um jafnr\u00e9tti\u00f0 hafi tryggt konum mikilv\u00e6g r\u00e9ttindi \u00ed samf\u00e9laginu en hafi ekki breytt \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed grundvallartri\u00f0um enda s\u00e9 \u00fea\u00f0 enn\u00fe\u00e1 krall\u00e6gt. \u00de\u00e6r horfa \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1 \u00feessar \u00farb\u00e6tur sem a\u00f0l\u00f6gun a\u00f0 heimi karla fremur en raunverulega endursko\u00f0un \u00e1 gildum hins karll\u00e6ga samf\u00e9lags. Fem\u00edn\u00edskar jafnr\u00e9ttishugmyndir \u00fer\u00f3u\u00f0ust s\u00ed\u00f0an sm\u00e1m saman, og kosningar\u00e9ttur kvenna var ekki vi\u00f0urkenndur \u00ed m\u00f6rgum l\u00f6ndum fyrr en \u00e1 20. \u00f6ld, t.d. 1915 \u00e1 \u00cdslandi.<\/p>\n

Menningarlegar fem\u00edn\u00edskar lagakenningar leggja \u00e1herslu \u00e1 e\u00f0lisl\u00e6gan mun kynjanna.\u00a0 Carol Gilligan (In a Different Voice<\/em>) er gjarnan nefnd \u00ed \u00feessu sambandi og leggur \u00e1herslu \u00e1 e\u00f0lisl\u00e6gan mun kynjanna og mismunandi si\u00f0fer\u00f0ilegt sj\u00f3narhorn karla og kvenna. H\u00fan sta\u00f0h\u00e6fir a\u00f0 karlar leggi \u00e1herslu \u00e1 sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0i og r\u00e9ttindi, en konur \u00e1 umhyggju og tengsl. Lausnir kvenna \u00e1 vandam\u00e1lum dagsins mi\u00f0ist vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 vi\u00f0halda samb\u00f6ndum\u00a0 og vi\u00f0urkenna beri sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0 kvenna. Robin L. West (J<\/em>urisprudence and Gender<\/em> 1988) er annar fr\u00e6\u00f0ima\u00f0ur af \u00feessum mei\u00f0i og telur a\u00f0 konur s\u00e9u \u201etengdar\u201c \u00f6\u00f0rum frekar en sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0ar einingar, og a\u00f0 reynsla \u00feeirra s\u00e9 m\u00f3tu\u00f0 af l\u00edffr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum og f\u00e9lagslegum \u00fe\u00e1ttum. \u00deungun, barnsbur\u00f0ur og brj\u00f3stagj\u00f6f s\u00e9u ein birtingarmynd \u00feessa. H\u00e9r hafa vissulega komi\u00f0 fram andm\u00e6li eins og vi\u00f0 \u00f6llum kenningum sem einhvers vir\u00f0i eru. \u00deannig benda sumir \u00e1 a\u00f0 vandinn vi\u00f0 \u00feessar hugmyndir s\u00e9 a\u00f0 ekki deili allar konur \u00feessari reynslu, sem vekur spurningar um sannindi \u00feessara kenninga fyrir allar konur.<\/p>\n

\u00de\u00e1 eru \u00fea\u00f0 r\u00f3tt\u00e6kar fem\u00edn\u00edskar kenningar sem leggja \u00e1herslu \u00e1 a\u00f0 konur s\u00e9u s\u00e9rst\u00f6k st\u00e9tt undir yfirr\u00e1\u00f0um karla. Bandar\u00edski pr\u00f3fessorinn Catharine MacKinnon (Toward a Feminist Theory of the State 1989) <\/em>segir a\u00f0 l\u00f6g og samf\u00e9lag vi\u00f0haldi yfirr\u00e1\u00f0um karla og a\u00f0 konur ver\u00f0i a\u00f0 meta \u00e1 \u00feeirra eigin forsendum, ekki forsendum karla. \u00deessar kenningar segja a\u00f0 samf\u00e9lagi\u00f0 almennt meti kvenlega eiginleika minna sem leggi grunn a\u00f0 \u00f3jafnri st\u00f6\u00f0u karla og kvenna. Hugsunin er a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00f6ll (l\u00edka konur) h\u00f6fum tilhneigingu til a\u00f0 l\u00edta svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0nir eiginleikar s\u00e9u taldir karll\u00e6gir (r\u00f6kv\u00edsi, athafnasemi, reglur) og a\u00f0rir kvenl\u00e6gir (tilfinningasemi, vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mni og atviksbundnar (contextualised) lausnir \u00e1 \u00e1greiningsefnum fremur en a\u00f0 beita fyrirfram gefnum reglum). Samf\u00e9lagi\u00f0 metur \u00fe\u00e1 eiginleika meira sem vi\u00f0 tengjum almennt vi\u00f0 karla, sem styrkir st\u00f6\u00f0u karla \u00e1 kostna\u00f0 kvenna \u00feegar \u00e1 heildina er liti\u00f0. Til a\u00f0 ekki s\u00e9 neinn misskilningur \u00fe\u00e1 er h\u00f6fundur ekki a\u00f0 halda \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 \u00feetta s\u00e9 munurinn \u00e1 konum og k\u00f6rlum. Fremur er a\u00f0 sko\u00f0un Catharine MacKinnon a\u00f0 \u00feetta endurspegli algeng vi\u00f0horf \u00ed samf\u00e9laginu, b\u00e6\u00f0i me\u00f0al karla og kvenna og a\u00f0 \u00feau \u00feurfi a\u00f0 uppr\u00e6ta.<\/p>\n

S\u00ed\u00f0-m\u00f3dern\u00edskar fem\u00edn\u00edskar kenningar hafna hugmyndum um algild sannindi um konur. Engin ein fem\u00edn\u00edsk kenning \u00fej\u00f3ni \u00f6llum konum vegna fj\u00f6lbreytileika \u00feeirra \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0erni, tr\u00fa, menningu, st\u00e9tt, menntun, efnahagslegri st\u00f6\u00f0u o.s.frv. Engin lei\u00f0 s\u00e9 a\u00f0 skilgreina e\u00f0a afmarka hi\u00f0 almenna \u201ekvenl\u00e6ga\u201c sj\u00f3narhorn\u201c sem sameiginlegt s\u00e9 \u00f6llum konum. Svo segja sumir a\u00f0 \u00feessar kenningar sem nefndar voru s\u00e9u b\u00fanar s\u00e9u til af hv\u00edtum menntu\u00f0um konum sem b\u00fai vi\u00f0 traustan efnahag, sem minnir \u00f3neitanlega \u00e1 karlana sem sag\u00f0ir eru hafa b\u00fai\u00f0 til hinar klass\u00edsku karll\u00e6gu kenningar. \u00deessar konur s\u00e9u \u00fev\u00ed, ekki frekar en karlarnir, handahafar hugmynda og kenninga sem gagnist \u00f6llum konum sem b\u00fai, r\u00e9tt eins og karlarnir, vi\u00f0 mj\u00f6g \u00f3l\u00edkt hlutskipti \u00ed l\u00edfinu hvort heldur horft er til menntunar, fj\u00e1rhags, menningar, heilsu e\u00f0a \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsst\u00f6\u00f0u e\u00f0a annarra \u00fe\u00e1tta.<\/p>\n

Ein kenning fyrir allar konur?<\/p>\n

A\u00f0 lokum, fem\u00edn\u00edskar lagakenningar hafa haft \u00fdmisleg \u00e1hrif me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 leggja \u00e1herslu \u00e1 reynslu og sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0 kvenna og me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 f\u00e6ra r\u00f6k a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 l\u00f6g og r\u00e9ttarkerfi m\u00f3tist af fe\u00f0raveldi, s\u00e9 karll\u00e6gt og benda \u00e1 f\u00e9lagslega \u00fe\u00e6tti sem m\u00f3ta hugmyndir okkar um kynin. Fem\u00edn\u00edskar lagakenningar vekja til umhugsunar um r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ti, vald og f\u00e9lagslega mismunun og bj\u00f3\u00f0a upp \u00e1 \u00e1hugavert sj\u00f3narhorn \u00ed l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum ranns\u00f3knum. Endanleg sv\u00f6r og sannleika fyrir allar konur hafa \u00fe\u00e6r \u00fe\u00f3 sennilega ekki a\u00f0 geyma, ekkert frekar en kenningarnar sem m\u00f3ta\u00f0ar hafa veri\u00f0 af k\u00f6rlum hafa a\u00f0 geyma endanleg sv\u00f6r og sannleik fyrir alla karla.<\/p>\n

H\u00f6fundur er h\u00e6star\u00e9ttarl\u00f6gma\u00f0ur og pr\u00f3fessor vi\u00f0 lagadeild HA<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Inngangur Kvennaverkfalli\u00f0 \u00e1 d\u00f6gunum og samf\u00e9lagsumr\u00e6\u00f0a \u00ed a\u00f0draganda \u00feess og \u00ed kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0 gefur m\u00e9r tilefni til a\u00f0 rifja upp nokkur atri\u00f0i um fem\u00edn\u00edsk l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i e\u00f0a lagakenningar (feminist legal theory). Klass\u00edskar kenningar \u00ed r\u00e9ttarheimspeki hafa flestar, jafnvel allar, veri\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0ar af … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1298,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"link","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[759],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1161","post","type-post","status-publish","format-link","hentry","category-oflokkad","post_format-post-format-link"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1161","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1298"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1161"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1161\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1169,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1161\/revisions\/1169"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1161"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1161"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1161"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}