{"id":1210,"date":"2026-05-27T11:04:15","date_gmt":"2026-05-27T11:04:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/?p=1210"},"modified":"2026-05-27T11:24:09","modified_gmt":"2026-05-27T11:24:09","slug":"vernd-mannrettinda-a-vettvangi-esb","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/2026\/05\/27\/vernd-mannrettinda-a-vettvangi-esb\/","title":{"rendered":"Vernd mannr\u00e9ttinda \u00e1 vettvangi ESB"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Vernd mannr\u00e9ttinda er vaxandi \u00fe\u00e1ttur \u00ed samstarfi r\u00edkja \u00e1 vettvangi ESB. \u00de\u00f3tt sambandi\u00f0 hafi upphaflega veri\u00f0 stofna\u00f0 um efnahagslegt samstarf me\u00f0 \u00e1herslu \u00e1 innri marka\u00f0, tollabandalag og frj\u00e1lsa f\u00f6r v\u00f6ru, \u00fej\u00f3nustu, fj\u00e1rmagns og f\u00f3lks, hefur samstarfi\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3ast yfir \u00e1 \u00f6nnur svi\u00f0. N\u00fa tekur \u00fea\u00f0 me\u00f0al annars til utanr\u00edkism\u00e1la, \u00f6ryggis- og varnarm\u00e1la, umhverfisverndar og m\u00e1lefna sem var\u00f0a frelsi og mannr\u00e9ttindi.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u00der\u00f3un mannr\u00e9ttindaverndar innan ESB tengdist fr\u00e1 upphafi \u00feeirri s\u00e9rst\u00f6\u00f0u sambandsins a\u00f0 hafa heimildir til a\u00f0 setja reglur um innri marka\u00f0inn sem geta haft bein r\u00e9ttar\u00e1hrif innan a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkjanna. Vegna \u00feessara valdheimilda komu snemma upp \u00e1litaefni um hvernig breg\u00f0ast skyldi vi\u00f0 ef s\u00fa sta\u00f0a k\u00e6mi upp a\u00f0 ESB-r\u00e9ttur stanga\u00f0ist \u00e1 vi\u00f0 mannr\u00e9ttinda\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1r a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkjanna. Nau\u00f0synlegt \u00fe\u00f3tti a\u00f0 tryggja a\u00f0 borgarar nytu verndar gegn m\u00f6gulegum brotum af h\u00e1lfu stofnana sambandsins e\u00f0a r\u00edkja \u00feegar \u00feau innlei\u00f0a og beita ESB-r\u00e9tti.<\/p>\n

Mannr\u00e9ttindavernd \u00e1 vettvangi ESB<\/em><\/h3>\n

Grundv\u00f6llur mannr\u00e9ttindaverndar innan ESB er 6. gr. s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lans um ESB. \u00dear er kve\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 um a\u00f0 sambandi\u00f0 vi\u00f0urkenni \u00feau r\u00e9ttindi og frelsi sem trygg\u00f0 s\u00e9u \u00ed s\u00e1ttm\u00e1la ESB um grundvallarr\u00e9ttindi og a\u00f0 hann hafi s\u00f6mu st\u00f6\u00f0u og stofns\u00e1ttm\u00e1lar sambandsins. \u00de\u00e1 kemur einnig fram a\u00f0 grundvallarr\u00e9ttindi samkv\u00e6mt mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Evr\u00f3pu (MSE) og sameiginlegum stj\u00f3rnskipunarhef\u00f0um a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkjanna teljist almennar meginreglur \u00ed l\u00f6gum sambandsins.<\/p>\n

S\u00e1ttm\u00e1li ESB um grundvallarr\u00e9ttindi var sam\u00feykktur \u00e1ri\u00f0 2000 en \u00f6\u00f0la\u00f0ist bindandi gildi me\u00f0 gildist\u00f6ku\u00a0Lissabon-s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lans \u00e1ri\u00f0 2009. S\u00e1ttm\u00e1linn er \u00fev\u00ed hluti af\u00a0frumr\u00e9tti<\/em>\u00a0ESB r\u00e9tt eins og stofns\u00e1ttm\u00e1larnir sj\u00e1lfir. Hann bindur b\u00e6\u00f0i stofnanir ESB og a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkin \u00feegar \u00feau framkv\u00e6ma e\u00f0a innlei\u00f0a ESB-r\u00e9tt. \u00deetta \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir a\u00f0 einstaklingar geta byggt \u00e1 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lans fyrir d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum innan a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkjanna \u00feegar m\u00e1l tengjast framkv\u00e6md sambandsr\u00e9ttar.<\/p>\n

Aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti er gildissvi\u00f0 s\u00e1ttm\u00e1la ESB um grundvallarr\u00e9ttindi takmarka\u00f0ra en gildissvi\u00f0\u00a0MSE\u00a0\u00ed \u00feeim skilningi a\u00f0 hann gildir a\u00f0eins \u00feegar a\u00f0ildarr\u00edki beita ESB-r\u00e9tti. S\u00ed\u00f0arnefndi s\u00e1ttm\u00e1linn tekur \u00e1 hinn b\u00f3ginn til allra athafna yfirvalda a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkjanna, \u00f3h\u00e1\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed hvort m\u00e1lefni\u00f0 tengist ESB-r\u00e9tti e\u00f0a ekki. R\u00e9tt er h\u00e9r einnig a\u00f0 nefna a\u00f0 mun fleiri r\u00edki eru a\u00f0ilar a\u00f0 mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Evr\u00f3pu en \u00feau sem eru a\u00f0ilar a\u00f0 ESB.<\/p>\n

N\u00fat\u00edmalegur s\u00e1ttm\u00e1li ESB um grundvallarr\u00e9ttindi<\/em><\/h3>\n

Ef liti\u00f0 er til efnis s\u00e1ttm\u00e1la ESB um grundvallarr\u00e9ttindi er hann v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6kari og n\u00fat\u00edmalegri en\u00a0MSE\u00a0ef svo m\u00e1 segja. S\u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0arnefndi byggist fyrst og fremst \u00e1 vernd hef\u00f0bundinna borgaralegra og stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lalegra r\u00e9ttinda, svo sem r\u00e9ttinum til l\u00edfs, tj\u00e1ningarfrelsis, r\u00e9ttl\u00e1trar m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0ar og fri\u00f0helgi einkal\u00edfs. \u00de\u00f3tt mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ll Evr\u00f3pu hafi me\u00f0 d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6md sinni \u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0 s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lann og a\u00f0 nokkru auki\u00f0 vernd \u00fdmissa r\u00e9ttinda, er uppbygging hans enn a\u00f0 st\u00f3rum hluta m\u00f3tu\u00f0 af a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu eftir s\u00ed\u00f0ari heimsstyrj\u00f6ldina \u00feegar hann var\u00f0 upphaflega til.<\/p>\n

Einn sk\u00fdrasti efnislegi munurinn felst \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 s\u00e1ttm\u00e1li ESB inniheldur mun \u00edtarlegri \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um\u00a0f\u00e9lagsleg r\u00e9ttindi<\/em>\u00a0en mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1li Evr\u00f3pu. \u00cd honum eru me\u00f0al annars \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um r\u00e9tt til f\u00e9lagslegrar a\u00f0sto\u00f0ar, vernd starfsmanna, vinnuumhverfi, r\u00e9tt til foreldraorlofs og vernd gegn \u00f3r\u00e9ttm\u00e6tum upps\u00f6gnum. Sl\u00edk r\u00e9ttindi koma ekki fram me\u00f0 sama h\u00e6tti \u00ed mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Evr\u00f3pu, sem leggur fremur \u00e1herslu \u00e1 hef\u00f0bundin frelsisr\u00e9ttindi.<\/p>\n

S\u00e1ttm\u00e1li ESB um grundvallar\u00e9ttindi tekur einnig mi\u00f0 af samf\u00e9lagslegri \u00fer\u00f3un s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1ratuga. Sk\u00fdrasta d\u00e6mi\u00f0 um \u00fea\u00f0 er sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0ur r\u00e9ttur til pers\u00f3nuverndar og verndar pers\u00f3nuuppl\u00fdsinga samkv\u00e6mt 8. gr. s\u00e1ttm\u00e1la ESB. Mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1li Evr\u00f3pu inniheldur ekkert samb\u00e6rilegt \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i, \u00fe\u00f3tt Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ll Evr\u00f3pu hafi me\u00f0 v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6kri t\u00falkun 8. gr.\u00a0MSE\u00a0tali\u00f0 pers\u00f3nuvernd falla undir fri\u00f0helgi einkal\u00edfs. \u00cd s\u00e1ttm\u00e1la ESB um grundvallarr\u00e9ttindi er \u00feessi r\u00e9ttur hins vegar s\u00e9rstaklega or\u00f0a\u00f0ur.<\/p>\n

Anna\u00f0 mikilv\u00e6gt atri\u00f0i er a\u00f0 s\u00e1ttm\u00e1li ESB tekur a\u00f0 segja m\u00e1 beinni og sk\u00fdrari afst\u00f6\u00f0u gegn mismunun en\u00a0MSE. \u00cd 21. gr. s\u00e1ttm\u00e1la ESB er s\u00e9rstaklega banna\u00f0 a\u00f0 mismuna \u00e1 grundvelli kynhneig\u00f0ar, aldurs, f\u00f6tlunar e\u00f0a\u00a0erf\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0ilegra\u00a0eiginleika. Mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1li Evr\u00f3pu bannar einnig mismunun samkv\u00e6mt 14. gr., en \u00fea\u00f0 bann er \u00ferengra \u00fear sem \u00fea\u00f0 tengist a\u00f0eins \u00f6\u00f0rum r\u00e9ttindum sem s\u00e1ttm\u00e1linn verndar.<\/p>\n

\u00de\u00e1 inniheldur s\u00e1ttm\u00e1li ESB \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i sem tengjast l\u00edfsi\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i og vernd mannlegrar reisnar \u00e1 svi\u00f0um sem tengjast l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i og v\u00edsindum. \u00dear m\u00e1 nefna bann vi\u00f0 kl\u00f3nun manna til \u00e6xlunar og reglur um sam\u00feykki vi\u00f0 l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar ranns\u00f3knir. \u00deessi efni voru l\u00edtt til umr\u00e6\u00f0u \u00feegar mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1li Evr\u00f3pu var sam\u00feykktur og \u00fev\u00ed er ekki a\u00f0 finna samb\u00e6rileg \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00fear.<\/p>\n

Mikilv\u00e6gur efnislegur munur felst einnig \u00ed umhverfisvernd. \u00cd 37. gr. s\u00e1ttm\u00e1la ESB er kve\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 um a\u00f0 tryggja skuli vernd umhverfis og g\u00e6\u00f0i umhverfisins \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 meginregluna um sj\u00e1lfb\u00e6ra \u00fer\u00f3un.\u00a0MSE\u00a0inniheldur ekkert sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6tt \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um umhverfisr\u00e9ttindi. Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ll Evr\u00f3pu hefur \u00fe\u00f3 \u00ed framkv\u00e6md tengt umhverfisvernd vi\u00f0 r\u00e9ttindi \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 fri\u00f0helgi einkal\u00edfs og r\u00e9ttinn til l\u00edfs, til d\u00e6mis \u00feegar mengun e\u00f0a umhverfisspj\u00f6ll hafa \u00e1hrif \u00e1 heilsu einstaklinga. Umhverfisvernd birtist \u00fev\u00ed me\u00f0 sk\u00fdrari h\u00e6tti \u00ed s\u00e1ttm\u00e1la ESB sem hluti af stefnu og gildum sambandsins.<\/p>\n

\u00der\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 s\u00e1ttm\u00e1li ESB um grundvallarr\u00e9ttindi s\u00e9 efnislega v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6kari er \u00fe\u00f3 mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 greina \u00e1 milli r\u00e9ttinda og stefnumi\u00f0a \u00ed honum. Sum \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0in fela \u00ed s\u00e9r bein r\u00e9ttindi sem einstaklingar geta byggt \u00e1 fyrir d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum, svo sem r\u00e9ttinn til pers\u00f3nuverndar e\u00f0a bann vi\u00f0 mismunun. \u00d6nnur \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i eru fremur stefnumarkandi meginreglur sem mi\u00f0a a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 lei\u00f0beina stofnunum ESB og a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkjum vi\u00f0 lagasetningu og framkv\u00e6md r\u00e9ttar. \u00deetta \u00e1 me\u00f0al annars vi\u00f0 um \u00fdmis f\u00e9lagsleg r\u00e9ttindi og \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um umhverfisvernd.\u00a0MSE\u00a0byggist aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti a\u00f0 mestu \u00e1 r\u00e9ttindum sem einstaklingar geta bori\u00f0 beint fyrir sig gagnvart r\u00edkinu.<\/p>\n

\u00cd heild m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1li Evr\u00f3pu og s\u00e1ttm\u00e1li ESB um grundvallarr\u00e9ttindi endurspegli a\u00f0 nokkru \u00f3l\u00edkar \u00e1herslur \u00ed evr\u00f3pskri mannr\u00e9ttindavernd.\u00a0MSE\u00a0leggur megin\u00e1herslu \u00e1 klass\u00edsk borgaraleg og stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1laleg r\u00e9ttindi og vernd einstaklinga gegn r\u00edkisvaldinu, en s\u00e1ttm\u00e1li ESB hefur v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6kari og n\u00fat\u00edmalegri n\u00e1lgun sem n\u00e6r einnig til f\u00e9lagslegra r\u00e9ttinda, gagnaverndar, umhverfisverndar, neytendaverndar, r\u00e9ttar til g\u00f3\u00f0rar stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslu, r\u00e9ttinda aldra\u00f0ra, heilsug\u00e6slu og annarra r\u00e9ttinda sem tengjast \u00fer\u00f3un n\u00fat\u00edmasamf\u00e9lags og s\u00e9rst\u00f6\u00f0u ESB.<\/p>\n

Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ll Evr\u00f3pu fer me\u00f0 t\u00falkun\u00a0MSE. Einstaklingar geta k\u00e6rt r\u00edki til d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins telji \u00feeir a\u00f0 broti\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 gegn r\u00e9ttindum \u00feeirra samkv\u00e6mt s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lanum. D\u00f3mar mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins eru \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarlega bindandi fyrir vi\u00f0komandi r\u00edki og hafa haft mikil \u00e1hrif \u00e1 \u00fer\u00f3un mannr\u00e9ttinda \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu. Evr\u00f3pud\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn \u00ed\u00a0L\u00faxemborg\u00a0fer me\u00f0 vald til a\u00f0 t\u00falka og beita s\u00e1ttm\u00e1la ESB um grundvallarr\u00e9ttindi og t\u00falkun hans er n\u00e1tengd markmi\u00f0um sambandsins og \u00feeirri \u00fe\u00f6rf a\u00f0 tryggja samr\u00e6mda framkv\u00e6md sambandsr\u00e9ttar, einkum \u00e1 svi\u00f0i innri marka\u00f0arins.<\/p>\n

Samspil s\u00e1ttm\u00e1la ESB og mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Evr\u00f3pu<\/em><\/h3>\n

\u00cd 52. gr. s\u00e1ttm\u00e1la ESB kemur fram a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttindi \u00feau sem hann m\u00e6lir fyrir um og samsvara r\u00e9ttindum \u00ed\u00a0MSE\u00a0skuli t\u00falku\u00f0 \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6md mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ls Evr\u00f3pu. Me\u00f0 \u00feessu er leitast vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 tryggja samr\u00e6mi milli kerfanna tveggja um l\u00e1gmarksvernd mannr\u00e9ttinda. \u00deetta er einnig \u00e1r\u00e9tta\u00f0 \u00ed inngangsor\u00f0um s\u00e1ttm\u00e1la ESB um grundvallarr\u00e9ttindi.<\/p>\n

A\u00f0 lokum m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 b\u00e6\u00f0i\u00a0MSE\u00a0og s\u00e1ttm\u00e1li ESB um grundvallarr\u00e9ttindi gegni lykilhlutverki \u00ed vernd mannr\u00e9ttinda \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu.\u00a0MSE\u00a0hefur a\u00f0 geyma \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um borgaraleg og stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1laleg r\u00e9ttindi me\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0u eftirlitskerfi. S\u00e1ttm\u00e1li ESB um grundvallarr\u00e9ttindi byggir a\u00f0 st\u00f3rum hluta \u00e1 \u00feessum grunni en gengur jafnframt lengra me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 fela \u00ed s\u00e9r v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6kari og \u201en\u00fat\u00edmalegri\u201c r\u00e9ttindi og stefnumi\u00f0 sem taka mi\u00f0 af \u00fer\u00f3un samf\u00e9lagsins, umhverfisvernd og s\u00e9rst\u00f6\u00f0u ESB.<\/p>\n

H\u00f6fundur er h\u00e6star\u00e9ttarl\u00f6gma\u00f0ur hj\u00e1\u00a0Thales\u00a0l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i\u00fej\u00f3nustu og pr\u00f3fessor\u00a0emeritus\u00a0vi\u00f0 lagadeild\u00a0HA.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Vernd mannr\u00e9ttinda er vaxandi \u00fe\u00e1ttur \u00ed samstarfi r\u00edkja \u00e1 vettvangi ESB. \u00de\u00f3tt sambandi\u00f0 hafi upphaflega veri\u00f0 stofna\u00f0 um efnahagslegt samstarf me\u00f0 \u00e1herslu \u00e1 innri marka\u00f0, tollabandalag og frj\u00e1lsa f\u00f6r v\u00f6ru, \u00fej\u00f3nustu, fj\u00e1rmagns og f\u00f3lks, hefur samstarfi\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3ast yfir \u00e1 \u00f6nnur … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1298,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"link","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[759],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1210","post","type-post","status-publish","format-link","hentry","category-oflokkad","post_format-post-format-link"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1210","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1298"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1210"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1210\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1212,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1210\/revisions\/1212"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1210"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1210"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1210"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}