I.<\/p>\n
\u00cd \u201ed\u00f3mi\u201c EFTA d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins fr\u00e1 28. \u00e1g\u00fast kemur ekkert s\u00e9rstaklega \u00e1 \u00f3vart.<\/p>\n
Fyrst \u00feetta. \u00cd raun er ekki um d\u00f3m a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a, \u00fe\u00f3tt EFTA d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn kj\u00f3si a\u00f0 nefna skjali\u00f0 \u201ed\u00f3m\u201c. H\u00e9r er um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a r\u00e1\u00f0gefandi \u00e1lit (Advisory Opinion), sem ekki er bindandi, um t\u00falkun \u00e1 tilteknum \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um tilskipunar 93\/13\/EBE fr\u00e1 5. apr\u00edl 1993 um \u00f3r\u00e9ttm\u00e6ta skilm\u00e1la \u00ed neytendasamningum. \u00cd raun er villandi, \u00ed formlegu og efnislegu tilliti, a\u00f0 nota or\u00f0i\u00f0 d\u00f3mur \u00ed \u00feessu sambandi. \u00deetta skiptir m\u00e1li vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feetta \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir m.a. a\u00f0 ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an \u00ed \u00e1greiningum liggur ekki fyrir og vantar \u00ed raun talsvert upp \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 eins og r\u00e1\u00f0a m\u00e1 af \u00fev\u00ed sem segir h\u00e9r \u00ed framhaldinu.<\/p>\n
\u00cd \u00e1litinu r\u00e6\u00f0ir EFTA d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn fyrst um gildsissvi\u00f0 tilskipunarinnar, \u00fe\u00f3tt spurningarnar sem til hans var beint l\u00fati ekki beint a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed atri\u00f0i. Um \u00feetta segir EFTA d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn a\u00f0 \u00ed raun s\u00e9 \u00f3lj\u00f3st hvort hinn \u00edslenski d\u00f3mst\u00f3ll \u00feurfi yfirh\u00f6fu\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00e1liti d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins a\u00f0 halda. \u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0an er 2. mgr. 1. gr. \u00fear sem segir a\u00f0 tilskipunin eigi ekki vi\u00f0 um samningsskilm\u00e1la sem endurspegla l\u00f6g og bindandi stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslu\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i og \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i e\u00f0a meginreglur \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamningum. Umfj\u00f6llun EFTA d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins um \u00feetta atri\u00f0i l\u00fdtur a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed hvort \u00fe\u00e6r innlendu reglur sem skilm\u00e1lar um ver\u00f0tryggingu eru reistir \u00e1 \u00ed umr\u00e6dddum l\u00e1nasamningu lei\u00f0i af bindandi reglum landsr\u00e9ttar. Ef svo er falla skilm\u00e1larnir ekki undir tilskipunina. Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a EFTA d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins er s\u00fa a\u00f0 \u00feetta ver\u00f0i hinn \u00edslenski d\u00f3mst\u00f3ll sj\u00e1lfur a\u00f0 meta, enda byggist \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1 t\u00falkun \u00edslenskra laga.<\/p>\n
\u00cd \u00e1liti s\u00ednu svarar EFTA d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn s\u00ed\u00f0an tilteknum spurningum sem var\u00f0a t\u00falkun \u00e1 tilskipuninni, ef svo kynni a\u00f0 fara a\u00f0 hinn \u00edslenski d\u00f3mst\u00f3ll teldi hana yfirh\u00f6fu\u00f0 eiga vi\u00f0.<\/p>\n
1. Hin fyrsta er hvort ver\u00f0trygging ve\u00f0l\u00e1na til h\u00fassn\u00e6\u00f0iskaupa samr\u00fdmist framangreindri tilskipun. Svar EFTA-d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins er a\u00f0 svo s\u00e9. \u00deetta m\u00e1 l\u00edka or\u00f0a \u00feannig a\u00f0 umr\u00e6dd tilskipun banni ekki sl\u00edka ver\u00f0tryggingu. \u00deetta merkir \u00ed stuttu m\u00e1li a\u00f0 \u00edslenskar reglur sem heimila ver\u00f0tryggingu sl\u00edkra l\u00e1na eru ekki andst\u00e6\u00f0ar \u00feessari tilteknu tilskipun. \u00dev\u00ed m\u00e1 b\u00e6ta vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 enn s\u00ed\u00f0ur m\u00e6lir \u00feessi tilskipun fyrir um a\u00f0 sl\u00edk l\u00e1ni skuli vera ver\u00f0trygg\u00f0. \u00cd stuttu m\u00e1li, er \u00fea\u00f0 ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a \u00e1litsins a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 \u00e1 valdi \u00edslenska l\u00f6ggjafans a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0a hvort sl\u00edk ver\u00f0trygging skuli heimilu\u00f0 e\u00f0a ekki. \u00deetta er einfaldlega p\u00f3lit\u00edsk \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un. M\u00e9r s\u00fdnist af \u00feessu a\u00f0 \u00fear me\u00f0 skipti \u00ed raun \u00ed meginatri\u00f0um ekki m\u00e1li, a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er \u00feetta atri\u00f0i var\u00f0ar, hvort tilskipunin gildir um samningsksilm\u00e1lana e\u00f0a ekki, \u00fev\u00ed h\u00fan bannar ver\u00f0trygginguna ekki hvort sem er.<\/p>\n
2. N\u00e6stu spurningu lei\u00f0ir af \u00feeirri fyrstu, en h\u00fan er s\u00fa hvort tilskipunin, teljist h\u00fan ekki banna ver\u00f0tryggingu, takmarki \u00fe\u00e1 svigr\u00fam r\u00edkis til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0a reglur um hvernig ver\u00f0trygging (v\u00edsistalan) skuli reiknu\u00f0 \u00fat. Svar EFTA d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins er a\u00f0 svo s\u00e9 ekki. \u00deetta mekir a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 er \u00ed meginatri\u00f0um \u00e1 valdi hins innlenda l\u00f6ggjafa a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0a me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum e\u00f0a stj\u00f3rnvaldsfyrirm\u00e6lum hva\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e6ttir geti valdi\u00f0 breytingum \u00e1 v\u00edsit\u00f6lunni og hvernig h\u00fan skuli m\u00e6ld og \u00fear me\u00f0 hva\u00f0a \u00e1hrif og a\u00f0 hva\u00f0a marki h\u00fan skuli hafa \u00e1 ver\u00f0trygg\u00f0 l\u00e1n.<\/p>\n
3. \u00deri\u00f0ja spurningin l\u00fdtur a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed hvort \u00fe\u00e6r a\u00f0fer\u00f0ir sem \u00cdslandsbanki nota\u00f0i til a\u00f0 kynna fyrir l\u00e1ntakanda ver\u00f0tryggingar\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0in samr\u00e6mdust tilskipuninni og \u00feannig \u00ed reynd veri\u00f0 sami\u00f0 um skilm\u00e1la um ver\u00f0tryggingu. \u00cd svarinu setur EFTA-d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn fram hin almennu sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0 sem vi\u00f0 eiga samkv\u00e6mt tilskipununni um \u00feetta atri\u00f0i og klykkir s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00fat me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 segja a\u00f0 s\u00e9 \u00ed raun hlutverk hins \u00edslenska d\u00f3mst\u00f3ls a\u00f0 taka afst\u00f6\u00f0u til \u00feess hvort sami\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 s\u00e9rstaklega um tiltekinn samningsskilm\u00e1la \u00ed skilningi 3. gr. tilskipunar 93\/13\/EBE. \u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0an er s\u00fa a\u00f0 \u00feetta er atri\u00f0i, sem veltur \u00e1 n\u00e1nari atvikum m\u00e1lsins (sta\u00f0reyndum) og sumpart \u00e1 \u00edslenskum r\u00e9ttarreglum, sem eftir atvikum kunna a\u00f0 m\u00e6la fyrir um r\u00edkari vernd en tilskipunin m\u00e6lir fyrir um, en h\u00fan veiti bara l\u00e1gmarksvernd og standi ekki \u00ed vegi fyrir a\u00f0 r\u00edki veiti betri vernd. \u00cd stuttu m\u00e1li, d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn veitir ekki svar vi\u00f0 \u00feessari spurningu \u00f6\u00f0ru v\u00edsi en me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 rekja almenn sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0, sem eftir atvikum, geta gagnast hinum \u00edslenska d\u00f3mst\u00f3l \u00feegar hann kve\u00f0ur upp sinn d\u00f3m.<\/p>\n
4. \u00cd fj\u00f3r\u00f0a lagi er spurt hvort a\u00f0fer\u00f0in vi\u00f0 \u00fatreikning ver\u00f0tryggingarinn \u00ed um\u00e6ddum m\u00e1li hafi veri\u00f0 \u00fatsk\u00fdr\u00f0 \u201er\u00e6kilega\u201c \u00ed skilningi tilskipunarinnar. \u00deessari spurningu svarar EFTA d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn heldur ekki beint, a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru leyti en a\u00f0 setja fram almenn sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0 um t\u00falkun or\u00f0sins \u201er\u00e6kilega\u201c eins og \u00fea\u00f0 er nota\u00f0 \u00ed tilskipuninni. A\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru leyti s\u00e9 \u00fea\u00f0 hutverk hins \u00edslenska d\u00f3mst\u00f3ls a\u00f0 taka afst\u00f6\u00f0u til \u00feessa \u00e1 grundvelli atvika \u00ed m\u00e1linu og eftir atvikum \u00e1 grundvelli \u00edslenskra regla sem kunna a\u00f0 veita betri vernd en tilskipunin.<\/p>\n
5. Fimmta og s\u00ed\u00f0asta spurningin l\u00fdtur af aflei\u00f0ingum \u00feess ef \u00edslenskur d\u00f3mst\u00f3ll kemst a\u00f0 \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u a\u00f0 ver\u00f0tryggingarskilm\u00e1larnir \u00ed \u00feessu umr\u00e6dda m\u00e1li teljist \u00f3r\u00e9ttm\u00e6tir. Um \u00fea\u00f0 segir EFTA d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn, a\u00f0 tryggja beri a\u00f0 sl\u00edkur skilm\u00e1li s\u00e9 \u00f3skuldbindandi fyrir neytandann a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed gefnu a\u00f0 samningurinn geti haldi\u00f0 gildi s\u00ednu a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru leyti, a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed marki sem reglur landsr\u00e9ttar leyfa. Spurning er skilyrt og svari\u00f0 l\u00edka. Ver\u00f0ur \u00feetta ekki r\u00e6tt h\u00e9r frekar, enda \u00e1 svar EFTA d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins vi\u00f0 \u00feessari spurningu eing\u00f6ngu vi\u00f0 ef hinn \u00edslenski d\u00f3mst\u00f3ll kemst a\u00f0 \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u a\u00f0 ver\u00f0tryggingarskilm\u00e1lanir \u00ed umr\u00e6ddu ve\u00f0skulabr\u00e9fi teljist \u00f3r\u00e9ttm\u00e6tir samkv\u00e6mt tilskipuninni.<\/p>\n
II.<\/p>\n
N\u00fa m\u00e1 spyrja hva\u00f0a \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu \u00e1liti\u00f0 hefur \u00ed framhaldinu. \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed sambandi er haganlegt a\u00f0 gera greinarmun, annars vegar \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed, hva\u00f0a \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu \u00e1liti\u00f0 hefur fyrir \u00feetta tiltekna d\u00f3msm\u00e1l sem \u00fea\u00f0 er hluti af og hins vegar hva\u00f0a \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu \u00fea\u00f0 hefur fyrir hinn \u201ep\u00f3lit\u00edska\u201c \u00e1greining sem veri\u00f0 hefur um ver\u00f0trygginguna og kosti hennar og galla \u00ed hinu v\u00ed\u00f0ara samhengi. Um hi\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ara er fjalla\u00f0 \u00ed III. hluta h\u00e9r \u00e1 eftir.<\/p>\n
A\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er var\u00f0ar \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu \u00e1litsins fyrir framhald m\u00e1lsins fyrir h\u00e9ra\u00f0sd\u00f3mi (og s\u00ed\u00f0ar H\u00e6star\u00e9tti, ef svo ber undir) er \u00feetta a\u00f0 segja. Fyrst m\u00e1 nefna a\u00f0 \u00e1litam\u00e1linu um hvort tilskipunin tekur yfirh\u00f6fu\u00f0 til skilm\u00e1lanna \u00ed l\u00e1nasamingi \u00feeim sem deilt er um \u00ed m\u00e1linu er \u00ed reynd ekki svara\u00f0, \u00fev\u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0ist af t\u00falkun \u00edslenskra laga. Um fyrstu spurninguna segir \u00e1liti\u00f0 a\u00f0eins a\u00f0 tilskipunin banni ekki ver\u00f0trygginguna. \u00dea\u00f0 segir aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti ekkert um \u00fea\u00f0 hvort h\u00fan er samt sem \u00e1\u00f0ur b\u00f6nnu\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur sem uppi eru \u00ed \u00feessu tiltekna m\u00e1li samkv\u00e6mt \u00f6\u00f0rum reglum sem vi\u00f0 kunna a\u00f0 eiga. Svo er t\u00e6past og m\u00e1 \u00feannig gera r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 \u00edslenskri d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar komist a\u00f0 \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u a\u00f0 ver\u00f0tryggingin s\u00e9 sem sl\u00edk ekki \u201e\u00f3r\u00e9ttm\u00e6tur skilm\u00e1li\u201c, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt tilskipunin \u00fe\u00e6tti eiga vi\u00f0.<\/p>\n
\u00cd svari vi\u00f0 annarri spurningunni segir a\u00f0eins a\u00f0 tilskipunin, ef h\u00fan er talin eiga vi\u00f0, takmarki ekki svigr\u00fam r\u00edkis til a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0a reglur um hvernig ver\u00f0trygging (v\u00edsistalan) skuli reiknu\u00f0 \u00fat. \u00dea\u00f0 s\u00e9 \u00e1 valdi innlenda l\u00f6ggjafans a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0a me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum e\u00f0a stj\u00f3rnvaldsfyrirm\u00e6lum hva\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e6ttir geti valdi\u00f0 breytingum \u00e1 v\u00edsit\u00f6lunni og hvernig h\u00fan skuli m\u00e6ld og \u00fear me\u00f0 hva\u00f0a \u00e1hrif og a\u00f0 hva\u00f0a marki h\u00fan skuli hafa \u00e1 ver\u00f0trygg\u00f0 h\u00fassn\u00e6\u00f0isl\u00e1n. \u00c1liti\u00f0 segir aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti ekkert um hvort allt \u00fea\u00f0 m\u00f3verk sem um \u00feetta gildir \u00e1 \u00cdslandi stenst samkv\u00e6mt \u00edslenskum l\u00f6gum og reglum, m.a. annars um \u00fea\u00f0 hvort reglur sem um \u00feetta gilda eigi s\u00e9r fulln\u00e6gjandi lagasto\u00f0, hvort \u00feeim er r\u00e9ttilega beitt \u00ed \u00feessu tiltekna m\u00e1li o.s.frv. \u00deannig \u00fatilokar \u00e1liti\u00f0 ekki a\u00f0 \u00edslenskur d\u00f3mst\u00f3ll komist a\u00f0 \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u a\u00f0 \u00edslenska regluverkinu s\u00e9 \u00e1f\u00e1tt e\u00f0a \u00feeim ranglega beitt \u00ed \u00feessu tiltekna m\u00e1li. \u00deetta ber ekki a\u00f0 skilja \u00feannig a\u00f0 \u00e9g sp\u00e1i sl\u00edkri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u fyrir \u00edslenskum d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum enda v\u00e6ri \u00fea\u00f0 \u00f3varlegt \u00e1 \u00feessu stigi. \u00deetta er sagt eing\u00f6ngu til a\u00f0 undirstrika a\u00f0 \u00e1liti\u00f0 svarar ekki \u00e1litaefninu nema a\u00f0 litlum hluta.<\/p>\n
Sv\u00f6rin vi\u00f0 \u00feri\u00f0ju og fj\u00f3r\u00f0u spurningunni eru a\u00f0eins hj\u00e1lpleg a\u00f0 mj\u00f6g litlu leyti \u00fev\u00ed \u00fear segir EFTA d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn a\u00f0eins a\u00f0 \u00edslenskir d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar ver\u00f0i sj\u00e1lfir a\u00f0 svara \u00feeim spurningum \u00ed lj\u00f3si atvika m\u00e1lsins og annarra \u00edslenskra r\u00e9ttarreglna sem vi\u00f0 kunna a\u00f0 eiga. L\u00fdsing EFTA d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins \u00e1 hinum almennu sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0um sem eiga vi\u00f0 um t\u00falkun \u00e1 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um tilskipunarinnar, svo langt sem h\u00fan n\u00e6r, kann a\u00f0 vera gagnleg vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 mat \u00edslenskra d\u00f3mst\u00f3la, en bindur ekki, a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er best ver\u00f0ur s\u00e9\u00f0, hendur \u00feeirra \u00ed neinum verulegum atri\u00f0um.<\/p>\n
Um svari\u00f0 vi\u00f0 fimmtu spurningunni er \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 segja, a\u00f0 komist \u00edslenskir d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 skilm\u00e1larnir eins og \u00feeir voru settir fram \u00ed \u00feessu tiltekna m\u00e1li hafi veri\u00f0 \u00f3r\u00e9ttm\u00e6tir (og tilskipunin er talin eiga vi\u00f0) hefur \u00fea\u00f0 v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6kar aflei\u00f0ingar fyrir alla sl\u00edka ve\u00f0l\u00e1nasamninga sem sta\u00f0i\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 me\u00f0 sama h\u00e6tti og \u00ed \u00feessu m\u00e1li (og a\u00f0eins \u00fe\u00e1). \u00deau vandr\u00e6\u00f0i sem af \u00fev\u00ed l\u00edklega hlj\u00f3tast eru af vi\u00f0skiptalegum og fj\u00e1rhagslegum toga og strangt til teki\u00f0 a\u00f0 mestu utan vi\u00f0 hin l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu \u00e1litaefni.<\/p>\n
III.<\/p>\n
Hva\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu hefur \u00e1liti\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0an fyrir hina v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6kari umr\u00e6\u00f0u um ver\u00f0trygginguna? \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed sambandi skiptir tvennt meginm\u00e1li. \u00cd fyrsta lagi s\u00fa sta\u00f0reynd a\u00f0 ver\u00f0tryggingin er ekki andst\u00e6\u00f0 tilskipuninni sem h\u00e9r um r\u00e6\u00f0ir, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt h\u00fan yr\u00f0i talin eiga vi\u00f0. \u201eAndst\u00e6\u00f0ingar\u201c ver\u00f0tryggingar geta \u00fe\u00e1 ekki lengur nota\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 r\u00f6ksemd. En \u00e1 sama t\u00edma segir \u00e1liti\u00f0 heldur ekkert um a\u00f0rar r\u00f6ksemdir \u00feeirra sem vilja ver\u00f0trygginguna feiga.<\/p>\n
\u00cd \u00f6\u00f0ru lagi segir \u00ed \u00e1litinu a\u00f0 Evr\u00f3putilskipunin takmarki ekki svigr\u00fam r\u00edkis til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0a reglur um hvernig ver\u00f0trygging (v\u00edsistalan) skuli reiknu\u00f0 \u00fat og hva\u00f0a \u00e1hrif og a\u00f0 hva\u00f0a marki h\u00fan skuli hafa \u00e1 ver\u00f0trygg\u00f0 h\u00fasn\u00e6\u00f0isl\u00e1n. \u00dear me\u00f0 geta \u201estu\u00f0ningsmenn\u201c ver\u00f0tryggingar ekki nota\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 r\u00f6ksemd (hafi \u00feeir gert \u00fea\u00f0), a\u00f0 \u00feessi tilskipun setji skor\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 r\u00edkisvaldi\u00f0 breyti n\u00faverandi reglum um hvernig v\u00edsitalan skuli reiknu\u00f0 \u00fat og hver \u00e1hrif hennar \u00e1 ver\u00f0trygg\u00f0ar skuldir skuli vera, m.a. me\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 markmi\u00f0i a\u00f0 draga \u00far neikv\u00e6\u00f0um \u00e1hrifum hennar fyrir skuldara. A\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru leyti leysir \u00e1liti\u00f0 ekki \u00far hinum p\u00f3lit\u00edska \u00e1greiningi um v\u00edsit\u00f6luna og ver\u00f0trygginguna \u00e1 nokkrun h\u00e1tt.<\/p>\n
IV.<\/p>\n
\u00deess g\u00e6tir stundum a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lamenn leyti skj\u00f3ls \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarlegum skuldbindingum vi\u00f0 \u00e1kvar\u00f0anat\u00f6ku, hvort heldur um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a EES-samninginn e\u00f0a a\u00f0ra samninga. \u00deegar \u00feeir framfylgja sl\u00edkum skuldbindingum \u00feykir \u00feeim \u00fea\u00f0 oft lj\u00faft \u00fev\u00ed \u00feeir meta \u00fea\u00f0 svo a\u00f0 \u00feeir geti afla\u00f0 s\u00e9r vins\u00e6lda me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed (\u00fe\u00f3tt \u00feeir s\u00e9u ekki a\u00f0 gera anna\u00f0 en \u00feeim er skylt). \u00deetta \u00e1 t.d. vi\u00f0 mannr\u00e9ttindasamninga. \u00c1 hinn b\u00f3ginn ef um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a \u00e1kvar\u00f0anir sem \u00feeim er skylt a\u00f0 taka, og g\u00e6tu valdi\u00f0 \u00feeim \u00f3vins\u00e6ldum, eiga \u00feeir \u00fea\u00f0 til a\u00f0 \u00feverskallast vi\u00f0 e\u00f0a leita undankomulei\u00f0a. En \u00feeir geta l\u00edka falli\u00f0 \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1 freistni a\u00f0 sk\u00fdla s\u00e9r \u00e1 bak vi\u00f0 \u201emeintar\u201c \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarskuldbindingar til a\u00f0 losna vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 taka \u00f3\u00fe\u00e6gilegar \u00e1kvar\u00f0anir sem m\u00f6gulega geta valdi\u00f0 miklum \u00e1greiningi me\u00f0 \u00f3lj\u00f3sum aflei\u00f0ingum fyrir st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00feeirra \u00ed stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lum.<\/p>\n
Ver\u00f0tryggingam\u00e1li\u00f0 er \u00e1 \u00fdmsan h\u00e1tt \u00e1g\u00e6tt d\u00e6mi um \u00feetta. M\u00f6gulega hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6gilegt fyrir \u00fdmsa stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lamenn a\u00f0 f\u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u a\u00f0 umr\u00e6dd tilskipun \u00e6tti vi\u00f0 og h\u00fan banna\u00f0i ver\u00f0trygginguna. \u00dear me\u00f0 v\u00e6ru \u00feeir neyddir til a\u00f0 afnema hana, me\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0u e\u00f0a illu. \u00dea\u00f0 g\u00e6ti afla\u00f0 \u00feeim vins\u00e6lda hj\u00e1 \u00feorra skuldara, en v\u00e6ri um lei\u00f0 \u00ed \u00f3\u00fe\u00f6kk annarra, einkum fj\u00e1rmagnseigenda, banka o.s.frv. Gagnvart \u00feeim er gott a\u00f0 geta v\u00edsa\u00f0 \u00ed skuldbindinguna s\u00e9r til halds og trausts. Enga sl\u00edk ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u fengu \u00feeir \u00ed ver\u00f0trygginga\u00e1liti EFTA d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins og \u00ed raun eru skilabo\u00f0in b\u00fdsna sk\u00fdr um a\u00f0 \u00feetta s\u00e9 nokku\u00f0 sem \u00feeir ver\u00f0a a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0a sj\u00e1lfir.<\/p>\n
\u00cd n\u00e6sta pistli mun \u00e9g fjalla um hvort og a\u00f0 hva\u00f0 marki meginreglur um samningsfrelsi, stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1in e\u00f0a a\u00f0rar al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legar skuldbindingar, einkum um vernd eignar\u00e9ttinda, kunni a\u00f0 setja skor\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 afn\u00e1mi ver\u00f0tryggingar og vi\u00f0 breytingar \u00e1 grundvelli hennar, e\u00f0a hvort s\u00fa \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un sn\u00fdst a\u00f0eins um p\u00f3lit\u00edsk hyggindi og \u00feor.<\/p>\n
------<\/p>\n
H\u00f6fundur er doktor \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9tti og pr\u00f3fessor vi\u00f0 lagadeild H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn og lagadeild H\u00e1sk\u00f3la \u00cdslands. Hann hefur starfa\u00f0 sem l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur vi\u00f0 EFTA d\u00f3mst\u00f3linn og sem d\u00f3mari vi\u00f0 Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3l Evr\u00f3pu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
I. \u00cd \u201ed\u00f3mi\u201c EFTA d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins fr\u00e1 28. \u00e1g\u00fast kemur ekkert s\u00e9rstaklega \u00e1 \u00f3vart. Fyrst \u00feetta. \u00cd raun er ekki um d\u00f3m a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a, \u00fe\u00f3tt EFTA d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn kj\u00f3si a\u00f0 nefna skjali\u00f0 \u201ed\u00f3m\u201c. H\u00e9r er um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a r\u00e1\u00f0gefandi \u00e1lit (Advisory Opinion), … Continue reading