{"id":155,"date":"2016-10-09T10:39:50","date_gmt":"2016-10-09T10:39:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/?p=155"},"modified":"2016-10-10T19:24:05","modified_gmt":"2016-10-10T19:24:05","slug":"155","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/2016\/10\/09\/155\/","title":{"rendered":"Um \"b\u00farkubann\""},"content":{"rendered":"

B\u00farkur og m\u00f6gulegt bann vi\u00f0 \u00feeim \u00e1 almannaf\u00e6ri hefur veri\u00f0 til umr\u00e6\u00f0u undanfari\u00f0. Sumpart minnir \u00feessi umr\u00e6\u00f0a \u00e1 l\u00f6g um fri\u00f0un h\u00e9ra nr. 23\/1914, en \u00feau voru felld \u00far gildi 75 \u00e1rum eftir a\u00f0 \u00feau voru sett. Ekki er vita\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 h\u00e9ri (lepus europaeus<\/em>) hafi fundist \u00ed \u00edslenskri n\u00e1tt\u00faru \u00e1 gildist\u00edma laganna. Til a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta sanngirni ber \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 geta \u00feess a\u00f0 l\u00f6gin voru upphaflega sett \u00ed lj\u00f3si \u00e1forma um a\u00f0 flytja inn h\u00e9ra og sleppa \u00feeim lausum \u00ed \u00edslenskri n\u00e1tt\u00faru. \u00deau \u00e1form ur\u00f0u ekki a\u00f0 veruleika. Umr\u00e6\u00f0an um b\u00farkur minnir \u00e1 \u00feetta \u00fev\u00ed ekki er vita\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 konur kl\u00e6ddar \u00ed b\u00farkur hafi s\u00e9st miki\u00f0 \u00e1 almannaf\u00e6ri \u00e1 \u00cdslandi.<\/p>\n

En svo sanngirni s\u00e9 aftur til haga haldi\u00f0 m\u00e1 engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur segja a\u00f0 sl\u00edkt bann geti haft \u00feau \u00e1hrif a\u00f0 f\u00e6la konur fr\u00e1 a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta sj\u00e1 sig \u00ed sl\u00edkum fatna\u00f0i \u00e1 almannaf\u00e6ri, enda myndu l\u00f6g um bann vi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed v\u00e6ntanlega gera r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 \u00feeim yr\u00f0i \u00fe\u00e1 (h\u00f3flega) refsa\u00f0. \u00de\u00e1 g\u00e6ti sl\u00edkt bann haft v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6kara gildi fyrir kvenfrelsisbar\u00e1ttu, a\u00f0 svo miklu leyti sem\u00a0 sl\u00edkur kl\u00e6\u00f0na\u00f0ur er t\u00falka\u00f0ur sem merki um k\u00fagun kvenna, en \u00feau r\u00f6k vir\u00f0ast af umr\u00e6\u00f0unni vera \u00feau helstu fyrir m\u00f6gulegu banni.<\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00feessum pistli er ekki tekin afsta\u00f0a til \u00feess hvort \u00e6skilegt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 setja sl\u00edkt bann \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. \u00deess \u00ed sta\u00f0 er rifja\u00f0ur upp d\u00f3mur yfirdeildar mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ls Evr\u00f3pu \u00ed m\u00e1li SAS gegn Frakklandi fr\u00e1 1. j\u00fal\u00ed 2014, en \u00fear reyndi \u00e1 hvort hvort l\u00f6g \u00fear \u00ed landi um bann vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 hylja andliti\u00f0 \u00e1 almannaf\u00e6ri (loi n\u00b0 2010-1192, interdisant la dissimulation du visage dans l'espace public<\/em>) st\u00e6\u00f0ust \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Evr\u00f3pu. T\u00ed\u00f0um er v\u00edsa\u00f0 til \u00feessara laga sem \u201eb\u00farkulaganna\u201c \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00feau hafi annars a\u00f0 geyma almennt bann vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 hylja andliti\u00f0 \u00e1 almannaf\u00e6ri (og \u00fear me\u00f0 a\u00f0rar tegundir fatna\u00f0ar m\u00faslimskra kvenna, sem og annan fatna\u00f0 og \u00fatb\u00fana\u00f0, sem hylur anditi\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00e1\u00feekkum h\u00e6tti). \u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0an er m.a. s\u00fa a\u00f0 greinarger\u00f0ir me\u00f0 l\u00f6gunum og umr\u00e6\u00f0ur \u00ed franska \u00feinginu s\u00fdna a\u00f0 b\u00farkur og niqab voru m\u00f6nnum ofarlega \u00ed huga \u00feegar l\u00f6gin voru sett.<\/p>\n

K\u00e6randi \u00ed m\u00e1linu h\u00e9lt \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0allega fram a\u00f0 banni\u00f0 f\u00e6li \u00ed s\u00e9r brot \u00e1 8., 9., 10. gr og 14. gr. s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lans, en \u00fe\u00e6r fjalla um fri\u00f0helgi einkal\u00edfs, tr\u00fafrelsi, tj\u00e1ningarfrelsi og bann vi\u00f0 mismunun.\u00a0 H\u00fan h\u00e9lt \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 notkun b\u00farku e\u00f0a annars \u00e1\u00feekks fatna\u00f0ar v\u00e6ri \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 tr\u00faarsannf\u00e6ringu hennar, menningu og pers\u00f3nulega sannf\u00e6ringu. H\u00fan h\u00e9lt \u00fev\u00ed einnig fram a\u00f0 h\u00fan kl\u00e6ddist sl\u00edkum fatna\u00f0i a\u00f0 eigin vilja og frumkv\u00e6\u00f0i. Stundum teldi h\u00fan \u00fea\u00f0 eiga vi\u00f0 og stundum ekki. H\u00fan vildi r\u00e1\u00f0a \u00feessu sj\u00e1lf.<\/p>\n

Franska r\u00edki\u00f0 tefldi a\u00f0allega fram tvenns konar r\u00f6kum banninu til r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tingar, \u00fe.e. almanna\u00f6ryggi og vir\u00f0ingu fyrir l\u00e1gmarksgildum \u00ed opnu l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegu samf\u00e9lagi (respect for the minimum set of values of an open democratic society<\/em>). D\u00f3mst\u00f3linn hafna\u00f0i r\u00f6kum sem lutu a\u00f0 almanna\u00f6ryggi, enda gengi almennt bann lengra en \u00fe\u00f6rf v\u00e6ri \u00e1 til a\u00f0 n\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed markmi\u00f0i (me\u00f0alh\u00f3fsregla), \u00fear sem alltaf m\u00e6tti gera \u00fe\u00e1 kr\u00f6fu a\u00f0 einstaklingar lyftu hulunni af andlitinu \u00fear sem \u00feess v\u00e6ri \u00fe\u00f6rf vegna \u00f6ryggissj\u00f3narmi\u00f0a.<\/p>\n

\u00cd s\u00ed\u00f0ari r\u00f6kum r\u00edkisins f\u00f3lust n\u00e1nar tvenns konar sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0. Annars vegar v\u00e6ru l\u00f6gin nau\u00f0synleg til stu\u00f0la a\u00f0 jafnr\u00e9tti kynjanna, enda v\u00e6ri b\u00farkan og annar sl\u00edkur fatna\u00f0ur afrakstur k\u00fagunar karla gegn konum. Hins vegar v\u00e6ri mikilv\u00e6gur hluti af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 lifa saman \u00ed samf\u00e9lagi og \u00ed samskiptum f\u00f3lks a\u00f0 einstaklingar hyldu ekki andlit sitt \u00e1 almannaf\u00e6ri (en. living together<\/em>, fr.\u00a0la\u00a0vivre ensemble<\/em>). D\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn hafna\u00f0i r\u00f6kum sem l\u00fata a\u00f0 jafnr\u00e9tti kynjanna \u00fear sem r\u00edki geti ekki bori\u00f0 fyrir sig \u00ed \u00feessu tilfelli a\u00f0 veri\u00f0 s\u00e9 a\u00f0 vernda konur gegn fatna\u00f0i sem \u00fe\u00e6r sj\u00e1lfar vildu verja r\u00e9tt sinn til a\u00f0 kl\u00e6\u00f0ast.<\/p>\n

\u00c1 hinn b\u00f3ginn f\u00e9llst d\u00f3murinn \u00e1 \u00feau r\u00f6k franska r\u00edkisins sem kennd hafa veri\u00f0 vi\u00f0 la vivre ensemble<\/em> og banni\u00f0 st\u00e6\u00f0ist a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed marki sem um v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a vernd r\u00e9ttinda og frelsis annarra, en \u00fea\u00f0 er samkv\u00e6mt \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lans ein m\u00f6guleg r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ting fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 takmarka r\u00e9ttindi einstaklinga vegna annarra hagsmuna. \u00deetta m\u00e1 or\u00f0a svo a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 r\u00e9ttur annarra \u00ed opnu l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegu samf\u00e9lagi a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 andlit \u00feeirra samborgara sinna sem \u00e1 vegi \u00feeirra ver\u00f0a \u00e1 almannaf\u00e6ri og \u00ed samskiptum vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1. Svo einkennilega sem \u00fea\u00f0 kann a\u00f0 hlj\u00f3ma v\u00edkur \u00fear me\u00f0 r\u00e9ttur k\u00e6randa til a\u00f0 kl\u00e6\u00f0ast t.d. b\u00farku \u00e1 almannaf\u00e6ri fyrir \u00feessum r\u00e9tti samborgara hennar til a\u00f0 sj\u00e1\u00a0 andlit hennar. H\u00e9r \u00fearf einnig a\u00f0 halda til haga a\u00f0 d\u00f3murinn v\u00edsar til n\u00e1l\u00e6g\u00f0arreglunnar (subsidiarity<\/em>) og svigr\u00fams til mats (margin of appreciation<\/em>) en \u00feessar reglur byggja b\u00e1\u00f0ar \u00e1 \u00feeirri hugsun a\u00f0 r\u00edki s\u00e9u betur til \u00feess fallin a\u00f0 meta nau\u00f0syn sl\u00edks banns \u00ed eigin samf\u00e9lagi en d\u00f3marar vi\u00f0 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legan d\u00f3mst\u00f3l og \u00fev\u00ed mati r\u00edkis beri a\u00f0 una ef kjarna r\u00e9ttindinna sem um er deilt er ekki kasta\u00f0 fyrir r\u00f3\u00f0a.<\/p>\n

D\u00f3murinn er langur og \u00edtarlega r\u00f6kstuddur og h\u00e9r a\u00f0eins stikla\u00f0 \u00e1 meginatri\u00f0um og \u00fdmsu sleppt sem \u00fe\u00f3 skiptir m\u00e1li til a\u00f0 skilja til hl\u00edtar \u00feessa, a\u00f0 margra mati, \u00f3v\u00e6ntu ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u. \u00de\u00e1 er \u00feess a\u00f0 geta a\u00f0 \u00ed r\u00edkum m\u00e6li er v\u00edsa\u00f0 til \u00fe\u00e1tta \u00ed franskri menningu um samskipti einstaklinga og r\u00f6kin \u00feannig a\u00f0 vissu marki sni\u00f0in a\u00f0 a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um sem eru taldar s\u00e9rstakar fyrir Frakkland, sem ef til vill eiga ekki vi\u00f0 me\u00f0 sama h\u00e6tti \u00ed menningu og a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um annarra landa.<\/p>\n

D\u00f3murinn skiptir \u00fe\u00f3 m\u00e1li fyrir umr\u00e6\u00f0una \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00fev\u00ed af honum lei\u00f0ir a\u00f0 yr\u00f0u sett samb\u00e6rileg l\u00f6g eru n\u00e6sta fullar l\u00edkur til a\u00f0 \u00feau teldust standast framangreind \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Evr\u00f3pu, hvort heldur m\u00f6nnum l\u00edkar betur e\u00f0a verr. \u00c1 hinn b\u00f3ginn er athyglisvert a\u00f0 d\u00f3murinn hafnar engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur sk\u00fdrlega \u00feeim r\u00f6kum franska r\u00edkisins a\u00f0 sl\u00edk l\u00f6g ver\u00f0i reist \u00e1 sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0um um vernd kvenna og jafnr\u00e9tti kynjanna, enda h\u00e9lt k\u00e6randi \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 h\u00fan nota\u00f0i \u00feennan fatna\u00f0 a\u00f0 eigin vali og frumkv\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00a0\u00deeir sem tala fyrir sl\u00edku banni\u00a0 ger\u00f0u \u00fev\u00ed ef til vill best me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 laga m\u00e1lflutning sinn a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed og freista \u00feess a\u00f0 sannf\u00e6ra \u00feingheim um a\u00f0 la vivre enesmble<\/em> r\u00f6kin eigi einnig vi\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00cdslandi, ekkert s\u00ed\u00f0ur en \u00ed Frakklandi. F\u00e9llist l\u00f6ggjafinn \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 er \u00f3l\u00edklegt, \u00ed lj\u00f3si \u00feessa d\u00f3ms, a\u00f0 mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ll Evr\u00f3pu myndi hnekkja \u00fev\u00ed mati.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

B\u00farkur og m\u00f6gulegt bann vi\u00f0 \u00feeim \u00e1 almannaf\u00e6ri hefur veri\u00f0 til umr\u00e6\u00f0u undanfari\u00f0. Sumpart minnir \u00feessi umr\u00e6\u00f0a \u00e1 l\u00f6g um fri\u00f0un h\u00e9ra nr. 23\/1914, en \u00feau voru felld \u00far gildi 75 \u00e1rum eftir a\u00f0 \u00feau voru sett. Ekki er vita\u00f0 … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1298,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[759],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-155","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-oflokkad"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/155","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1298"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=155"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/155\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":169,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/155\/revisions\/169"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=155"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=155"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=155"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}