{"id":283,"date":"2022-01-12T18:17:05","date_gmt":"2022-01-12T18:17:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/?p=283"},"modified":"2022-11-07T09:28:11","modified_gmt":"2022-11-07T09:28:11","slug":"saklaus-uns-sekt-er-sonnud","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/2022\/01\/12\/saklaus-uns-sekt-er-sonnud\/","title":{"rendered":"Saklaus uns sekt er s\u00f6nnu\u00f0"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00cd \u00feessum pistli er fjalla\u00f0 um regluna um a\u00f0 ma\u00f0ur s\u00e9 saklaus \u00fear til sekt hans er s\u00f6nnu\u00f0 (in dubio pro reo), sem rekja m\u00e1 aftur til R\u00f3mar\u00e9ttar. Reglan er n\u00fa \u00e1 d\u00f6gum talin til grundvallarr\u00e9ttinda \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1lum, sem og stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1m r\u00edkja heims sem kenna sig vi\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarr\u00edki\u00f0. Reglan, sem grundvallarregla, gildir ekki eing\u00f6ngu innan ramma sakam\u00e1ls sem reki\u00f0 er gegn einstaklingi, heldur einnig um framg\u00f6ngu opinberra a\u00f0ila gagnvart einstaklingi sem hefur veri\u00f0 s\u00fdkna\u00f0ur \u00ed sakam\u00e1li. Reglan gildir \u00e1 hinn b\u00f3ginn ekki um opinbera tj\u00e1ningu einstaklinga, \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00feeir geti engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur \u00feurft a\u00f0 axla \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00e1 tj\u00e1ningu sinni ska\u00f0i h\u00fan me\u00f0 \u00f3l\u00f6gm\u00e6tum h\u00e6tti or\u00f0st\u00edr e\u00f0a fri\u00f0helgi einkal\u00edfs \u00feess sem tj\u00e1ningin beinist a\u00f0. \u00de\u00e1 kemur fram a\u00f0 \u201eslaufun\u201c einstaklings \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 sekt hans s\u00e9 s\u00f6nnu\u00f0 s\u00e9 ekki brot \u00e1 reglunni sem lagareglu, enda s\u00e9 um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a f\u00e9lagsleg vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 e\u00f0a f\u00e9lagslegt taumhald sem einn e\u00f0a fleiri einstaklingar saman beita a\u00f0ra en ekki refsingu a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum. \u00c1greiningur um r\u00e9ttm\u00e6ti slaufunar er\u00a0 si\u00f0fer\u00f0ilegur, ekki lagalegur.<\/em><\/p>\n

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  1. Inngangur<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Umr\u00e6\u00f0a um kynfer\u00f0isofbeldi hefur veri\u00f0 \u00e1berandi \u00e1 \u00cdslandi undanfarin misseri. Konur st\u00edga fram \u00e1 opinberum vettvangi og l\u00fdsa ofbeldi e\u00f0a \u00e1reiti sem \u00fe\u00e6r hafi m\u00e1tt \u00feola og nafngreina gerendur. \u00cd kj\u00f6lfari\u00f0 r\u00edsa deilur og v\u00edgl\u00edna dregin milli \u00feeirra sem tr\u00faa vi\u00f0komandi og hinna sem telja a\u00f0 einhli\u00f0a fr\u00e1s\u00f6gn \u00feolanda s\u00e9 ekki n\u00e6gileg s\u00f6nnun um a\u00f0 rangindum hafi veri\u00f0 beitt sem geti r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tt samf\u00e9lagslega \u00fatsk\u00fafun (slaufun) me\u00f0 \u00e1 stundum v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6kum aflei\u00f0ingum fyrir \u00fe\u00e1 sem fyrir ver\u00f0a. Er \u00fe\u00e1 gjarnan v\u00edsa\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 einn af hornsteinum r\u00e9ttarr\u00edkisins s\u00e9 reglan um a\u00f0 ma\u00f0ur skuli eiga r\u00e9tt til a\u00f0 teljast saklaus \u00fear til sekt hans er s\u00f6nnu\u00f0. Ver\u00f0ur h\u00e9r fari\u00f0 nokkrum or\u00f0um um \u00feessa reglu. Hvers konar regla er \u00feetta, hverjir eru bundnir af henni og vi\u00f0 hva\u00f0a a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur?<\/p>\n

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    1. S\u00f6guleg atri\u00f0i<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Reglan er skr\u00e1\u00f0 \u00ed l\u00f6gb\u00f3k Justin\u00edanusar keisara hins Aust-r\u00f3mverska r\u00edkis \u00ed Bysans \u00e1 \u00e1rd\u00f6gum mi\u00f0alda (530\u2013533). \u00dear er h\u00fan l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00fat sem almenn s\u00f6nnunarregla \u00e1 \u00feann h\u00e1tt a\u00f0 s\u00e1 sem fullyr\u00f0ir eitthva\u00f0 beri a\u00f0 f\u00e6ra s\u00f6nnur \u00e1 fullyr\u00f0inguna, en ekki s\u00e1 sem hafnar \u00fev\u00ed e\u00f0a dregur \u00ed efa a\u00f0 h\u00fan s\u00e9 r\u00e9tt.\u00a0 Reglan er \u00ed \u00feessari mynd ekki bundin vi\u00f0 fullyr\u00f0ingar um refsiver\u00f0ar sakir. Reglan mun hafa veri\u00f0 tekin upp sem regla \u00ed refsir\u00e9tti (sakam\u00e1lar\u00e9ttarfari) \u00e1 t\u00edma Ant\u00f3n\u00ednusar P\u00edus keisara \u00ed R\u00f3m \u00e1 \u00e1runum 138 til 161. Samkv\u00e6mt \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1 h\u00fan s\u00e9r h\u00e1tt \u00ed 2000 \u00e1ra s\u00f6gu. S\u00f6gulega stendur reglan \u00e1 traustum grunni og sty\u00f0st a\u00f0 flestra mati vi\u00f0 all r\u00edk skynsemis- og sanngirnisr\u00f6k.<\/p>\n

      Eftir hrun Vest-r\u00f3mverska r\u00edkisins \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ari hluta fimmtu aldar og \u00e1 mi\u00f0\u00f6ldum hvarf R\u00f3mar\u00e9ttur \u00ed skuggann af a\u00f0allega germ\u00f6nskum venjur\u00e9tti \u00ed bland vi\u00f0 r\u00e9ttarhugmyndir einstakra \u00e6ttb\u00e1lka, a.m.k \u00ed nor\u00f0anver\u00f0ri Evr\u00f3pu. Birtist umr\u00e6dd regla m.a. \u00ed \u00feeirri mynd a\u00f0 gert var r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0nar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur m\u00e6tti gera r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir sekt manns \u00fe\u00f3tt\u00a0 s\u00f6nnunarg\u00f6gn v\u00e6ru veik.\u00a0 Hann g\u00e6ti \u00fe\u00f3 bori\u00f0 af s\u00e9r sakir me\u00f0 t.d. tylftarei\u00f0i sem svo hefur veri\u00f0 nefndur. Hann f\u00f3lst \u00ed yfirl\u00fdsingu t\u00f3lf manna um a\u00f0 hinn saka\u00f0i g\u00e6ti ekki hafa gert \u00fea\u00f0 sem honum er gefi\u00f0 a\u00f0 s\u00f6k. A\u00f0 mati sumra r\u00e9ttars\u00f6gufr\u00e6\u00f0inga var tylftarei\u00f0ur og \u00e1\u00feekkar \"s\u00f6nnunara\u00f0fer\u00f0ir\" til \u00feess fallinn a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3na hinum betur megandi \u00ed samf\u00e9laginu sem beittu \u00feeim \u00f3spart gegn f\u00e1t\u00e6ku og f\u00e1fr\u00f3\u00f0u alm\u00fagaf\u00f3lki sem haf\u00f0i f\u00e1 \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0i til a\u00f0 verja hendur s\u00ednar gegn ofr\u00edki yfirst\u00e9ttarinnar. Alm\u00faginn haf\u00f0i \u00feannig skert t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri til bera af s\u00e9r sakir sem hinir r\u00edku og voldugu b\u00e1ru \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e1n traustra sannana. S\u00f6nnunara\u00f0fer\u00f0ir af \u00feessu frumst\u00e6\u00f0a tagi voru sem d\u00e6mi miki\u00f0 nota\u00f0ar \u00e1 t\u00edmum galdraf\u00e1rsins sem h\u00f3fst \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ari hluta 15 . aldar. Ef ma\u00f0ur e\u00f0a kona j\u00e1ta\u00f0i ekki \u00e1 sig galdur sem \u00e1 hann e\u00f0a hana var borinn \u00e1tti vi\u00f0komandi jafnvel l\u00edf sitt undir 12 ei\u00f0m\u00f6nnum sem \u00feurfti a\u00f0 \u00fatnefna til ei\u00f0sv\u00e6ttis. M\u00f6rgum \"galdrakerlingum\" var varpa\u00f0 \u00e1 b\u00e1li\u00f0 vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feeim t\u00f3kst ekki a\u00f0 \"sanna\" sakleysi sitt eins og \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e6r var lagt samkv\u00e6mt \u00feessum r\u00e9ttarhugmyndum. \u00deannig m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 \u00fearna hafi gilt reglan \u201esek(ur) uns sakleysi er sanna\u00f0\u201c.\u00a0 \u00c1 s\u00ed\u00f0mi\u00f0\u00f6ldum var R\u00f3mar\u00e9ttur a\u00f0 nokkru endurvakinn og er s\u00f6gulega mikilv\u00e6gasti grundv\u00f6llur l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0innar eins og h\u00fan er stundu\u00f0 n\u00fa \u00e1 d\u00f6gum \u00ed r\u00edkjum sem b\u00faa vi\u00f0 vestr\u00e6nar r\u00e9ttarhugmyndir. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00f6nnur saga.<\/p>\n

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      1. Grundvallarregla <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        N\u00fa \u00e1 t\u00edmum er liti\u00f0 \u00e1 regluna sem grundvallarr\u00e9ttindi\u00a0 (fundamental rights). Hana er \u00feannig a\u00f0 finna \u00ed mannr\u00e9ttindayfirl\u00fdsingu Sameinu\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna (11. gr.), s\u00e1ttam\u00e1la S\u00de um borgaraleg og stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1laleg r\u00e9ttindi (2. mr. 14. gr.), mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Evr\u00f3pu (MSE) (2. mgr. 6. gr.), mannr\u00e9ttindaskr\u00e1 Evr\u00f3pusambandsins (48. gr.) svo d\u00e6mi s\u00e9u nefnd. \u00de\u00e1 \u00e1 h\u00fan s\u00e9r sto\u00f0 \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1m flestra r\u00edkja heimsins, \u00fear me\u00f0 tali\u00f0 \u00ed \u00edslensku stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1nni (2. mgr. 70. gr.). \u00dear segir: \u201eHver s\u00e1 sem er borinn s\u00f6kum um refsiver\u00f0a h\u00e1ttsemi skal talinn saklaus \u00fear til sekt hans hefur veri\u00f0 s\u00f6nnu\u00f0.\u201d H\u00fan er \u00faf\u00e6r\u00f0 \u00ed l\u00f6gum um me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la nr. 88\/2008 (sml), sbr. 108. og 109. gr.<\/p>\n

        Til fr\u00f3\u00f0leiks m\u00e1 geta \u00feess a\u00f0 reglan \u00ed 2. mgr. 6. gr. MSE er or\u00f0u\u00f0 n\u00e6stum \u00fev\u00ed alveg eins og \u00ed \u00edslensku stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1nni, en \u00fear segir: \u201cHver s\u00e1 sem borinn er s\u00f6kum um refsiver\u00f0a h\u00e1ttsemi skal talinn saklaus uns sekt hans er s\u00f6nnu\u00f0 a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum.\u201d M\u00e6tti \u00fev\u00ed \u00e6tla a\u00f0 d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6md Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ls Evr\u00f3pu (MDE) \u00e6tti a\u00f0 vera lei\u00f0andi um skilning okkar \u00e1 \u00feessari reglu \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1nni og framkv\u00e6md hennar \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. Ver\u00f0ur h\u00e9r fari\u00f0 nokkrum or\u00f0um um regluna eins og h\u00fan birtist \u00ed d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6md MDE.<\/p>\n

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        1. D\u00f3maframkv\u00e6md MDE<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          \u00deegar sko\u00f0a\u00f0 er hvernig \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i 2. mgr. 6. gr. s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lans birtist \u00ed d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6md MDE kemur \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 reglan \u00ed \u00ferengsta skilningi verndar \u00feann sem af l\u00f6greglu e\u00f0a \u00e1k\u00e6randa er borinn s\u00f6kum um refsiver\u00f0a h\u00e1ttsemi. Hann er \u00fe\u00e1 talinn saklaus \u00ed m\u00e1linu sem reki\u00f0 er gegn honum uns sekt hans hefur veri\u00f0 s\u00f6nnu\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00feeim h\u00e6tti a\u00f0 yfir skynsamlegan vafa s\u00e9 hafi\u00f0. Fyrir d\u00f3mi hv\u00edlir \u00e1 \u00e1k\u00e6ruvaldinu af \u00feessum s\u00f6kum a\u00f0 f\u00e6ra fram s\u00f6nnunarg\u00f6gn fyrir \u00feeim s\u00f6kum sem \u00e1 \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0a eru bornar (108. gr. sml.). D\u00f3mari metur hvort s\u00f6nnun uppfyllir skilyr\u00f0i um a\u00f0 vera hafin yfir skynsamlegan vafa (109. gr. sml.). \u00cd \u00feessari mynd birtist reglan sem s\u00f6nnunarregla \u00ed sakam\u00e1lar\u00e9ttafari \u00fear sem ma\u00f0ur \u00ed tilteknu m\u00e1li er borinn s\u00f6kum um refsiver\u00f0a h\u00e1ttsemi.<\/p>\n

          Reglan er \u00fe\u00f3 ekki bundin vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 vera s\u00f6nnunarregla vi\u00f0 m\u00e1lsme\u00f0fer\u00f0 fyrir l\u00f6greglu, \u00e1k\u00e6ruvaldi og d\u00f3mi. H\u00fan er samkv\u00e6mt d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6md MDE v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6kari. \u00deannig hefur veri\u00f0 liti\u00f0 svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 ma\u00f0ur sem hefur veri\u00f0 s\u00fdkna\u00f0ur af tiltekinni h\u00e1ttsemi (t.d. \u00e1k\u00e6ru fyrir kynfer\u00f0isbrot), e\u00f0a \u00fear sem sakam\u00e1l gegn vi\u00f0komandi hefur veri\u00f0 fellt ni\u00f0ur, nj\u00f3ti verndar \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0isins gegn \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 fram vi\u00f0 hann s\u00e9 komi\u00f0 af h\u00e1lfu opinberra a\u00f0ila (\u00fear me\u00f0 taldir d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar) \u00ed \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0unum \u00feeirra eftir s\u00fdknu eins og vi\u00f0komandi s\u00e9 eftir sem \u00e1\u00f0ur sekur (e\u00f0a l\u00edklega sekur) um brot \u00fea\u00f0 sem hann var \u00e1k\u00e6r\u00f0ur fyrir, \u00fe\u00f3tt fulln\u00e6gjandi s\u00f6nnun um \u00fea\u00f0 hafi ekki tekist \u00ed sakam\u00e1linu. Eru r\u00f6kin \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 reglunni hafi \u00feegar veri\u00f0 beitt \u00ed sakam\u00e1linu til a\u00f0 koma \u00ed veg fyrir a\u00f0 vi\u00f0komandi s\u00e9 me\u00f0 \u00f3r\u00e9ttm\u00e6tum e\u00f0a \u00f3sanngj\u00f6rnum h\u00e6tti sakfelldur \u00e1n n\u00e6gilegra sannana. Ef ekki \u00feyrfti a\u00f0 vir\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e1 ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u vi\u00f0 me\u00f0fer\u00f0 opinbers valds utan \u00feess ramma sem sakam\u00e1li\u00f0 sj\u00e1lft myndar v\u00e6ri dregi\u00f0 \u00far \u00feeirri vernd sem 2. mgr. 6. gr. MSE er \u00e6tla\u00f0 veita.<\/p>\n

          \u00cd stuttu m\u00e1li geta handhafar opinbers valds (r\u00edkis e\u00f0a sveitarf\u00e9lags) ekki komi\u00f0 fram vi\u00f0 einstakling sem hefur veri\u00f0 s\u00fdkna\u00f0ur, eins og hann s\u00e9 eftir sem \u00e1\u00f0ur sekur e\u00f0a s\u00fdkna hans skipti engu m\u00e1li nema eing\u00f6ngu innan ramma sakam\u00e1lame\u00f0fer\u00f0arinnar sj\u00e1lfrar. Liti\u00f0 er svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00feessar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur yr\u00f0i vernd \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0isins ekki eins virk og h\u00fan \u00e6tti a\u00f0 vera. H\u00e9r b\u00faa einnig \u00feeir hagsmunir a\u00f0 baki a\u00f0 vernda or\u00f0st\u00edr og \u00e6ru vi\u00f0komandi einstaklings sem s\u00fdkna\u00f0ur hefur veri\u00f0. A\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed leyti tengist reglan \u00ed \u00feessum v\u00ed\u00f0ari skilningi einnig \u00feeim hagsmunum sem 8. gr. MSE verndar um fri\u00f0helgi einkal\u00edfs og \u00e6ru einstaklings.<\/p>\n

          Um \u00fea\u00f0 sem h\u00e9r segir vitna nokkrir d\u00f3mar og \u00e1kvar\u00f0anir mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins, sbr. t.d. Zollman gegn Bretlandi <\/em>(\u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un), nr.\u00a062902\/00<\/a>,\u00a0Taliadorou og Stylianou<\/em>\u00a0gegn K\u00fdpur nr. <\/em>39627\/05<\/a>\u00a0og\u00a039631\/05<\/a>, (m\u00e1lsgreinar 27 og 56-59) og \u00a0Allen<\/em> gegn Bretlandi<\/em> nr.\u00a025424\/09<\/a> (m\u00e1lsgreinar 93\u201194) og a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu fr\u00e1 2018 d\u00f3mur \u00ed m\u00e1li G.I.E.M. S.r.l. o.fl. gegn \u00cdtal\u00edu nr.<\/em>\u00a01828\/06<\/a>,\u00a034163\/07<\/a>\u00a0og 19029\/11<\/a>.<\/p>\n

          \u00deessi d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6md \u00e6tti a\u00f0 vera kunnug \u00feeim sem beita opinberu valdi, \u00fear me\u00f0 tali\u00f0 d\u00f3msvaldi, og er \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 sporna vi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 komi\u00f0 s\u00e9 fram vi\u00f0 menn sem s\u00fdkna\u00f0ir hafa veri\u00f0 eins og \u00feeir s\u00e9u samt sem \u00e1\u00f0ur sekir. Ekki er \u00f3varlegt a\u00f0 \u00e6tla a\u00f0 hi\u00f0 sama geti \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 um 2. mgr. 70. gr. \u00edslensku stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rinnar. Fleiri a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur geta komi\u00f0 upp vi\u00f0 beitingu 2. mgr. 6. gr. MSE en h\u00e9r hefur veri\u00f0 l\u00fdst en ver\u00f0a ekki frekar raktar.<\/p>\n

          Samkv\u00e6mt \u00feessu sem fram er komi\u00f0 og a\u00f0 svo miklu leyti sem liti\u00f0 er \u00e1 regluna sem h\u00e9r um r\u00e6\u00f0ir sem lagareglu sem bundin er \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1, almennum l\u00f6gum e\u00f0a mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1lum beinist skyldan til a\u00f0 halda hana \u00ed hei\u00f0ri a\u00f0 yfirv\u00f6ldum r\u00edkis. Fyrst og fremst \u00feeim sem fara me\u00f0 l\u00f6greglu-, \u00e1k\u00e6ru- e\u00f0a d\u00f3msvald \u00ed tilteknu m\u00e1li, en einnig a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum yfirv\u00f6ldum (r\u00edkis e\u00f0a sveitarf\u00e9lags) sem vegna reglunnar mega ekki \u00ed \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0unum s\u00ednum koma fram vi\u00f0 einstakling sem hefur veri\u00f0 s\u00fdkna\u00f0ur me\u00f0 endanlegum d\u00f3mi eins og hann s\u00e9 samt sem \u00e1\u00f0ur sekur e\u00f0a l\u00edklega sekur.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. \u00c6rumei\u00f0ingar og fri\u00f0helgi einkal\u00edfs<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Eins og fyrr greinir beinast skyldur samkv\u00e6mt 2. mgr. 6. gr. MSE a\u00f0 r\u00edkinu. \u00c1 hinn b\u00f3ginn er hinn almenni \u00fe\u00e1tttakandi \u00ed opinberri umr\u00e6\u00f0u ekki lagalega bundinn af reglunni \u00ed framangreindum skilningi. \u00deannig br\u00fdtur s\u00e1 sem ber annan mann refsiver\u00f0um s\u00f6kum \u00ed opinberri umr\u00e6\u00f0u (t.d. um kynfer\u00f0isbrot) ekki gegn reglunni enda beinast skyldur til athafna e\u00f0a athafnaleysis samkv\u00e6mt henni a\u00f0 opinberum a\u00f0ilum en ekki einstaklingum.<\/p>\n

            Hinn almenni \u00fe\u00e1tttakandi \u00ed opinberri umr\u00e6\u00f0u n\u00fdtur tj\u00e1ningarfrelsis sem vernda\u00f0 er m.a. \u00ed 71. gr. stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rinnar sem og 10. gr. MSE. Aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti er b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1nni og MSE gert r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 tj\u00e1ningarfrelsinu fylgi \u00e1byrg\u00f0. Af \u00feessu lei\u00f0ir a\u00f0 \u00f6llum \u00feeim sem tj\u00e1 sig \u00e1n n\u00e6gilegs tilefnis me\u00f0 \u00feeim h\u00e6tti a\u00f0 ska\u00f0i hagsmuni annarra, t.d. me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 bera \u00e1 einstaklinga refsiver\u00f0ar sakir, \u00e1 a\u00f0 vera lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 \u00feeir geta \u00feurft a\u00f0 axla \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00e1 tj\u00e1ningunni gagnvart \u00feeim sem h\u00fan beinist a\u00f0 og hefur ska\u00f0a\u00f0 e\u00f0a kann a\u00f0 ska\u00f0a. \u00deetta lei\u00f0ir me\u00f0al annars af 8. gr. MSE, en \u00ed fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rgum d\u00f3mum hefur MDE komist a\u00f0 \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u a\u00f0 r\u00edki hafi broti\u00f0 gegn 8. gr. MSE me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 tryggja ekki n\u00e6gjanlega a\u00f0 \u00feeir sem bera menn refsiver\u00f0um s\u00f6kum, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 eigi s\u00e9r n\u00e6gilega sto\u00f0 \u00ed sta\u00f0reyndum, s\u00e6ti \u00e1byrg\u00f0, sbr. t.d. \u00a0m\u00e1l Egils <\/em>Einarssonar gegn\u00a0\u00a0 \u00cdslandi<\/em> nr<\/em>. 24703\/15<\/a>. \u00deetta birtist einnig \u00ed \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um almennra hegningarlaga nr. 19\/1940 \u00ed kafla XXV sem ber yfirskriftina \u201e\u00c6rumei\u00f0ingar og fri\u00f0helgi einkal\u00edfs\u201c. \u00a0Hugsunin er \u00fe\u00e1 s\u00fa a\u00f0 s\u00e1 sem me\u00f0 tj\u00e1ningu sinni ska\u00f0ar hagsmuni \u00feess sem tj\u00e1ningin beinist a\u00f0 \u00e1n fulln\u00e6gjandi tilefnis ver\u00f0i a\u00f0 axla \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed tj\u00f3ni, t.d. me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 grei\u00f0a vi\u00f0komandi b\u00e6tur, sbr. 26. gr. ska\u00f0ab\u00f3talaga. Skiptir \u00fe\u00e1 ekki meginm\u00e1li hversu g\u00f6fug markmi\u00f0in me\u00f0 tj\u00e1ningunni kunna annars a\u00f0 vera. S\u00e9rst\u00f6k krafa er ger\u00f0 til fj\u00f6lmi\u00f0la \u00ed \u00feessum efnum, sbr. \u00fdmis \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i laga um fj\u00f6lmi\u00f0la nr. 38\/2011, en af \u00feeim lei\u00f0ir a\u00f0 jafnan eru ger\u00f0ar r\u00edkari kr\u00f6fur til fj\u00f6lmi\u00f0la um v\u00f6ndu\u00f0 vinnubr\u00f6g\u00f0 en vera myndi um einstaklinga.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Slaufun <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              \u00cd umr\u00e6\u00f0unni, og \u00fe\u00e1 helst um kynfer\u00f0isbrot, birtist \u00fea\u00f0 vi\u00f0horf gjarnan a\u00f0 ekki samr\u00e6mist reglunni, um a\u00f0 ma\u00f0ur s\u00e9 saklaus \u00fear til sekt er s\u00f6nnu\u00f0, a\u00f0 ma\u00f0ur s\u00e9, \u00e1\u00f0ur er skori\u00f0 er \u00far um sekt hans fyrir d\u00f3mi, l\u00e1tinn s\u00e6ta f\u00e9lagslegri \u00fatsk\u00fafun e\u00f0a slaufun eins \u00fea\u00f0 er nefnt. H\u00e9r \u00fearf a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta s\u00edn \u00e1 a\u00f0 rugla ekki saman sl\u00edkum f\u00e9lagslegum vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0um e\u00f0a f\u00e9lagslegu taumhaldi annars vegar og sakfellingu og refsingu a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum hins vegar. Vi\u00f0 getum au\u00f0vita\u00f0 haft \u00fe\u00e1 sko\u00f0un a\u00f0 h\u00e1ttsemi einstaklings, sem ekkert l\u00f6gbrot hefur sannast \u00e1, s\u00e9 samt sem \u00e1\u00f0ur af \u00fdmsum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um si\u00f0fer\u00f0ilega \u00e1m\u00e6lisver\u00f0 og \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 fara ekki \u00e1 t\u00f3nleika me\u00f0 honum, kaupa ekki v\u00f6ru fr\u00e1 fyrirt\u00e6ki hans og almennt hafna \u00f6llu samneyti vi\u00f0 hann \u00ed hverju sem \u00fea\u00f0 kann a\u00f0 felast og henda honum a\u00f0 lokum \u00fat af vinalistanum \u00e1 facebook til a\u00f0 taka af allan vafa um s\u00edna dj\u00fapst\u00e6\u00f0u van\u00fe\u00f3knun \u00e1 vi\u00f0komandi. Sem sagt slaufa honum me\u00f0 \u00f6llu. Me\u00f0 \u00feessu er ekki brotin lagaregla um a\u00f0 ma\u00f0ur s\u00e9 saklaus \u00fear til sekt er s\u00f6nnu\u00f0. Ekkert \u00ed l\u00f6gum bannar okkur hverju sinni a\u00f0 slaufa \u00ed f\u00e9lagslegum skilningi einstaklingi ef vi\u00f0 kj\u00f3sum svo.<\/p>\n

              Anna\u00f0 m\u00e1l er a\u00f0 \u00fdmsir eru \u00e1 \u00feeirri sko\u00f0un a\u00f0 s\u00fa a\u00f0ger\u00f0 a\u00f0 slaufa annarri manneskju kunni vi\u00f0 \u00fdmsar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur a\u00f0 vera si\u00f0fer\u00f0ilega h\u00e6pin a\u00f0ger\u00f0 nema ma\u00f0ur s\u00e9 nokku\u00f0 viss um a\u00f0 sakir sem \u00e1 hana eru bornar s\u00e9u \u00ed raun r\u00e9ttar. \u00de\u00f3tt einstaklingar s\u00e9u ekki bundnir af lagareglunni um a\u00f0 ma\u00f0ur s\u00e9 saklaus uns sekt hans hefur veri\u00f0 s\u00f6nnu\u00f0 s\u00e9 reglan engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur si\u00f0fer\u00f0ileg meginregla sem margir telja r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 fylgja \u00ed samneyti s\u00ednu vi\u00f0 anna\u00f0 f\u00f3lk. \u00deeir sem fallast \u00e1 regluna sem si\u00f0fer\u00f0ilega meginreglu l\u00e1ta \u00fe\u00e1 f\u00e9lagsleg vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 s\u00edn r\u00e1\u00f0ast af \u00fev\u00ed, frekar en a\u00f0 gr\u00edpa \u00e1n frekari tafa til \u00feess a\u00f0 slaufa f\u00f3lki h\u00e6gri og vinstri ef manni misl\u00edkar vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 e\u00f0a sko\u00f0anir \u00feess. \u00deeir sem \u00feannig hugsa, og telja sannanir skorta, geta \u00fe\u00e1 haldi\u00f0 \u00e1fram, ef \u00feeir kj\u00f3sa svo, a\u00f0 fara \u00e1 t\u00f3nleika me\u00f0 vi\u00f0komandi (s\u00e9u \u00feeir a\u00f0d\u00e1endur \u00e1 anna\u00f0 bor\u00f0 og einhver f\u00e1ist til a\u00f0 skipuleggja t\u00f3nleikana), kaupa v\u00f6rur sem hann e\u00f0a h\u00fan framlei\u00f0ir e\u00f0a selur, haldi\u00f0 honum e\u00f0a henni \u00e1fram \u00ed vinnu \u00ed sta\u00f0 \u00feess a\u00f0 reka, vera vinur hans e\u00f0a hennar \u00e1 facebook \u00a0o.s. frv., eins og ekkert hafi \u00ed skorist, \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir \u00e1sakanir sem fram hafa komi\u00f0. \u00c1greiningur um r\u00e9ttm\u00e6ti \u201ef\u00e9lagslegrar slaufunar\u201c og \u00fatsk\u00fafunar einstaklinga \u00ed \u00feeim skilningi sem h\u00e9r um r\u00e6\u00f0ir og a\u00f0 hva\u00f0a marki, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 d\u00f3mur liggi fyrir um sekt \u00feeirra, er \u00feannig fyrst og fremst si\u00f0fer\u00f0ilegur en s\u00ed\u00f0ur lagalegur. Slaufun, sem f\u00e9lagslegt vi\u00f0brag\u00f0 e\u00f0a taumhald, er \u00feannig ekki \u00f3l\u00f6gleg, \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00e1fram ver\u00f0i deilt um si\u00f0fer\u00f0ilegt r\u00e9ttm\u00e6ti \u00feess a\u00f0 koma fram vi\u00f0 einstakling me\u00f0 \u00feeim h\u00e6tti.<\/p>\n

              Dr. jur. Dav\u00ed\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3r Bj\u00f6rgvinsson, fyrrv. d\u00f3mari vi\u00f0 MDE, lagapr\u00f3fessor og varaforseti Landsr\u00e9ttar<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              \u00cd \u00feessum pistli er fjalla\u00f0 um regluna um a\u00f0 ma\u00f0ur s\u00e9 saklaus \u00fear til sekt hans er s\u00f6nnu\u00f0 (in dubio pro reo), sem rekja m\u00e1 aftur til R\u00f3mar\u00e9ttar. Reglan er n\u00fa \u00e1 d\u00f6gum talin til grundvallarr\u00e9ttinda \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1lum, sem … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1298,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[759],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-283","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-oflokkad"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/283","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1298"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=283"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/283\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":413,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/283\/revisions\/413"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=283"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=283"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=283"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}