{"id":317,"date":"2022-04-25T21:33:15","date_gmt":"2022-04-25T21:33:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/?p=317"},"modified":"2022-11-06T18:06:22","modified_gmt":"2022-11-06T18:06:22","slug":"hvad-er-hatursordraeda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/2022\/04\/25\/hvad-er-hatursordraeda\/","title":{"rendered":"Hva\u00f0 er hatursor\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0a?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00cd pistlinum er fjalla\u00f0 um hugtaki\u00f0 hatursor\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0u. \u00deess er freista\u00f0 a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa megineinkennum og mismunandi \u00ferepum hatursor\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0u \u00fat fr\u00e1 alvarleika hennar. \u00deegar hugmyndir f\u00f3ru a\u00f0 m\u00f3tast \u00e1 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0avettvangi \u00e1 fimmta \u00e1ratug s\u00ed\u00f0ustu aldar um a\u00f0 stemma stigu vi\u00f0 hatursor\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0u\u00a0 h\u00f6f\u00f0u menn einkum \u00ed huga alvarlegustu afbrig\u00f0i hennar og einkum \u00fe\u00e1 hatursfulla tj\u00e1ningu vegna \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ernis, kyn\u00fe\u00e1ttar- e\u00f0a tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a. Raki\u00f0 er a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00fe\u00e1 hafi or\u00f0i\u00f0 s\u00fa \u00fer\u00f3un a\u00f0 hugtaki\u00f0 \"hatursor\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0a\" hefur v\u00edkka\u00f0 \u00fat \u00e1 tvenna vegu. \u00cd fyrsta lagi me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed kr\u00f6fur um alvarleika hafa f\u00e6rst ni\u00f0ur og \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0ru lagi hefur \u00feeim h\u00f3pum fj\u00f6lga\u00f0 sem nj\u00f3ta verndar. Er hugtaki\u00f0 ekki\u00a0 lengur bundi\u00f0 vi\u00f0 fyrst og fremst \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0erni, kyn\u00fe\u00e6tti og tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 tilv\u00edsun til kynhneig\u00f0ar og kynvitundar hefur b\u00e6st vi\u00f0, m.a. h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi. Kenna m\u00e1 vilja til \u00feess \u00ed\u00a0 hinni almennu umr\u00e6\u00f0u a\u00f0 hugtaki\u00f0 ver\u00f0i v\u00edkka\u00f0 enn frekar \u00fat me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 gera minni kr\u00f6fur um alvarleika\u00a0 og a\u00f0 fj\u00f6lga eigi h\u00f3pum sem h\u00fan taki til. Hvort tveggja \u00fer\u00fdstir \u00e1 m\u00f6rk tj\u00e1ningarfrelsis.\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

I<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c1kv\u00e6\u00f0i 233. gr. a almennra hegningarlaga nr. 19\/1940 leggur refsingu vi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 r\u00f3gbera, sm\u00e1na e\u00f0a \u00f3gna manni e\u00f0a h\u00f3pi vegna \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ernis, litarh\u00e1ttar, kyn\u00fe\u00e1ttar, tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a, kynhneig\u00f0ar e\u00f0a kynvitundar. Er brotinu gjarnan l\u00fdst sem \u201ehaturs\u00e1r\u00f3\u00f0ri\u201c e\u00f0a \u201ehatursor\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0u\u201c. Nokkur d\u00e6mi er \u00ed d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6md \u00e1 h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi um a\u00f0 einstaklingar hafi veri\u00f0 sakfellir \u00e1 grundvelli \u00feess \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0is og d\u00e6mdir til refsingar.<\/p>\n

\u00cd almennri umr\u00e6\u00f0u kemur \u00feetta or\u00f0 oft fyrir \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 leitast s\u00e9 vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 skilgreina e\u00f0a afmarka n\u00e1nar hva\u00f0 \u00e1tt er vi\u00f0. Kalla\u00f0 er eftir vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0um me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 beita refsivendi r\u00edkisvaldsins e\u00f0a \u00f6\u00f0rum a\u00f0fer\u00f0um til a\u00f0 stemma stigu vi\u00f0 hatursor\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0u, en oft skortir \u00fe\u00f3 \u00e1 a\u00f0 s\u00fa umr\u00e6\u00f0a s\u00e9 bygg\u00f0 \u00e1 sk\u00fdrum hugmyndum um hva\u00f0 n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega \u00e1tt er vi\u00f0.<\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00feessum pistli set \u00e9g fram sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0 um hvernig afmarka megi \u00feetta hugtak, \u00e1n \u00feess \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 \u00fereyta lesandann me\u00f0 lagafl\u00e6kjum. Fremur er \u00feess freista\u00f0 a\u00f0 n\u00e1 til hins almenna \u00fe\u00e1tttakanda \u00ed opinberri umr\u00e6\u00f0u og leggja honum til verkf\u00e6ri til a\u00f0 m\u00f3ta s\u00e9r r\u00f6kstudda sko\u00f0un \u00e1 m\u00e1linu. \u00c9g held \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 hugtaki\u00f0 hafi fengi\u00f0 v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6kari merkingu en upphaflega var \u00e6tla\u00f0 \u00feegar \u00fea\u00f0 t\u00f3k a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00f3ast \u00e1 fimmta \u00e1ratug s\u00ed\u00f0ustu aldar. Vekur \u00fea\u00f0 \u00fdmsar spurningar \u00fat fr\u00e1 meginreglum um tj\u00e1ningarfrelsi \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 og mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttam\u00e1lum.<\/p>\n

II<\/strong><\/p>\n

Samkv\u00e6mt m\u00e1lskilningi m\u00ednum er um \u201e\u00e1r\u00f3\u00f0ur\u201c (propaganda<\/em>) a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a \u00feegar v\u00edsvitandi, \u00edtreka\u00f0 og kerfisbundi\u00f0 er reynt a\u00f0 breyta e\u00f0a festa \u00ed sessi sko\u00f0anir e\u00f0a heg\u00f0un hj\u00e1 \u00feeim sem \u00e1r\u00f3\u00f0rinum er \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 n\u00e1 til. \u00a0Ef \u00f3beit e\u00f0a hatur \u00e1 tilteknum einstaklingi e\u00f0a h\u00f3pi er kerfi\u00f0sbundi\u00f0 breitt \u00fat er m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 \u00a0um \u201ehaturs\u00e1r\u00f3\u00f0ur\u201c a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a. \u00c1 hinn b\u00f3ginn n\u00e6gja st\u00f6k umm\u00e6li til a\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i 233. gr. a hgl. ver\u00f0i tali\u00f0 eiga vi\u00f0, eins og d\u00f3mar vitna um. \u00deykir \u00fev\u00ed m.a. af \u00feeirri \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0u h\u00e6fa betur a\u00f0 nota or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u201ehatursor\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0a\u201c \u00ed \u00feessum pistli um \u00fea\u00f0 brot sem l\u00fdst er \u00ed 233. gr. a \u00ed almennum hegningarl\u00f6gum.<\/p>\n

Ekki liggur fyrir skilgreining \u00e1 hugtakinu \u201ehatursor\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0a\u201c a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9tti e\u00f0a landsr\u00e9tti r\u00edkja, sem samm\u00e6li eru um. Hugtaki\u00f0 er nokku\u00f0 hla\u00f0i\u00f0 tilfinningum, matskennt og hefur ekki a\u00f0 geyma sk\u00fdr hlutl\u00e6g vi\u00f0mi\u00f0, eins og \u00e6skilegt er a\u00f0 lagaleg hugt\u00f6k geri, ekki s\u00edst \u00e1 svi\u00f0i refsir\u00e9ttar.<\/p>\n

Nefna m\u00e1 \u00fdmsar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarger\u00f0ir \u00fear sem finna m\u00e1 eins konar skilgreiningar e\u00f0a l\u00fdsingar \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed sem nefnt er hatursor\u00f0ar\u00e6\u00f0a. Gefa \u00fe\u00e6r \u00e1g\u00e6tar v\u00edsbendingar um \u00fea\u00f0 sem \u00e6tla m\u00e1 a\u00f0 s\u00e9u taldir megin\u00fe\u00e6ttir \u00ed inntaki \u00feess \u00e1 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum vettvangi, sem og \u00ed \u00edslenskum r\u00e9tti.<\/p>\n

Nefna m\u00e1 fyrst 2. mgr. 20. gr. al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamnings um borgaraleg og stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1laleg r\u00e9ttindi fr\u00e1 16. desember 1966 (SBR) sem v\u00edsar til haturs vegna \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ernis, kyn\u00fe\u00e1ttar- e\u00f0a tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a, sem og tj\u00e1ningar sem felur \u00ed s\u00e9r hvatningu<\/em> um mismunun, fjandskap, e\u00f0a ofbeldi.<\/p>\n

\u00de\u00e1 ber a\u00f0 nefna Samning S\u00de um afn\u00e1m alls kyn\u00fe\u00e1ttamisr\u00e9ttis fr\u00e1 21. desember 1965.\u00a0 \u00cd 4. gr. er v\u00edsa\u00f0 til \u00e1r\u00f3\u00f0urs sem byggir \u00e1 hugmyndum e\u00f0a kenningum um yfirbur\u00f0i tiltekinna kyn\u00fe\u00e1tta, e\u00f0a h\u00f3ps manna af \u00e1kve\u00f0num litarh\u00e6tti e\u00f0a \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum uppruna, e\u00f0a sem reynir a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ta <\/em>e\u00f0a hvetja<\/em> til kyn\u00fe\u00e1ttahaturs og misr\u00e9ttis \u00ed hvers konar mynd.<\/p>\n

H\u00e9r skal og nefnd sam\u00feykkt r\u00e1\u00f0herranefndar Evr\u00f3pur\u00e1\u00f0sins fr\u00e1 1997, sem v\u00edsar til tj\u00e1ningar sem dreifir, hvetur<\/em> til, stu\u00f0lar a\u00f0 e\u00f0a r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tir<\/em> kyn\u00fe\u00e1ttahatur, \u00fatlendingahatur, gy\u00f0ingahatur e\u00f0a annars konar hatur sem byggist \u00e1 umbur\u00f0arleysi, sem birtist m.a. \u00ed \u00f3v\u00e6ginni \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ernishyggju, mismunun og fjandskap gegn minnihlutah\u00f3pum, farandverkaf\u00f3lki og f\u00f3lki af erlendum uppruna.<\/p>\n

\u00de\u00e1 m\u00e1 h\u00e9r v\u00edsa til samnings Evr\u00f3pur\u00e1\u00f0sins um t\u00f6lvubrot fr\u00e1 23. n\u00f3vember 2001 og vi\u00f0b\u00f3tarb\u00f3kun vi\u00f0 samninginn fr\u00e1 28. jan\u00faar 2003. Vi\u00f0b\u00f3tarb\u00f3kunin v\u00edsar til framsetningar hugmynda e\u00f0a kenninga sem m\u00e6la me\u00f0<\/em>, stu\u00f0la a\u00f0<\/em> e\u00f0a kynda<\/em> undir hatri, mismunun e\u00f0a ofbeldi sem er beint gegn hva\u00f0a einstaklingi e\u00f0a h\u00f3pi einstaklinga sem \u00e1 r\u00f3t s\u00edna a\u00f0 rekja til kyn\u00fe\u00e1ttar, litarh\u00e1ttar, \u00e6tternis e\u00f0a \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legs e\u00f0a \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ernislegs uppruna og til tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a.<\/p>\n

Enn er h\u00e9r v\u00edsa\u00f0 til tilm\u00e6la r\u00e1\u00f0herranefndar Evr\u00f3pur\u00e1\u00f0sins fr\u00e1 31. mars 2010 og\u00a0 tilm\u00e6la \u00feings Evr\u00f3pur\u00e1\u00f0sins 29. apr\u00edl 2010 um hatursor\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0u \u00e1 grundvelli kynhneig\u00f0ar og kynvitundar og a\u00f0ildarr\u00edki hv\u00f6tt me\u00f0al annars til a\u00f0 a\u00f0 tryggja einstaklingum vernd gegn hatursor\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0u \u00e1n \u00feess \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 sker\u00f0a tj\u00e1ningarfrelsi<\/em>.<\/p>\n

A\u00f0 lokum \u00feykir mega nefna h\u00e9r 27. gr.\u00a0 laga um fj\u00f6lmi\u00f0la nr. 38\/2011. \u00cd sk\u00fdringum \u00ed greinarger\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i\u00f0 er hugtaki\u00f0 skilgreint sem tal, texti, tj\u00e1ning, heg\u00f0un og\/e\u00f0a framkomu sem birtist \u00ed texta, hlj\u00f3\u00f0i og\/e\u00f0a mynd \u00fear sem hvatt<\/em> er til ofbeldis, ford\u00f3ma og\/e\u00f0a ford\u00f3mafullrar heg\u00f0unar gegn einstaklingi e\u00f0a h\u00f3pi af f\u00f3lki og\/e\u00f0a me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vanvir\u00f0a, sm\u00e1na, hr\u00e6\u00f0a og\/e\u00f0a \u00f3gna vi\u00f0komandi einstaklingi e\u00f0a h\u00f3pi.<\/p>\n

III<\/strong><\/p>\n

Framangreindar ger\u00f0ir falla \u00e1g\u00e6tlega a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed sem \u00e6tla m\u00e1 a\u00f0 s\u00e9, samkv\u00e6mt almennum m\u00e1lskilningi, megineinkenni tj\u00e1ningar sem k\u00f6llu\u00f0 er \u201ehatursor\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0a\u201c . N\u00e1nar m\u00e1 gera r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 sl\u00edk tj\u00e1ning hafi eftirtalin einkenni:<\/p>\n

- Tj\u00e1ningin er ford\u00f3mafull<\/em>, \u00fe.e. h\u00fan er bygg\u00f0 \u00e1 f\u00e1fr\u00e6\u00f0i e\u00f0a skeytingarleysi um sta\u00f0reyndir og er \u00f3r\u00f6kstudd \u00fear sem ekkert tillit teki\u00f0 til andst\u00e6\u00f0ra sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0a.<\/p>\n

\u2013 Tj\u00e1ningin l\u00fdsir hatri <\/em>\u00feess er umm\u00e6li vi\u00f0hefur \u00e1 \u00feeim e\u00f0a \u00fev\u00ed sem \u00feau beinast a\u00f0, \u00fe.e. illvilja, \u00f3vinskap, fyrirlitningu, \u00f3beit, and\u00fa\u00f0 e\u00f0a \u00f6\u00f0rum vi\u00f0l\u00edka mannlegum tilfinningum, sem l\u00edta m\u00e1 \u00e1 sem birtingarmyndir haturs.<\/p>\n

- Tj\u00e1ningin beinist a\u00f0 n\u00e1nar tilgreindum einstaklingum <\/em>e\u00f0a h\u00f3pum<\/em> vegna tiltekinna s\u00e9rkenna<\/em> \u00feeirra e\u00f0a st\u00f6\u00f0u<\/em>.<\/p>\n

- Tj\u00e1ningin er opinber<\/em> \u00feannig a\u00f0 ford\u00f3ma- og hatursfull umm\u00e6li sem kunna falla \u00ed einkasamt\u00f6lum e\u00f0a loku\u00f0um vefsv\u00e6\u00f0um \u00ed gar\u00f0 einstaklinga e\u00f0a h\u00f3pa vegna s\u00e9rkenna \u00feeirra yr\u00f0u almennt ekki talin hatursor\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0a. \u00dea\u00f0 skal j\u00e1ta\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00feetta er ekki sk\u00fdr vi\u00f0mi\u00f0un og sko\u00f0anir \u00f3l\u00edkar um hven\u00e6r birting er opinber, einkum \u00e1 net\u00f6ld \u00feeirri sem vi\u00f0 n\u00fa lifum<\/p>\n

Framangreind l\u00fdsing \u00e1 einkennum hatursor\u00f0\u00e6r\u00f0u tekur \u00feannig til hvers konar opinberrar og ford\u00f3mafullrar tj\u00e1ningar um illan vilja, \u00f3beit o.s.frv., \u00f3h\u00e1\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed, \u00e1 \u00feessu stigi, hvort \u00a0tj\u00e1ningin n\u00fdtur verndar tj\u00e1ningarfrelsis\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0a \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 e\u00f0a mannr\u00e9ttindasamningum, \u00fear me\u00f0 tali\u00f0 Mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1la Evr\u00f3pu e\u00f0a hvort h\u00fan n\u00e6r \u00fev\u00ed stigi (alvarleika) a\u00f0 teljast refsiver\u00f0 samkv\u00e6mt 233. gr. a hgl. e\u00f0a samb\u00e6rilegum refsi\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um \u00ed r\u00e9tti annarra r\u00edkja.<\/p>\n

Spurningin er hven\u00e6r or\u00f0ar\u00e6\u00f0an komin \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 stig a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tanlegt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 handhafar opinbers valds gr\u00edpi til a\u00f0ger\u00f0a gegn henni, me\u00f0 refsingum ef \u00fev\u00ed er a\u00f0 skipta, vegna meginreglna um tj\u00e1ningarfrelsi?<\/p>\n

IV<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00fev\u00ed skyni a\u00f0 freista \u00feess a\u00f0 afmarka hugtaki\u00f0 frekar m\u00e1 gr\u00f3flega greina a.m.k. fj\u00f6gur mismunandi \u00ferep hatursor\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0u. H\u00e9r er stu\u00f0st vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sem nefnt hefur veri\u00f0 \u201eThe Hate Speech Pyramid\u201c \u00e1 enskri tungu. Umfj\u00f6llun um \u00feetta m\u00e1 finna v\u00ed\u00f0a \u00e1 netinu og er framsetningin ekki alltaf n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega eins, en a\u00f0alatri\u00f0in eru eftirfarandi a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er m\u00e9r vir\u00f0ist.<\/p>\n

1. Efsta stig hatursor\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0u felur samkv\u00e6mt \u00feessari flokkun \u00ed s\u00e9r hvatningu til \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0armor\u00f0s e\u00f0a annarra vi\u00f0l\u00edka alvarlegra brota \u00e1 grunngildum r\u00e9ttarins (jus cogens) gagnvart einstaklingum e\u00f0a h\u00f3pum, e\u00f0a stu\u00f0ning vi\u00f0 sl\u00edk brot e\u00f0a samkennd me\u00f0 \u00feeim. H\u00e9r m\u00e6tti m.a. fella undir tj\u00e1ningu sem felur \u00ed s\u00e9r stu\u00f0ning vi\u00f0, samkennd me\u00f0 e\u00f0a afneitun gl\u00e6pa gegn mannkyni og mann\u00fa\u00f0, svo sem stu\u00f0ning vi\u00f0, samkennd me\u00f0 e\u00f0a afneitun helfarar nasista gegn gy\u00f0ingum \u00ed s\u00ed\u00f0ari heimstyrj\u00f6ldinni, en v\u00ed\u00f0a \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu er \u00ed gildi l\u00f6ggj\u00f6f sem leggur refsingu vi\u00f0 sl\u00edkri tj\u00e1ningu. Einnig k\u00e6mi til greina a\u00f0 fella h\u00e9r undir tj\u00e1ningu sem felur \u00ed s\u00e9r stu\u00f0ning e\u00f0a samkennd me\u00f0 hry\u00f0juverkum, sem einnig er refsiver\u00f0ur verkna\u00f0ur \u00ed sumum l\u00f6ndum og raunar h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi, sbr. 100. gr. c almennra hegningarlaga.<\/p>\n

2. \u00cd n\u00e6sta \u00ferepi fyrir ne\u00f0an er or\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0a sem felur \u00ed s\u00e9r ford\u00f3mafulla og hatursfulla tj\u00e1ningu sem er \u00ed senn er \u00f3gnandi og l\u00fdsir samkennd me\u00f0 e\u00f0a stu\u00f0ningi vi\u00f0 og markvisst hvetur<\/em> (incites) til a\u00f0ger\u00f0a sem fela \u00ed s\u00e9r \u00f3l\u00f6gm\u00e6ta og ska\u00f0lega mismun, e\u00f0a jafnvel ofbeldis, \u00ed gar\u00f0 einstaklinga e\u00f0a h\u00f3pa vegna s\u00e9rkenna \u00feeirra (t.d. kyn\u00fe\u00e1ttar e\u00f0a litarh\u00e1ttar). H\u00e9r er meginatri\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 tj\u00e1ningin felur \u00ed s\u00e9r hvatningu<\/em> til illra verka gagnvart tilteknum h\u00f3pum.<\/p>\n

3. N\u00e6st kemur or\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0a sem \u00e1 ford\u00f3mafullan h\u00e1tt l\u00fdsir hatri, and\u00fa\u00f0, \u00f3beit \u00ed gar\u00f0 einstaklinga e\u00f0a h\u00f3pa vegna s\u00e9rkenna \u00feeirra, sem r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tanlegt er tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 takmarka vegna verndar mannor\u00f0s e\u00f0a r\u00e9ttinda \u00feeirra sem fyrir ver\u00f0a e\u00f0a vegna \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00f6ryggis og almannareglu e\u00f0a almenns si\u00f0g\u00e6\u00f0is, e\u00f0a eftir atvikum \u00fat fr\u00e1 jafnr\u00e9ttissj\u00f3narmi\u00f0um. Munurinn \u00e1 \u00feessari hatursor\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0u og \u00feeirri sem fellur undir li\u00f0 2 a\u00f0 framan er \u00fe\u00e1 s\u00e1, a\u00f0 umm\u00e6li ver\u00f0a ekki talin fela \u00ed s\u00e9r stu\u00f0ning, samkennd e\u00f0a hvatningu til a\u00f0 beita ska\u00f0legum og \u00f3l\u00f6gm\u00e6tum a\u00f0ger\u00f0um, \u00fe.m.t. mismunun, gegn vi\u00f0komandi einstaklingi e\u00f0a h\u00f3pi, \u00fe\u00f3tt tj\u00e1ningin s\u00e9 annars stu\u00f0andi, m\u00f3\u00f0gandi, ni\u00f0randi e\u00f0a s\u00e6randi fyrir \u00fe\u00e1.<\/p>\n

4. \u00cd ne\u00f0sta \u00ferepi er samkv\u00e6mt \u00feessari flokkun or\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0a sem ekki telst \u201e\u00f3l\u00f6gm\u00e6t\u201c \u00ed lagaskilningi, sem \u00fe\u00f3 eru all g\u00f3\u00f0 samm\u00e6li um a\u00f0 teljist si\u00f0fer\u00f0ilega e\u00f0a p\u00f3lit\u00edkst \u00e1m\u00e6lisver\u00f0 vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 h\u00fan, \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir allt, vitnar um ford\u00f3mafullan skort \u00e1 umbur\u00f0arlyndi og vir\u00f0ingu fyrir r\u00e9ttindum annarra og gildum, auk \u00feess sem h\u00fan kann a\u00f0 vera m\u00f3\u00f0gandi, s\u00e6randi e\u00f0a ni\u00f0randi fyrir einstaklinga e\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e1 h\u00f3pa sem tj\u00e1ningin beinist a\u00f0. Hugsunin er \u00fe\u00e1 s\u00fa a\u00f0 tj\u00e1ningin s\u00e9 ekki n\u00e6gilega gr\u00f3f e\u00f0a alvarleg, mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 tilefni hennar, til a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tanlegt s\u00e9 vegna meginreglunnar um tj\u00e1ningarfrelsi a\u00f0 setja henni skor\u00f0ur me\u00f0 beitingu refsinga. Munurinn \u00e1 \u00feeirri tj\u00e1ningu sem \u00feannig telst \u201el\u00f6gm\u00e6t\u201c og \u00feeirri sem fellur undir 3 h\u00e9r \u00e1 undan er fyrst og fremst stigsmunur, en ekki e\u00f0lismunur og hann er au\u00f0vita\u00f0 ekki alltaf sk\u00fdr.<\/p>\n

\u00c9g tel a\u00f0 \u00edslensk d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6md ver\u00f0i \u00ed a\u00f0alatri\u00f0um skilin svo, a\u00f0 a\u00f0eins or\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0a sem fellur undir li\u00f0 1, 2 og 3 s\u00e9 n\u00e6gilega alvarleg til a\u00f0 falla undir 233. gr. a hegningarlaga til a\u00f0 teljast eiginleg hatursor\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0a \u00ed skilningi \u00feess \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0is. \u00deetta vir\u00f0ist einnig vera tilfelli\u00f0 \u00ed d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6md Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ls Evr\u00f3pu, \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 raunar ekki sk\u00fdrt, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 n\u00e1nar ver\u00f0i fari\u00f0 \u00fat \u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessum stutta pistli.<\/p>\n

V<\/strong><\/p>\n

Almennt m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 \u00feegar hugmyndir f\u00f3ru a\u00f0 m\u00f3tast \u00e1 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0avettvangi \u00e1 fimmta \u00e1ratug s\u00ed\u00f0ustu aldar um a\u00f0 stemma \u00feyrfti stigu vi\u00f0 hatursor\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0u\u00a0 hafi menn einkum haft \u00ed huga tv\u00f6 efstu \u00ferepin. Enn fremur m\u00e1 r\u00e1\u00f0a a\u00f0 menn hafi\u00a0 fyrst og fremst haft \u00ed huga hatursfulla tj\u00e1ningu vegna \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ernis, kyn\u00fe\u00e1ttar- e\u00f0a tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0a.<\/p>\n

S\u00ed\u00f0an \u00fe\u00e1 hefur or\u00f0i\u00f0 s\u00fa \u00fer\u00f3un a\u00f0 hugtaki\u00f0 \"hatursor\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0a\" hefur v\u00edkka\u00f0 \u00fat \u00e1 tvenna vegu. \u00cd fyrsta lagi me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 hefur f\u00e6rst ni\u00f0ur \u00e1 3. \u00ferep a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er alvarleika tj\u00e1ningar snertir og jafnvel \u00fea\u00f0 4.\u00a0 \u00de\u00e1 er hugtaki\u00f0 ekki lengur bundi\u00f0 vi\u00f0\u00a0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0erni, kyn\u00fe\u00e6tti og tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0, me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 tilv\u00edsun til kynhneig\u00f0ar og kynvitundar hefur b\u00e6st vi\u00f0. M\u00e9r vir\u00f0ist vera a\u00f0 viss \u00fer\u00fdstingur s\u00e9 \u00e1 a\u00f0 enn s\u00e9 hugtaki\u00f0 v\u00edkka\u00f0 \u00fat \u00feannig a\u00f0 tj\u00e1ning \u00e1 4. \u00ferepi skuli talin me\u00f0 og a\u00f0 fj\u00f6lga eigi h\u00f3pum sem h\u00fan taki til. Hvort tveggja \u00fer\u00fdstir \u00e1 m\u00f6rk tj\u00e1ningarfrelsis.<\/p>\n

Helsta \u00e1greiningsefni\u00f0 var\u00f0andi hatursor\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0u er hvort heimilt eigi a\u00f0 vera \u00ed l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegu samf\u00e9lagi, \u00fear sem tj\u00e1ningarfrelsi er \u00ed h\u00e1vegum haft, a\u00f0 refsa einstaklingum fyrir hana. A\u00f0 s\u00ednu leyti m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamf\u00e9lagi\u00f0 hafi svara\u00f0 \u00feeirri spurningu j\u00e1tandi \u00feegar hatursor\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0a \u00e1 \u00ed hlut. Tali\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 r\u00e9ttl\u00e6tanlegt, til varnar r\u00e9ttindum annarra, l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegum grundvallargildum og \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu jafnr\u00e9ttis, a\u00f0 setja henni skor\u00f0ur. Spurningin um hvernig \u00feetta samr\u00e6mist meginreglum um tj\u00e1ningarfrelsi ver\u00f0ur \u00e1leitnari eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem hugtaki\u00f0 v\u00edkkar \u00fat eins og l\u00fdst er a\u00f0 framan. \u00c1litam\u00e1li\u00f0 er \u00fe\u00e1 hven\u00e6r<\/em> tj\u00e1ning er or\u00f0in n\u00e6gilega alvarleg til a\u00f0 teljast hatursor\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0a og hva\u00f0a h\u00f3par eiga a\u00f0 nj\u00f3ta verndar fyrir sl\u00edkri or\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0u?<\/p>\n

Enn m\u00e1 spyrja hvort sta\u00f0a \u00feeirra einstaklinga sem tj\u00e1 sig \u00e1 hatursfullan h\u00e1tt skipti einhverju m\u00e1li vi\u00f0 mat \u00e1 alvarleika tj\u00e1ningarinnar?<\/p>\n

A\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er s\u00ed\u00f0asta atri\u00f0i\u00f0 var\u00f0ar m\u00e1 hafa \u00ed huga a\u00f0 oft er \u00fea\u00f0 svo (en ekki alltaf) a\u00f0 hatursfull tj\u00e1ning \u00ed kommenntakerfum samf\u00e9lagsmi\u00f0la stafar fr\u00e1 einstaklingum sem l\u00edti\u00f0 eiga undir s\u00e9r og hafa enga getu e\u00f0a bur\u00f0i til a\u00f0 fylgja eftir hatursfullum tilfinningum s\u00ednum me\u00f0 ska\u00f0legum a\u00f0ger\u00f0um gagnvart \u00feeim sem hatur \u00feeirra og \u00f3beit beinist a\u00f0. H\u00f6fum einnig \u00ed huga, a\u00f0 oft \u00e1 \u00f3beit og hatur gagnvart \u00fev\u00ed sem \u00f6\u00f0ruv\u00edsi er og \u00f3kunnugt, sem og \u00fe\u00f6rfin til a\u00f0 tj\u00e1 sl\u00edkar tilfinningar, einmitt r\u00e6tur \u00ed ja\u00f0arsetningu, menntunarskorti, f\u00e1fr\u00e6\u00f0i, vanm\u00e6tti og rei\u00f0i \u00feeirra sem \u00feannig tj\u00e1 sig. Hatursor\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0an er oftar en ekki birtingarmynd \u00f3\u00e1n\u00e6gju og \u00f6rv\u00e6tningar \u00feeirra vegna eigin hlutskiptis \u00ed l\u00edfinu.<\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cd pistlinum er fjalla\u00f0 um hugtaki\u00f0 hatursor\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0u. \u00deess er freista\u00f0 a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa megineinkennum og mismunandi \u00ferepum hatursor\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0u \u00fat fr\u00e1 alvarleika hennar. \u00deegar hugmyndir f\u00f3ru a\u00f0 m\u00f3tast \u00e1 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0avettvangi \u00e1 fimmta \u00e1ratug s\u00ed\u00f0ustu aldar um a\u00f0 stemma stigu vi\u00f0 hatursor\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0u\u00a0 h\u00f6f\u00f0u … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1298,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[759],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-317","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-oflokkad"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/317","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1298"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=317"}],"version-history":[{"count":31,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/317\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":409,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/317\/revisions\/409"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=317"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=317"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=317"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}