{"id":36,"date":"2014-05-26T11:49:41","date_gmt":"2014-05-26T11:49:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/?p=36"},"modified":"2014-09-02T19:17:17","modified_gmt":"2014-09-02T19:17:17","slug":"tjaningarfrelsi-og-hatursarodur-gegn-samkynhneidgum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/2014\/05\/26\/tjaningarfrelsi-og-hatursarodur-gegn-samkynhneidgum\/","title":{"rendered":"Tj\u00e1ningarfrelsi og \u201ehaturs\u00e1r\u00f3\u00f0ur\u201c gegn samkynhneig\u00f0um"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00cd pistli m\u00ednum fr\u00e1 21. ma\u00ed sl. er viki\u00f0 a\u00f0 d\u00f3mi mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ls Evr\u00f3pu (MDE) \u00ed m\u00e1linu\u00a0 Vejdeland v. Sweden<\/a>\u00a0(2012). \u00cd \u00feessum d\u00f3mi komst MDE a\u00f0 \u00feeirri samhlj\u00f3\u00f0a ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u a\u00f0 Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 hef\u00f0i ekki broti\u00f0 gegn tj\u00e1ningarfrelsi k\u00e6renda samkv\u00e6mt 10. gr. mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1lans me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 d\u00e6ma \u00fe\u00e1 \u00ed sekt \u00e1 grundvelli \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0is \u00ed s\u00e6nskum hegningarl\u00f6gum fyrir a\u00f0 dreifa me\u00f0al nemenda \u00ed menntask\u00f3la b\u00e6klingi \u00fear sem tala\u00f0 var me\u00f0 m\u00f3\u00f0gandi og ni\u00f0randi h\u00e6tti gegn samkynhneig\u00f0um og transf\u00f3lki (h\u00e9r eftir LGBT). D\u00f3murinn er athyglisver\u00f0ur fyrir \u00fe\u00e6r sakir a\u00f0 d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn beitir \u00fear \u00ed fyrsta skipti meginreglum svipu\u00f0um \u00feeim sem eiga vi\u00f0 um haturs\u00e1r\u00f3\u00f0ur (hate speech) vegna umm\u00e6la um kynhneig\u00f0 og kynvitund. K\u00e6rendur f\u00f3ru inn \u00ed sk\u00f3la, \u00fear sem \u00feeir h\u00f6f\u00f0u engan r\u00e9tt til a\u00f0 vera, \u00fear sem \u00feeir voru hvorki nemendur n\u00e9 starfsmenn, og dreif\u00f0u umr\u00e6ddum b\u00e6klingi. \u00cd honum sag\u00f0i m.a. a\u00f0 samkynhneig\u00f0 v\u00e6ri kynfer\u00f0islegt \u00f3e\u00f0li af hinu illa og hef\u00f0i si\u00f0fer\u00f0ilega ni\u00f0urbrj\u00f3tandi \u00e1hrif \u00e1 samf\u00e9lagi\u00f0. Sitthva\u00f0 fleira mi\u00f0ur fallegt var \u00fear sagt um LGBT-f\u00f3lk.<\/p>\n

D\u00f3murinn \u00e1r\u00e9ttar \u00ed upphafi a\u00f0 mismunun vegna kynhneig\u00f0ar og kynvitundar s\u00e9 jafn alvarleg og mismunun \u00e1 grundvelli kyn\u00fe\u00e1ttar, uppruna e\u00f0a litarh\u00e1ttar. \u00de\u00f3tt b\u00e6klingurinn hvetti ekki beint til hatursgl\u00e6pa v\u00e6ri \u00fear a\u00f0 finna alvarlegar, ni\u00f0randi og ford\u00f3mafullar sta\u00f0h\u00e6fingar um samkynhneig\u00f0a. Teki\u00f0 var s\u00e9rstaklega fram a\u00f0 b\u00e6klingarnir hef\u00f0u veri\u00f0 settir \u00ed sk\u00e1pa nemenda sk\u00f3lans, en nemendur \u00e1 \u00feessum aldri s\u00e9u gjarnan vi\u00f0kv\u00e6mir og \u00e1hrifagjarnir, og a\u00f0 \u00feeim hafi ekki veri\u00f0 gefi\u00f0 t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri til \u00e1kve\u00f0a sj\u00e1lfir hvort \u00feeir vildu taka vi\u00f0 \u00feeim e\u00f0a ekki. Ennfremur a\u00f0 k\u00e6rendur hef\u00f0u ekki veri\u00f0 nemendur \u00ed vi\u00f0komandi sk\u00f3la og a\u00f0 \u00feeir hef\u00f0u ekki me\u00f0 r\u00e9ttu \u00e1tt a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 h\u00fasn\u00e6\u00f0i hans. \u00de\u00e1 var teki\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 sektirnr sem k\u00e6rendum haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 gert a\u00f0 grei\u00f0a hef\u00f0u ekki veri\u00f0 \u00far h\u00f3fi h\u00e1ar.<\/p>\n

\u00de\u00f3tt ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an hafi veri\u00f0 samhj\u00f3\u00f0a var d\u00f3murinn margklofinn a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er var\u00f0ar r\u00f6kin fyrir ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0unni. Um \u00feetta vitna \u00ferj\u00fa s\u00e9r\u00e1lit sem d\u00f3minum fylgja. S\u00e9r\u00e1litin endurspegla hin mikilv\u00e6gu og \u00e1hugaver\u00f0u \u00e1litam\u00e1l sem h\u00e9r eru \u00e1 fer\u00f0inni.<\/p>\n

\u00cd tveimur \u00feessara s\u00e9r\u00e1lita var l\u00f6g\u00f0 mikil \u00e1hersla \u00e1 a\u00f0 umr\u00e6ddum b\u00e6klingum haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 dreift \u00ed opinberum sk\u00f3la \u00fear sem \u00e1r\u00f3\u00f0ur af \u00feessu tagi \u00e6tti ekkert erindi. \u00deetta atri\u00f0i sem sl\u00edkt var tali\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a \u00farslitum \u00ed huga \u00feeirra d\u00f3mara sem t\u00f3ku \u00feessa afst\u00f6\u00f0u, fremur en innihald b\u00e6klingsins sem sl\u00edkt. Var m.a. v\u00edsa\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessu sambandi til \u00e1lyktunar r\u00e1\u00f0herranendar Evr\u00f3pur\u00e1\u00f0ins fr\u00e1 21. okt\u00f3ber 2009 til frekari stu\u00f0ning sem sty\u00f0ur \u00feetta vi\u00f0horf. Af r\u00f6kum \u00feessara d\u00f3mara m\u00e1 draga \u00fe\u00e1 \u00e1lyktun a\u00f0 m\u00f6gulega hef\u00f0i a\u00f0 \u00e1liti \u00feessara d\u00f3mara veri\u00f0 um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a r\u00e6\u00f0a brot \u00e1 tj\u00e1ningarfrelsi k\u00e6renda samkv\u00e6mt 10. gr. ef \u00feeir hef\u00f0u t.d. dreift b\u00e6klingnum \u00e1 almannaf\u00e6ri og gefi\u00f0 einst\u00f6kum vegfarendum kost \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0a hvort \u00feeir vildu taka vi\u00f0 \u00feeim e\u00f0a ekki.<\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00f6\u00f0ru s\u00e9ratkv\u00e6\u00f0i var r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ningur aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti v\u00ed\u00f0t\u00e6kari og l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1hersla \u00e1 a\u00f0 komi\u00f0 hef\u00f0u fram kr\u00f6fur um a\u00f0 b\u00faa svo um hn\u00fata a\u00f0 meginreglur \u00a0um haturs\u00e1r\u00f3\u00f0ur verndu\u00f0u einnig LGBT f\u00f3lk. \u00cd \u00feessu \u00e1liti er l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1hersla \u00e1 a\u00f0 m\u00e1li\u00f0 var\u00f0i ekki a\u00f0eins jafnv\u00e6gi\u00f0 milli tj\u00e1ningarfrelsis k\u00e6renda og r\u00e9ttinda tiltekins minnihlutah\u00f3ps til a\u00f0 standa v\u00f6r\u00f0 um mannor\u00f0 sitt. Haturs\u00e1r\u00f3\u00f0ur v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 auki ey\u00f0ileggjandi fyrir hi\u00f0 l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islega samf\u00e9lag \u00fear sem, me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 umbera sl\u00edkt v\u00e6ri ford\u00f3mum gefinn tr\u00faver\u00f0uleiki, sem g\u00e6ti leitt til mismunar og jafnvel ofbeldis gagnvart minnihlutah\u00f3pum sem fyrir \u00feessum ford\u00f3mum ver\u00f0a. \u00deess vegna \u00e6tti hann ekki a\u00f0 nj\u00f3ta verndar.\u00a0 \u00deetta s\u00e9ratkv\u00e6\u00f0i fellur a\u00f0 \u00feeim r\u00f6kstu\u00f0ningi sem er a\u00f0 finna \u00ed megintexta d\u00f3msins, en gengur nokku\u00f0 lengra a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed leyti a\u00f0 svo vir\u00f0ist sem gengi\u00f0 s\u00e9 \u00fat fr\u00e1 a\u00f0 um haturs\u00e1ro\u00f0ur hafi veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a. \u00cd \u00f6llu falli, hvernig sem \u00feessi atkv\u00e6\u00f0i eru t\u00falku\u00f0, er lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 meirihluta d\u00f3menda taldi \u00fea\u00f0 eitt ekki r\u00e1\u00f0a \u00farslitum a\u00f0 b\u00e6klingnum haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 dreift \u00ed opinberum sk\u00f3la. \u00deannig m\u00e1 gera a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed sk\u00f3na a\u00f0 \u00feessir d\u00f3marar hef\u00f0u komist a\u00f0 s\u00f6mu ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u \u00fe\u00f3tt b\u00e6klingunum hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 dreift \u00e1 almannaf\u00e6ri. \u00deetta merkir v\u00e6ntanlega \u00ed huga \u00feessara d\u00f3mara, a\u00f0 innihald b\u00e6klingsins eitt n\u00e6gi til \u00feess a\u00f0 r\u00e9ttal\u00e6ta vi\u00f0url\u00f6gin vi\u00f0 dreifingu hans, \u00f3h\u00e1\u00f0 a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru leyti.<\/p>\n

D\u00f3mur \u00feessi vakti athygi og var\u00f0 tilefni talsver\u00f0ra sko\u00f0anaskipta \u00e1 netinu sem og annars sta\u00f0ar. Sumir hafa lofa\u00f0 d\u00f3minn \u00ed h\u00e1stert og segja hann mikilv\u00e6gan li\u00f0 \u00ed r\u00e9ttindabar\u00e1ttu LGBT f\u00f3lks. A\u00f0rir telja sig sj\u00e1 h\u00e6ttumerki \u00fear sem tj\u00e1ningarfrelsinu s\u00e9 f\u00f3rna\u00f0 \u00e1 altari p\u00f3lit\u00edksrar r\u00e9tthugsunar, ef svo m\u00e1 or\u00f0i komast.<\/p>\n

Gagnr\u00fdnendur benda m.a. \u00e1 a\u00f0 me\u00f0 d\u00f3minum hafi MDE gert vernd tj\u00e1ningarfrelsis samkv\u00e6mt s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lanum \u00f3gagn. D\u00f3mst\u00f3linn hafi lengi teki\u00f0 fram \u00ed d\u00f3mum s\u00ednum a\u00f0 r\u00e9tturinn til tj\u00e1ningar taki einnig til \u00feess a\u00f0 tj\u00e1 sko\u00f0anir og hugmyndir sem m\u00f3\u00f0ga e\u00f0a ofbj\u00f3\u00f0a. \u00cd megintexta d\u00f3msins s\u00e9 aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti komist a\u00f0 \u00feeirri ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u a\u00f0 ekki hafi veri\u00f0 um brot \u00e1 tj\u00e1ningarfrelsinu af h\u00e1lfu Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 b\u00e6klingurinn hafi m.a haft a\u00f0 geyma alvarlegar, ni\u00f0randi og ford\u00f3mafullar \u00e1sakanir \u00ed gar\u00f0 samkynhneig\u00f0ra, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 fullyrt s\u00e9 berum or\u00f0um a\u00f0 um haturs\u00e1r\u00f3\u00f0ur hafi veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a \u00ed \u00feess or\u00f0s fyllstu merkingu. \u00de\u00e1 benda gagnr\u00fdnendur \u00e1 a\u00f0 engin skilgreining s\u00e9 til \u00e1\u00a0 hugtakinu \u201ehaturs\u00e1r\u00f3\u00f0ur\u201c sem samm\u00e6li s\u00e9u um. \u00deetta hafi d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn m.a. vi\u00f0urkennt \u00ed uppl\u00fdsingab\u00e6klingum (Factsheets) sem hann sj\u00e1lfur hafi birt. \u00dear s\u00e9 teki\u00f0 fram, a\u00f0 \u00e1 grundvelli d\u00f3mframkv\u00e6mdar d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins s\u00e9 n\u00e6sta \u00f3m\u00f6gulegt a\u00f0 henda rei\u00f0ur \u00e1 m\u00e6likvar\u00f0a sem nota megi til a\u00f0 afmarka haturs\u00e1r\u00f3\u00f0ur fr\u00e1 annarri m\u00f3\u00f0gandi e\u00f0a ford\u00f3mafullri tj\u00e1ningu. Aflei\u00f0ingin er s\u00fa a\u00f0 borgurunum er gert mj\u00f6g erfitt a\u00f0 \u00e1tta sig \u00e1 a\u00f0 hven\u00e6r tj\u00e1ning \u00feeirra fer \u00fat fyrir leyfileg m\u00f6rk 10. gr. s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lans. Betra hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 fyrir d\u00f3minn a\u00f0 fara \u00fe\u00e1 lei\u00f0 a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta r\u00e1\u00f0a \u00farslitum a\u00f0 b\u00e6klingnum var dreift \u00ed opinberum sk\u00f3la, en l\u00edklega geta allir veri\u00f0 samm\u00e1la a\u00f0 ford\u00f3mar af \u00feessu tagi eigi \u00fear ekkert erindi.<\/p>\n

A\u00f0 lokum. Almennt m\u00e1 segja ekki ver\u00f0i deilt um a\u00f0 d\u00f3murinn er fagna\u00f0arefni fyrir r\u00e9ttindabar\u00e1ttu LGBT f\u00f3lks, \u00fear sem hann vi\u00f0urkennir r\u00e9tt r\u00edkja til a\u00f0 takmarka ni\u00f0randi og ford\u00f3mafullan \u00e1r\u00f3\u00f0ur gegn \u00feessum minnihlutah\u00f3pi. A\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed leyti hl\u00fdtur allt sanngjarnt f\u00f3lk sem sty\u00f0ur jafnr\u00e9ttindab\u00e1r\u00e1ttu LGBT-f\u00f3lks a\u00f0 fallast \u00e1 \u00feau meginskilabo\u00f0 sem \u00ed d\u00f3minum felast, a\u00f0 mismunun gagnvart \u00feessum h\u00f3pi ver\u00f0i ekki \u00feolu\u00f0. \u00c1 hinn b\u00f3ginn vitnar d\u00f3murinn um mikilv\u00e6gi \u00feess a\u00f0 huga vandlega a\u00f0 jafnv\u00e6gi milli hinna andst\u00e6\u00f0u sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0a sem koma upp \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 t\u00falkun og beitingu 10. gr. um tj\u00e1ningarfrelsi\u00f0. \u00cd einum skilningi er d\u00f3murinn \u00edhaldsamur ef svo m\u00e1 segja, \u00fear sem svo vir\u00f0ist sem liti\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 ekki v\u00e6ri fullum fetum um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a haturs\u00e1r\u00f3\u00f0ur. Er \u00fea\u00f0 vel, \u00fev\u00ed \u00f3varlegt er\u00a0a\u00f0 \u00fatv\u00edkka \u00fea\u00f0 hugtak miki\u00f0 umfram tj\u00e1ningu sem felur \u00ed s\u00e9r hvatningu til ofbeldisfullra a\u00f0ger\u00f0a gegn tilteknum h\u00f3pum, ef \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1 ekki a\u00f0 missa allt bit, auk \u00feess sem \u00fea\u00f0 er \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 meginsj\u00f3narmi\u00f0 a\u00f0 t\u00falka eigi \u00fer\u00f6ngt reglur sem takmarka tj\u00e1ningarfrelsi\u00f0. \u00c1 hinn b\u00f3ginn er hann r\u00f3tt\u00e6kur a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed leyti a\u00f0 liti\u00f0 er svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 r\u00edki hafi heimild til a\u00f0 takamarka tj\u00e1ningarfrelsi\u00f0 til a\u00f0\u00a0koma \u00ed veg fyrir ni\u00f0randi, ford\u00f3mafullar og m\u00f3\u00f0gandi sta\u00f0h\u00e6fingar um tiltekna h\u00f3pa samf\u00e9lagsins, \u00e1n \u00feess \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 um haturs\u00e1r\u00f3\u00f0ur s\u00e9 a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a \u00ed hef\u00f0bundnum skilningi.<\/p>\n

D\u00f3murinn vekur \u00fdmsar \u00e1leitnar spurningar um hvar draga skuli m\u00f6rkin milli verndar minnihlutah\u00f3pa annars vegar og tj\u00e1ningarfrelsisins hins vegar. \u00c9g er samm\u00e1la \u00feeim d\u00f3murum sem t\u00f6ldu vettvangurinn fyrir dreifingu\u00a0b\u00e6klingsins hef\u00f0i \u00e1tt a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a \u00farslitum fremur en efni hans eitt og s\u00e9r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cd pistli m\u00ednum fr\u00e1 21. ma\u00ed sl. er viki\u00f0 a\u00f0 d\u00f3mi mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ls Evr\u00f3pu (MDE) \u00ed m\u00e1linu\u00a0 Vejdeland v. Sweden\u00a0(2012). \u00cd \u00feessum d\u00f3mi komst MDE a\u00f0 \u00feeirri samhlj\u00f3\u00f0a ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u a\u00f0 Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 hef\u00f0i ekki broti\u00f0 gegn tj\u00e1ningarfrelsi k\u00e6renda samkv\u00e6mt 10. gr. mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1lans … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1298,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[759],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-oflokkad"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1298"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=36"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":144,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36\/revisions\/144"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=36"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=36"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=36"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}