![\"\"](\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/files\/2022\/11\/Tugthusid_72pt.jpg\")
<\/a><\/p>\nI<\/strong><\/p>\n Lestur b\u00f3karinnar tengist \u00e1huga m\u00ednum \u00e1 \u00edslenskri r\u00e9ttars\u00f6gu. Raunar skrifa\u00f0i \u00e9g fyrir margt l\u00f6ngu ritger\u00f0 til emb\u00e6ttispr\u00f3fs \u00ed l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i um \u00e1hrif Uppl\u00fdsingarinnar \u00e1 \u00edslenska refsil\u00f6ggj\u00f6f og sakam\u00e1lar\u00e9ttarfar. Upp \u00far henni vann \u00e9g s\u00ed\u00f0ar samnefndan kafla \u00ed riti\u00f0 Uppl\u00fdsingin \u00e1 \u00cdslandi<\/em> (1990) \u00ed ritstj\u00f3rn Inga Sigur\u00f0ssonar pr\u00f3fessors emeritus \u00ed sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0i, hvers \u00e9g naut lei\u00f0sagnar um lendur uppl\u00fdsingarinnar \u00e1 \u00cdslandi undir lok BA n\u00e1ms \u00ed sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0i. S\u00f6gut\u00edmi b\u00f3kar Hauks M\u00e1s er einmitt \u00feegar hugmyndir uppl\u00fdsingamanna um \u00feessi efni eru festast \u00ed sessi Evr\u00f3pu, e\u00f0a fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed um 1750 til 1840. Efni b\u00f3karinnar er m\u00e9r \u00fev\u00ed skylt.<\/p>\n Afbrot og refsingar \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00e1 18. \u00f6ld er endurteki\u00f0 stef \u00ed \u00edslenskum b\u00f3kmenntum. Fyrst er nefnd \u00cdslandsklukkan<\/em> eftir Halld\u00f3r Laxness. S\u00fa saga er a\u00f0 s\u00f6nnu st\u00f3rbrotin og marglaga, en f\u00f6r J\u00f3ns Hreggvi\u00f0ssonar um svipug\u00f6ng \u00edslensks og dansks r\u00e9ttarkerfis, sem h\u00f3fst \u00e1 fyrsta \u00e1ratug aldarinnar, liggur \u00ed gegnum hana alla. H\u00e9r m\u00e1 og nefna Svartfugl<\/em> eftir Gunnar Gunnarsson en bakgrunnur hennar eru mor\u00f0in \u00e1 Sj\u00f6und\u00e1 \u00e1 Rau\u00f0asandi 1802. Gr\u00e1mosinn gl\u00f3ir<\/em> eftir Thor Vilhj\u00e1lmsson kemur m\u00e9r einnig hug \u00fe\u00f3tt s\u00fa saga gerist s\u00ed\u00f0ar. \u00de\u00e1 eru m\u00f6rgum kunnar b\u00e6kur Bj\u00f6rns Th. Bj\u00f6rnssonar Haustskip<\/em> (1975), sem er saga um \u00f6rl\u00f6g \u00cdslendinga sem fluttir voru \u00ed \u00fer\u00e6lakistur Kaupmannahafnar \u00e1 \u00e1runum 1745-1763 og Falsarinn<\/em> um \u00deorvald \u00deorvaldsson fr\u00e1 Sk\u00f3gum \u00ed \u00deelam\u00f6rk, sem falsa\u00f0i peningase\u00f0il og var d\u00e6mdur til dau\u00f0a. Fleira m\u00e6tti telja \u00fe\u00f3tt ekki ver\u00f0i gert h\u00e9r. M\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed segja a\u00f0 Haukur M\u00e1r r\u00e1\u00f0ist ekki \u00e1 gar\u00f0inn \u00fear sem l\u00e6gstur \u00fear sem b\u00f3k hans skapar hugrenningartengsl vi\u00f0 st\u00f3rvirki \u00ed \u00edslenskri b\u00f3kmenntas\u00f6gu.<\/p>\n II<\/strong><\/p>\n Hugmyndir uppl\u00fdsingamanna eiga r\u00e6tur \u00ed heimspekikenningum um n\u00e1tt\u00farur\u00e9tt og n\u00e1tt\u00faruleg r\u00e9ttindi manna sem r\u00edkisvaldi\u00f0 geti ekki af \u00feeim teki\u00f0. R\u00f6kr\u00e9tt var a\u00f0 menn veltu fyrir s\u00e9r hva\u00f0an r\u00edkisvaldinu k\u00e6mu heimildir til a\u00f0 beita f\u00f3lk refsingum og hvort \u00fev\u00ed valdi v\u00e6ru settar skor\u00f0ur. \u00deetta v\u00e6ri unnt a\u00f0 gera me\u00f0 \u00fdmsum h\u00e6tti. Ein lei\u00f0in v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 \u00ferengja hugtaki\u00f0 afbrot og f\u00e6kka \u00feannig heimildum til a\u00f0 refsa f\u00f3lki, svo sem fyrir \u00e6tlu\u00f0 brot sem var\u00f0a tr\u00faarvi\u00f0horf \u00feess, samvisku, sko\u00f0anir og tj\u00e1ningu \u00feeirra, sem og si\u00f0fer\u00f0ilegri breytni. \u00deannig m\u00e6tti fella \u00fdmis konar h\u00e1ttsemi sem \u00e1\u00f0ur var tali\u00f0 til afbrota utan \u00feess hugtaks. \u00de\u00e1 voru m\u00f3ta\u00f0ar \u00fdmsar grundvallarreglur refsir\u00e9ttar, svo sem a\u00f0 heimildir r\u00edkisvaldsins til a\u00f0 refsa f\u00f3lki styddust vi\u00f0 lagaheimild sem m\u00e6tti ekki vera afturvirk og sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0ir d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar ger\u00f0u m\u00f6nnum refsingu. Loks m\u00f3tu\u00f0ust hugmyndir um a\u00f0 refsing skyldi h\u00e6fa gl\u00e6pnum og refsivist skyldi beitt \u00ed auknum m\u00e6li. Loks skyldu lag\u00f0ar af \u00fdmsar l\u00edkamlegar refsingar, svo sem h\u00fd\u00f0ingar, aflimanir og a\u00f0rar limlestingar \u00e1 f\u00f3lki fyrir litlar e\u00f0a engar sakir, svo ekki s\u00e9 n\u00fa tala\u00f0 um dau\u00f0arefsingar. \u00deess \u00ed sta\u00f0 var tala\u00f0 fyrir refsivist og vinnu fanga \u00ed bland vi\u00f0 betrun \u00feeirra til gera \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 gildum samf\u00e9lags\u00feegnum. \u00deetta hefur \u00ed framkv\u00e6md gengi\u00f0 upp og ni\u00f0ur, svo sem menn \u00feekkja. Uppl\u00fdstar hugmyndir um gl\u00e6pi og refsingar n\u00e1\u00f0u skj\u00f3tri \u00fatbrei\u00f0slu. Raunar eru \u00fe\u00e6r margar n\u00fa \u00e1 d\u00f6gum svo fastar \u00ed sessi a\u00f0 segja m\u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r s\u00e9u hluti af r\u00e9ttarvitund \u00feorra manna, a.m.k. \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu.<\/p>\n Hugmyndir \u00feessar n\u00e1\u00f0u til Danmerkur eins og annarra r\u00edkja \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu, \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00fe\u00e6r b\u00e6rust til \u00cdslands seint og illa og eiginlega ekki a\u00f0 marki fyrr en Magn\u00fas Stephensen d\u00f3mstj\u00f3ri kom me\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r \u00ed farteski s\u00ednu fr\u00e1 n\u00e1msvist \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn og t\u00f3k s\u00e6ti \u00ed hinum n\u00fdja Landsyfirr\u00e9tti sem stofna\u00f0ur var \u00e1ri\u00f0 1800. Fremstur \u00ed flokki \u00feeirra sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u kynnt s\u00e9r \u00feessar hugmyndir var einmitt Henrik Stampe en hann var helsti r\u00e1\u00f0unautur stj\u00f3rnarinnar \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn til \u00e1rsins 1784, en hann kemur vi\u00f0 s\u00f6gu \u00ed b\u00f3k Hauks M\u00e1s. \u00c1 eftir honum kom svo Christian Colbi\u00f8rnsen. Hlutverk \u00feeirra var me\u00f0al annars a\u00f0 vera stj\u00f3rninni til r\u00e1\u00f0uneytis um refsir\u00e9tt og me\u00f0fer\u00f0 sakam\u00e1la. Ekki \u00fearf a\u00f0 r\u00fdna lengi \u00ed verk \u00feeirra til a\u00f0 \u00e1tta sig \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feeir \u00feekktu til hugmynda uppl\u00fdsingarmanna um gl\u00e6pi og refsingar. L\u00f6g\u00f0u \u00feeir sig nokku\u00f0 fram vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 innr\u00e6ta \u00edslenskum lagam\u00f6nnum \u00feessar hugmyndir me\u00f0 \u00f3lj\u00f3sum \u00e1rangri<\/p>\n III<\/strong><\/p>\n Fyrir me\u00f0al annars \u00e1hrif Uppl\u00fdsingarinnar ur\u00f0u \u00fe\u00e6r breytingar \u00e1 refsir\u00e9tti \u00ed Danm\u00f6rku og \u00fear me\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00cdslandi, a\u00f0 heimildum til a\u00f0 d\u00e6ma menn \u00ed refsivist (\u00fer\u00e6lkun) fj\u00f6lga\u00f0i. F\u00f6ngum \u00e1 \u00cdslandi sem \u00feurfti a\u00f0 senda utan til afpl\u00e1nunar fj\u00f6lga\u00f0i \u00fear me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed ekkert tugth\u00fas var \u00e1 \u00cdslandi til a\u00f0 h\u00fdsa allt \u00feetta f\u00f3lk. Me\u00f0fram \u00feessu var\u00f0 talsver\u00f0ur straumur \u00cdslendinga \u00ed \u00fer\u00e6lakistur Kaupmannahafnar og l\u00fdsir Bj\u00f6rn Th. Bj\u00f6rnsson \u00feessu \u00ed heimildas\u00f6gu sinni Haustskip<\/em>, sem fyrr er nefnd. Kostna\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 upphald fanga me\u00f0an fer\u00f0ar var be\u00f0i\u00f0, \u00fev\u00ed \u00fe\u00e6r voru strj\u00e1lar, lag\u00f0ist \u00e1 s\u00fdslumenn \u00feeim til \u00f6rgustu m\u00e6\u00f0u.<\/p>\n \u00de\u00f3tt umr\u00e6\u00f0ur um m\u00f6gulegt tugth\u00fas \u00e1 \u00cdslandi hef\u00f0u hafist nokkru fyrr var \u00fea\u00f0 vissulega fyrir b\u00e6naskr\u00e1 \u00edslenskra s\u00fdslumanna fr\u00e1 1757 a\u00f0 skri\u00f0ur komst \u00e1 m\u00e1li\u00f0 eins og fram kemur \u00ed b\u00f3k Hauks M\u00e1s. \u00cd b\u00e6naskr\u00e1nni, sem send var konungi \u00e1 h\u00e1tindi Uppl\u00fdsingarinnar \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu, er me\u00f0al annars bi\u00f0la\u00f0 til konungs um a\u00f0 r\u00fdmka heimildir til a\u00f0 taka sakamenn af l\u00edfi. \u00de\u00e1 \u00feyrftu s\u00fdslumenn ekki a\u00f0 halda \u00feeim uppi \u00fear til \u00feeir yr\u00f0u sendir \u00fer\u00e6lkunar hj\u00e1 k\u00f3nginum. \u00d3d\u00fdrara og skilvirkara v\u00e6ri fyrir alla sem \u00e6ttu hagsmuna a\u00f0 g\u00e6ta, annarra en sakamannanna sj\u00e1lfra, a\u00f0 l\u00edfl\u00e1ta \u00fe\u00e1 strax. Ekki b\u00e6tti \u00far sk\u00e1k, fr\u00e1 sj\u00f3narh\u00f3li stj\u00f3rnarinnar \u00ed Kaupmannh\u00f6fn, a\u00f0 kaupmenn f\u00f3ru um \u00feessar mundir a\u00f0 heimta gjald fyrir flutning fanga til Danmerkur.<\/p>\n \u00cd b\u00f3k Hauks M\u00e1s kemur fram a\u00f0 \u00e1\u00f0urnefndur Henrik Stampe f\u00e9kk b\u00e6naskr\u00e1na til umsagnar. Samdi hann \u00edtarlega sk\u00fdrslu um \u00feessa illr\u00e6mdu b\u00e6nskr\u00e1 og er a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 a\u00f0 honum hafi veri\u00f0 nokku\u00f0 brug\u00f0i\u00f0. Eitt af \u00fev\u00ed sem hann m\u00e6lti me\u00f0 sem lausn var a\u00f0 reisa hegningarh\u00fas \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. Me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed skyldu \u00ed einu h\u00f6ggi slegnar \u00ferj\u00e1r flugur, spara s\u00fdslum\u00f6nnum uppihald d\u00e6mdra manna og stj\u00f3rninni kostna\u00f0 af flutningi \u00feeirra \u00ed \u00fer\u00e6lakistur s\u00ednar. Enn m\u00e6tti n\u00fdta vinnuafli\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e6lakj\u00f6r \u00e1 \u00cdslandi svo sem Sk\u00fali Magn\u00fasson innr\u00e9ttingama\u00f0ur og fleiri h\u00f6f\u00f0u hug \u00e1. \u00deannig m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 uppl\u00fdsing og peningar hafi r\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 mestu um a\u00f0 h\u00fasi\u00f0 var reist, \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00ed lj\u00f3s komi, \u00feegar saga \u00feessi er ranns\u00f6ku\u00f0, a\u00f0 hugsj\u00f3nirnar vir\u00f0ast hafa viki\u00f0 undra skj\u00f3tt fyrir sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0um um kostna\u00f0arhagkv\u00e6mni og \u00ferefi um hvernig reksturinn skyldi fj\u00e1rmagna\u00f0ur. Er \u00feess \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 geta a\u00f0 afrakstur af vinnu fanga innan og utan M\u00farsins, sem h\u00fasi\u00f0 var kalla\u00f0, hr\u00f6kk lengst af skammt \u00fe\u00f3tt ekkert v\u00e6ri kaupi\u00f0 (utan brau\u00f0- e\u00f0a brenniv\u00ednskammta um t\u00edma) og annar kostur oftast r\u00fdr, nema \u00feegar miki\u00f0 l\u00e1 vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00feeir fengu \u00fe\u00e1 n\u00e6ringu sem dyg\u00f0i til a\u00f0 \u00feeir n\u00fdttust til vinnu. \u00de\u00e1 er l\u00edka lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 margir sem st\u00f6rfu\u00f0u \u00ed h\u00fasinu og h\u00f6f\u00f0u \u00fear \u00f6ll r\u00e1\u00f0 \u00ed hendi s\u00e9r hirtu l\u00edtt um uppl\u00fdstar refsikenningar og \u00f3v\u00edst hvort \u00feeir h\u00f6f\u00f0u yfirh\u00f6fu\u00f0 fr\u00e9tt af \u00feeim. \u00deessa ber merki doktorsritger\u00f0 Bj\u00f6rn \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0arsonar um Refsivist \u00e1 \u00cdslandi 1761-1925<\/em>, en saga h\u00fassins er \u00fear kortl\u00f6g\u00f0 af mikilli natni og fj\u00e1rm\u00e1lin \u00e1berandi lei\u00f0arstef.<\/p>\n IV<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00cd b\u00f3k sinni tekur h\u00f6fundurinn Haukur M\u00e1r s\u00e9r fyrir hendur a\u00f0 segja s\u00f6gu hegningarh\u00fassins fr\u00e1 n\u00fdju sj\u00f3narhorni samanbori\u00f0 vi\u00f0 a\u00f0ra \u00e1 undan honum sem hafa n\u00e1lgast efni\u00f0 fr\u00e1 v\u00ed\u00f0ara fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu sj\u00f3narhorni. \u00deetta gerir hann me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 beina athyglinni a\u00f0 l\u00edfinu \u00ed h\u00fasinu og l\u00edfi og \u00f6rl\u00f6gum \u00feeirra er \u00fear voru vista\u00f0ir e\u00f0a st\u00f6rfu\u00f0u \u00fear hverju sinni. \u00c9g tel a\u00f0 framlag Hauks M\u00e1s til \u00feessarar s\u00f6gu s\u00e9 mikilsvert og mikil vi\u00f0b\u00f3t vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sem \u00e1\u00f0ur hefur veri\u00f0 skrifa\u00f0 um \u00feessi efni. Kafar hann b\u00fdsna dj\u00fapt \u00ed \u00feessa s\u00f6gu og dregur \u00e1 afar sannf\u00e6randi h\u00e1tt upp mynd af l\u00edfi fanganna \u00ed h\u00fasinu sem er n\u00f6turlegri en mig haf\u00f0i \u00f3ra\u00f0 fyrir. Taldi \u00e9g mig \u00fe\u00f3 fyrir lestur b\u00f3karinnar hafa vita\u00f0 \u00fdmislegt misjafnt um \u00feessa stofnun. Ver\u00f0ur til a\u00f0 mynda ekki betur s\u00e9\u00f0 en a\u00f0 vinnu fanga innan og\u00a0 utan M\u00farsins s\u00e9 a\u00f0 s\u00f6nnu best l\u00fdst sem \u00fer\u00e6lahaldi, me\u00f0al annars vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 bera grj\u00f3t \u00ed n\u00fdja d\u00f3mkirkju \u00ed Reykjav\u00edk. \u00de\u00e1 var me\u00f0fer\u00f0 fanga, l\u00edkamlegar refsingar og agavi\u00f0url\u00f6g sem \u00feeir voru beittir, sem og a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur og s\u00e1 kostur sem \u00feeim bau\u00f0st m\u00f3ta\u00f0ur af fullkomnu skeytingarleysi um hag \u00feeirra, har\u00f0neskju og grimmd sem leiddi fj\u00f6lda \u00feeirra til \u00f6rkumlunar og dau\u00f0a eins og sk\u00fdrt er af b\u00f3k Hauks M\u00e1s. \u00cd b\u00f3kinni birtist \u00feessi saga sem lj\u00f3tur blettur \u00e1 \u00edslenskri r\u00e9ttars\u00f6gu og voru \u00fear \u00fe\u00f3 fyrir margir st\u00f3rir blettir og lj\u00f3tir.<\/p>\n VI<\/strong><\/p>\n H\u00f6fundur hefur unni\u00f0 mikla heimildavinnu, me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a frumheimildir, svo sem l\u00f6ggj\u00f6f, br\u00e9faskriftir \u00fdmis konar milli emb\u00e6ttismanna, opinberar sk\u00fdrslur, d\u00f3msskj\u00f6l o.fl. og n\u00e6sta l\u00edklega einnig fr\u00e6\u00f0ileg skrif um efni\u00f0. B\u00f3k Hauks M\u00e1s er \u00fe\u00f3 ekki fr\u00e6\u00f0irit \u00fev\u00ed \u00fe\u00f3tt miki\u00f0 s\u00e9 um almennar fr\u00e1sagnir af heimildunum e\u00f0a efni \u00far \u00feeim \u00ed b\u00f3kinni eru v\u00edsanir til \u00feeirra me\u00f0 \u00feeim h\u00e6tti a\u00f0 ekki er unnt, e\u00f0a a\u00f0 minnst kosti mj\u00f6g fyrirhafnarsamt, a\u00f0 sta\u00f0reyna hvort r\u00e9tt s\u00e9 eftir haft. Sk\u00e1ldaleyfi h\u00f6fundar au\u00f0velda \u00fea\u00f0 ekki heldur. \u00c9g tek fram a\u00f0 \u00e9g efast \u00fe\u00f3 ekkert um a\u00f0 r\u00e9tt s\u00e9 eftir haft \u00fear sem \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1 vi\u00f0.<\/p>\n \u00c1 bakhli\u00f0 k\u00e1pu b\u00f3karinnar segir a\u00f0 um sk\u00e1lds\u00f6gu s\u00e9 a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a. Fr\u00e1s\u00f6gnin og framvinda s\u00f6gunnar er \u00feannig a\u00f0 fangar og starfsmenn l\u00ed\u00f0a fyrir sj\u00f3nir lesanda eins og skuggamyndir fremur en lj\u00f3slifandi pers\u00f3nur og skil a\u00f0al- e\u00f0a aukapers\u00f3na eru \u00f3gl\u00f6gg. Fangarnir birtast \u00fear hver \u00e1 f\u00e6tur \u00f6\u00f0rum flestir hoknir af f\u00e1t\u00e6kt, striti, ves\u00f6ld, har\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i og buga\u00f0ir af ofbeldi og \u00f3r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ti \u00feessa heims. \u00dear birtast og r\u00e1\u00f0smenn, tugtmeistarar og a\u00f0rir sem st\u00f6rfu\u00f0u \u00ed \u00feessu h\u00fasi, sem og emb\u00e6ttismenn, h\u00e1ir sem l\u00e1gir, sem flestir l\u00e9tu s\u00e9r \u00feessa illu me\u00f0fer\u00f0 og \u00feetta mikla \u00f3r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ti sig \u00ed f\u00e1u var\u00f0a. Erindi \u00feeirra sem t\u00f3ku m\u00e1lsta\u00f0 fanganna og \u00f3sku\u00f0u \u00farb\u00f3ta voru afgreidd af \u00e6\u00f0stu emb\u00e6ttism\u00f6nnum sem stagl og lei\u00f0indi. Svo er \u00fear sagt fr\u00e1 f\u00e1lkaf\u00f6ngurum, landm\u00e6lingam\u00f6nnum, stj\u00f6rnusko\u00f0unarm\u00f6nnum sem sem koma vi\u00f0 s\u00f6gu h\u00fassins. Pers\u00f3nugaller\u00edi\u00f0 \u00ed b\u00f3kinni er afar st\u00f3rt og fj\u00f6lbreytt. \u00cd b\u00f3kinni eru \u00feannig \u00ed raun margar sm\u00e6rri s\u00f6gur sem \u00fe\u00f3 g\u00e6tu margar hver um sig veri\u00f0 uppista\u00f0a \u00ed sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0ar s\u00f6gur. Vegna a\u00f0fer\u00f0ar h\u00f6fundar vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 koma allri \u00feessari s\u00f6gu \u00e1 framf\u00e6ri er ver\u00f0ur stundum illa fest h\u00f6nd \u00e1 einst\u00f6kum pers\u00f3num og vafalaust v\u00e6ri \u00e1hugavert a\u00f0 kynnast m\u00f6rgum \u00feeim betur og f\u00e1 a\u00f0 vita meira um l\u00edfshlaup \u00feeirra og \u00f6rl\u00f6g. \u00cd vi\u00f0tali vi\u00f0 Egil Helgason \u00ed Kiljunni stakk h\u00f6fundurinn sj\u00e1lfur upp \u00e1 a\u00f0 um s\u00f6gulega sk\u00e1lds\u00f6gu e\u00f0a heimildas\u00f6gu kynni a\u00f0 vera a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a, en var \u00fe\u00f3, ef \u00e9g skil r\u00e9tt, ekki alveg viss hvernig flokka b\u00e6ri. Skiptir sl\u00edk flokkun reyndar litlu m\u00e1li, \u00fev\u00ed b\u00f3kin er a\u00f0 s\u00f6nnu snj\u00f6ll og mikilsver\u00f0 eins og h\u00fan er og best a\u00f0 lesendur n\u00e1lgist hana \u00feeirri forsendu og velji henni sj\u00e1lfir sta\u00f0 \u00ed b\u00f3kahillunni a\u00f0 lestri loknum.<\/p>\n \u00de\u00e1 a\u00f0eins um m\u00e1lfar og st\u00edl. \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed efni ver\u00f0 \u00e9g a\u00f0 j\u00e1ta a\u00f0 m\u00e9r fannst textinn \u00e1 stundum seigur undir t\u00f6nn, einkum vi\u00f0 upphaf lestursins. Helgast \u00feetta af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 v\u00ed\u00f0a eru setningar langar og b\u00fata\u00f0ar ni\u00f0ur me\u00f0 aukasetningum og innskotssetningum sem hver um sig inniheldur sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0 efnisatri\u00f0i \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00feau s\u00e9u um lei\u00f0 tengd. \u00deess er og a\u00f0 geta a\u00f0 \u00ed b\u00f3kinni er fjalla\u00f0 um t\u00edmabil \u00cdslandss\u00f6gunnar sem or\u00f0a\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u201e\u00edslenskunnar trufl og rammsk\u00e6ldan b\u00f6guskap, sem af d\u00f6nskunni stendur\u201c. \u00c6tla ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 st\u00edllinn m\u00f3tist af hendi h\u00f6fundar \u00e1 k\u00f6flum, n\u00e6sta \u00f6rugglega me\u00f0vita\u00f0, af gr\u00faski hans \u00ed heimildunum og \u00feannig hinum m\u00e1lfarslega t\u00ed\u00f0aranda, sem og einnig \u00feeim st\u00edl sem v\u00e6nta m\u00e6tti \u00ed sk\u00fdrslu s\u00f6gumannsins P\u00e1ls Holt. Oftast er h\u00f6fundur \u00e1 l\u00e9ttari spretti og textinn l\u00ed\u00f0ur fram hei\u00f0ur, t\u00e6r og br\u00e1\u00f0snjall.<\/p>\n VI<\/strong><\/p>\n Undir lokin varpar sk\u00fdrsluh\u00f6fundurinn og s\u00f6guma\u00f0urinn P\u00e1ll Holt \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 forvitnilegt s\u00e9, hafandi \u00ed huga \u00feessa \u00f6murlegu fort\u00ed\u00f0 h\u00fassins \u201ea\u00f0 r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rnir velji s\u00e9r \u00feetta samhengi og st\u00f6rfum s\u00ednum og hitt hva\u00f0a \u00e1hrif \u00fea\u00f0 hefur \u00e1 \u00fe\u00e9ttb\u00fdli a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a til \u00ed kringum tugth\u00fas \u00ed \u00feeirri n\u00e1l\u00e6g\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00f3slitnar refsingar og me\u00f0 \u00feann a\u00f0gang a\u00f0 vinnuafli fanga sem \u00e1 d\u00f6nsku h\u00e9tu \u00fer\u00e6lar.\u201c N\u00fa get \u00e9g ekki svara\u00f0 \u00feessari spurningu P\u00e1ls Holts (h\u00f6fundar), a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru leyti en a\u00f0 rifja upp a\u00f0 H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur \u00cdslands var beinl\u00ednis \u00ed tugh\u00fasinu vi\u00f0 Sk\u00f3lav\u00f6r\u00f0ust\u00edg \u00e1 s\u00ednum fyrstu starfs\u00e1rum. \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed f\u00f3lst \u00e1kve\u00f0in tegund af \u00edslenskri skilvirkni me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed lei\u00f0a m\u00e1tti sakamenn, \u00feegar eftir upplestur d\u00f3msor\u00f0s, ni\u00f0ur \u00e1 n\u00e6stu h\u00e6\u00f0 til a\u00f0 hefja \u00fear afpl\u00e1nun. Vil einnig benda \u00e1 a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnskipunard\u00f3mst\u00f3ll Su\u00f0ur-Afr\u00edku \u00ed J\u00f3hannesarborg, sem settur var \u00e1 f\u00f3t eftir afn\u00e1m a\u00f0skilna\u00f0arstefnunnar \u00fear \u00ed landi, er \u00ed endurger\u00f0u h\u00fasi \u00e1 r\u00fastum eins illr\u00e6mdasta fangelsis landsins. \u00dear dv\u00f6ldu \u00fe\u00fasundir fanga um lengri e\u00f0a skemmri t\u00edma og t\u00fdndu l\u00edfinu vegna h\u00f6rmulegra a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0na og illrar me\u00f0fer\u00f0ar. \u00dear \u00ed landi hefur \u00feessi sta\u00f0reynd \u00fe\u00e1 t\u00e1knr\u00e6nu merkingu, a\u00f0 bygging \u00fear sem r\u00e9ttindi manna voru \u00e1\u00f0ur f\u00f3tum tro\u00f0in skuli eftirlei\u00f0is vera var\u00f0st\u00f6\u00f0 um \u00feau. \u00c1 \u00cdslandi hafa menn l\u00edklega l\u00edti\u00f0 velt fyrir s\u00e9r sl\u00edkum t\u00e1knmerkingum og eins l\u00edklega vali\u00f0 \u00feetta h\u00fas til a\u00f0 h\u00fdsa \u00e6\u00f0stu stj\u00f3rn landsins vegna kostna\u00f0arhagr\u00e6\u00f0is, r\u00e9tt eins og \u00feegar tekin var \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un um byggingu \u00feess \u00e1 s\u00ednum t\u00edma. Au\u00f0vita\u00f0 er vi\u00f0 h\u00e6fi a\u00f0 fyrir utan \u00feetta fyrrum illr\u00e6mda tugth\u00fas standi minnismerki um allt \u00fea\u00f0 skuggs\u00e6kna f\u00e1t\u00e6ka alm\u00fagaf\u00f3lk sem t\u00fdndi \u00fear l\u00edfi s\u00ednu.<\/p>\n Afar \u00e1hugaver\u00f0ur lestur sem \u00e9g m\u00e6li \u00f3hika\u00f0 me\u00f0.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" I Lestur b\u00f3karinnar tengist \u00e1huga m\u00ednum \u00e1 \u00edslenskri r\u00e9ttars\u00f6gu. Raunar skrifa\u00f0i \u00e9g fyrir margt l\u00f6ngu ritger\u00f0 til emb\u00e6ttispr\u00f3fs \u00ed l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i um \u00e1hrif Uppl\u00fdsingarinnar \u00e1 \u00edslenska refsil\u00f6ggj\u00f6f og sakam\u00e1lar\u00e9ttarfar. Upp \u00far henni vann \u00e9g s\u00ed\u00f0ar samnefndan kafla \u00ed riti\u00f0 Uppl\u00fdsingin … Continue reading