I<\/p>\n
H\u00f6fundur rita\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2018 grein um fullveldi \u00cdslands \u00ed samstarfi Evr\u00f3pur\u00edkja, sem er prentu\u00f0 \u00ed ritinu. Frj\u00e1lst og fullvalda r\u00edki: \u00cdsland 1918\u20132018<\/em> (S\u00f6guf\u00e9lag 2018). Ritstj\u00f3ri b\u00f3karinnar er Gu\u00f0mundur J\u00f3nsson pr\u00f3fessor \u00ed sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00cd tilefni af umr\u00e6\u00f0u um b\u00f3kun 35 vi\u00f0 EES-samninginn set \u00e9g h\u00e9r inn \u00feennan pistil sem hefur a\u00f0 geyma meginatri\u00f0i \u00feess sem fram kemur \u00ed samantekt og lokaor\u00f0um greinarinnar, \u00fe\u00f3tt h\u00fan var\u00f0i annars ekki umr\u00e6dda b\u00f3kun s\u00e9rstaklega a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru leyti.<\/p>\n \u00cd greininni er raki\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00ed samningavi\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0unum um EES-samninginn hafi veri\u00f0 l\u00f6g\u00f0 mikil \u00e1hersla \u00e1 a\u00f0 h\u00e1lfu EFTA-r\u00edkjanna, ekki s\u00edst Noregs og \u00cdslands, a\u00f0 samningurinn skerti ekki sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0i \u00feeirra e\u00f0a fullveldi. Ger\u00f0 er grein fyrir \u00feeim \u00e1hrifum sem \u00feetta vi\u00f0horf haf\u00f0i \u00e1 lagalega ger\u00f0 EES-samningsins. A\u00f0dragandinn ber \u00feess sk\u00fdr merki a\u00f0 \u00feess var freista\u00f0, me\u00f0al annars \u00ed skj\u00f3li tveggja sto\u00f0a kerfis samningsins, a\u00f0 tryggja ESB\/EES-reglum st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00ed landsr\u00e9tti EFTA-r\u00edkjanna sem er \u00ed a\u00f0alatri\u00f0um samb\u00e6rileg st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00feeirra \u00ed a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkjum ESB, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feeim v\u00e6ri gert a\u00f0 l\u00fata yfir\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legu valdi \u00ed andst\u00f6\u00f0u vi\u00f0 fullveldisr\u00e9ttindi \u00feeirra.<\/p>\n H\u00f6fundur telur a\u00f0 \u00feetta hafi tekist og samningurinn tryggi de jure<\/em> fullveldi landsins. \u00c1 hinn b\u00f3ginn er l\u00edtil s\u00e1tt um \u00fea\u00f0 innanlands hvort \u00feetta fyrirkomulag s\u00e9 \u00ed raun s\u00e6mandi fullvalda r\u00edki de facto<\/em> \u00ed p\u00f3lit\u00edskum e\u00f0a s\u00f6gulegum skilningi. R\u00f6kin l\u00fata a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 EFTA-r\u00edkin eigi ekki beina a\u00f0ild a\u00f0 \u00feeim stofnunum bandalagsins sem koma a\u00f0 undirb\u00faningi og setningu n\u00fdrrar l\u00f6ggjafar \u00e1 svi\u00f0um EES-samningsins og hafi l\u00edtil e\u00f0a engin \u00e1hrif \u00e1 efni l\u00f6ggjafar sem \u00edslenska r\u00edki\u00f0 er \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarlega skuldbundi\u00f0 til a\u00f0 fella \u00ed landsr\u00e9tt sinn.<\/p>\n II<\/p>\n \u00c1 \u00e1rinu 1918 \u00fe\u00fdddi fullveldi \u00ed hugum \u00cdslendinga a\u00f0 \u00feeir f\u00e6ru sj\u00e1lfir me\u00f0 \u00e6\u00f0sta vald \u00ed \u00f6llum s\u00ednum m\u00e1lum (innra fullveldi<\/em>) og enn fremur a\u00f0 \u00f6nnur r\u00edki vi\u00f0urkenndu fullveldi landsins og r\u00e9tt \u00feess til a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a eigin m\u00e1lum (ytra fullveldi<\/em>). \u00deessi tv\u00f6 kjarnaatri\u00f0i \u00ed skilningi manna \u00e1 fullveldi \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma f\u00e9ll nokku\u00f0 vel a\u00f0 hinni l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu (de jure<\/em>) skilgreiningu sem jafnan hefur veri\u00f0 l\u00f6g\u00f0 til grundvallar vi\u00f0 mat \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnskipulegu gildi EES-samningsins, jafnframt \u00fev\u00ed m\u00e1 reikna me\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessu hafi falist \u00e1skilna\u00f0ur um fullveldi de facto<\/em>. H\u00f6fundur heldur \u00fev\u00ed fram, a\u00f0 svo miklu leyti sem liti\u00f0 er \u00e1 fyrirkomulag vi\u00f0 innlei\u00f0ingu EES-ger\u00f0a \u00ed \u00edslenskan r\u00e9tt, sem \u201efullveldisvandam\u00e1l\u201c, \u00fe\u00e1 s\u00e9 \u00fear alfari\u00f0 um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a innlendan p\u00f3lit\u00edskan vanda, sem hafi ekkert a\u00f0 gera me\u00f0 ytra fullveldi<\/em> \u00cdslands \u00ed samf\u00e9lagi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna og \u00ed samskiptum vi\u00f0 \u00f6nnur r\u00edki. En fullveldi\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur ekki eing\u00f6ngu skili\u00f0 sem lagalegt og stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0ilegt hugtak heldur f\u00f3lst einnig \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed s\u00fa tr\u00fa \u00cdslendinga a\u00f0 \u00feeim v\u00e6ri best treystandi til a\u00f0 stu\u00f0la a\u00f0 velfer\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arinnar og r\u00e6kta \u00edslenska menningu. Fullveldi er \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed senn birtingarmynd almannavalds sem og hugmynda \u00cdslendinga um hvernig \u00fev\u00ed ver\u00f0ur beitt \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu \u00cdslendinga.<\/p>\n III<\/p>\n \u00cdslenska r\u00edki\u00f0 neytir fullveldisr\u00e9ttinda sinna me\u00f0al annars me\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legu samstarfi, \u00fear me\u00f0 \u00ed samstarfi Evr\u00f3pur\u00edkja, af frj\u00e1lsum vilja og samkv\u00e6mt eigin \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un. Engin \u00fevingun b\u00fdr \u00fear a\u00f0 baki fr\u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum r\u00edkjum. Jafnframt m\u00e1 \u00e6tla a\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0unin um a\u00f0 taka \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed samstarfinu hafi veri\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed bygg\u00f0 h\u00fan v\u00e6ri \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gu hagsmuna \u00edslenskra borgara. \u00deetta vill gleymast og ekki laust vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lamenn \u00e1 stundum noti \u00e1skilna\u00f0 um fullveldi landsins til a\u00f0 ala \u00e1 tortryggni gagnvart al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legu samstarfi og tala um skuldbindingar sem af \u00fev\u00ed lei\u00f0ir, einkum eins og \u00fe\u00e6r birtast \u00ed EES-samningnum, eins og um s\u00e9 a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a \u00f3r\u00e9ttm\u00e6tan yfirgang og afskipti erlends valds af innanlandsm\u00e1lum \u00cdslendinga. Litlu breytir \u00fe\u00f3tt reglurnar \u00ed raun f\u00e6ri borgurunum, \u00fe.m.t. laun\u00feegum, og \u00edslenskum a\u00f0ilum \u00ed atvinnurekstri, a\u00f0allega r\u00e9ttindi, \u00fe\u00f3tt au\u00f0vita\u00f0 fylgi \u00fev\u00ed l\u00edka skyldur, eins og \u00f6llum r\u00e9ttindum. Or\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0a af \u00feessu tagi minnir mig stundum \u00e1 s\u00f6guna af \u00deorgeiri H\u00e1varssyni \u00feegar hann skrei\u00f0 upp \u00far tj\u00f6rukagganum og \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ur j\u00f3msv\u00edkingur str\u00fatharaldssonask\u00e1ld spur\u00f0i hetjuna: \u201eHv\u00ed ertu eigi geinginn vi\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum m\u00f6nnum og ausinn vatni \u00ed tj\u00f6ru sta\u00f0?\u201c \u201eEg em \u00edslenskur ma\u00f0ur\u201c, m\u00e6lti \u00deorgeir H\u00e1varsson \u201c\u2026 og f\u00fdsir mig l\u00edtt a\u00f0 fara a\u00f0 si\u00f0um annarra manna\u201c. (HKL Gerpla<\/em> 25. kafli).<\/p>\n IV<\/p>\n \u00deegar \u00cdsland var\u00f0 fullvalda r\u00edki \u00e1ri\u00f0 1918 var hi\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0andi vi\u00f0horf a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttur t\u00e6ki til samskipta r\u00edkja og borgarar einstakra r\u00edkja g\u00e6tu ekki reist r\u00e9ttindi \u00e1 sl\u00edkum reglum, enda sjaldnast til \u00feess fallnar. \u00deetta hefur breyst og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarreglum er \u00ed vaxandi m\u00e6li \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 m\u00e6la fyrir um r\u00e9ttarst\u00f6\u00f0u einstaklinga og l\u00f6ga\u00f0ila. Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legir mannr\u00e9ttindas\u00e1ttm\u00e1lar eru auglj\u00f3st d\u00e6mi um \u00feetta. \u00de\u00e1 er EES-samningurinn d\u00e6mi um \u00feetta enda sn\u00fdst hann fyrst og s\u00ed\u00f0ast um r\u00e9ttindi og skyldur einstaklinga og a\u00f0ila \u00ed atvinnurekstri \u00e1 sameiginlegum marka\u00f0i Evr\u00f3pur\u00edkja. Samskiptin \u00e1 \u00feeim marka\u00f0i l\u00fata reglum sem eiga s\u00e9r r\u00e6tur \u00ed samstarfi og samkomulagi \u00feessara r\u00edkja. \u00deetta m\u00e1 leggja \u00feannig \u00fat a\u00f0 hi\u00f0 fullvalda r\u00edki s\u00e9 \u00feannig \u00ed raun ekki eina uppspretta valdsins eins og hin hef\u00f0bundna fullveldishugmynd gerir r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir. Vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur s\u00fdnist r\u00f6kr\u00e9tt a\u00f0 gera r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum stofnunum sem f\u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 hlutverk a\u00f0 standa v\u00f6r\u00f0 um r\u00e9ttindi sem einstaklingar og l\u00f6ga\u00f0ilar kunna a\u00f0 eiga \u00f3h\u00e1\u00f0 fullveldi r\u00edkja. Vel m\u00e1 vera a\u00f0 \u00feessi veruleiki \u00feyki til \u00feess fallin a\u00f0 grafa a\u00f0 undan valdi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00edkja (r\u00edkisheilda) og m\u00f6gulega samst\u00f6\u00f0u um \u00fe\u00e1 \u00fe\u00e6tti sem venjulega eru taldir tengja saman \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir. En veruleiki er \u00feetta n\u00fa samt.<\/p>\n R\u00f6ksty\u00f0ja m\u00e1 a\u00f0 skilningur r\u00e1\u00f0amanna \u00e1 fullveldishugtakinu \u00e1 hverjum t\u00edma \u00feurfi a\u00f0 uppfylla v\u00e6ntingar og kr\u00f6fur borgaranna um velfer\u00f0 og vernd r\u00e9ttinda \u00feeirra me\u00f0 a\u00f0ild a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttars\u00e1ttm\u00e1lum og al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum stofnunum sem hafa vald til a\u00f0 taka bindandi \u00e1kvar\u00f0anir, ef \u00fev\u00ed er a\u00f0 skipta. Fr\u00e1 sj\u00f3narh\u00f3li borgaranna, sem byggja r\u00e9tt sinn, og jafnvel afkomu, \u00e1 a\u00f0 EES-reglurnar virki, skiptir verulegu m\u00e1li a\u00f0 \u00feeir f\u00e1i noti\u00f0 r\u00e9ttinda sinna samkv\u00e6mt EES-reglum og mega \u00fe\u00e1 vangaveltur stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lamanna, l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga, stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0inga og sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0inga um fullveldi og fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega merkingu \u00feess kannski einu gilda. Krafan um fullveldi \u00edslenska r\u00edkisins s\u00e9 ger\u00f0 til a\u00f0 standa v\u00f6r\u00f0 um a\u00f0 borgarar \u00feess f\u00e1i noti\u00f0 r\u00e9ttinda en standi \u00fev\u00ed ekki \u00ed vegi.<\/p>\n V<\/p>\n Vel eru \u00feekkt me\u00f0al Evr\u00f3pur\u00e9ttarfr\u00e6\u00f0inga or\u00f0 breska d\u00f3marans Lord Denning, sem sag\u00f0i \u00ed einum d\u00f3ma sinna a\u00f0 \u00feegar a\u00f0 m\u00e1lefnum sem var\u00f0a Evr\u00f3pu kemur s\u00e9 s\u00e1ttm\u00e1linn (ESB) eins og a\u00f0fall sj\u00e1var. \u201eFl\u00f3\u00f0i\u00f0 streymir um \u00e1r\u00f3sana og upp \u00e1rnar og ver\u00f0ur ekki st\u00f6\u00f0va\u00f0.\u201c(Bulmer Ltd o.fl.<\/em> gegn Bollinger<\/em>, 1974). Me\u00f0 Brexit er lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 tilt\u00f6lulega naumur meirihluti Breta gafst upp \u00e1 a\u00f0 bera grj\u00f3t \u00ed varnargar\u00f0a \u201efullveldis\u201c Bretlands og \u00e1kva\u00f0 a\u00f0 segja sig \u00far ESB. Aflei\u00f0ingin var s\u00fa a\u00f0 afkoma og r\u00e9ttindi fj\u00f6lmargra Breta, sem bygg\u00f0 var beint e\u00f0a \u00f3beint \u00a0\u00e1 reglum hins sameiginlega marka\u00f0ar var og er enn \u00ed uppn\u00e1mi. S\u00fdnir \u00feetta a\u00f0 kr\u00f6fur um fullveldi r\u00edkisins \u00feurfa ekki alltaf a\u00f0 falla vel a\u00f0 hagsmunum og r\u00e9ttindum st\u00f3rs hluta borgara \u00feess. \u00cdslensk yfirv\u00f6ld hafa ekki alltaf g\u00e6tt a\u00f0 \u00feessu \u00feegar \u00feau hafa \u00e1 vettvangi al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legra stofnana bori\u00f0 fyrir sig fullveldisr\u00e9ttindi til a\u00f0 neita eigin borgurum um r\u00e9ttindi sem \u00feeir eiga a\u00f0 nj\u00f3ta samkv\u00e6mt \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarreglum sem r\u00edki\u00f0 hefur undirgengist, \u00fe.m.t. EES-reglum. Er l\u00edklegt a\u00f0 bar\u00e1ttumenn fyrir \u00edslensku fullveldi \u00e1ri\u00f0 1918 hafi s\u00e9\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 \u00e1skilna\u00f0i um fullveldi yr\u00f0i beitt me\u00f0 \u00feeim h\u00e6tti?<\/p>\n \n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" I H\u00f6fundur rita\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2018 grein um fullveldi \u00cdslands \u00ed samstarfi Evr\u00f3pur\u00edkja, sem er prentu\u00f0 \u00ed ritinu. Frj\u00e1lst og fullvalda r\u00edki: \u00cdsland 1918\u20132018 (S\u00f6guf\u00e9lag 2018). Ritstj\u00f3ri b\u00f3karinnar er Gu\u00f0mundur J\u00f3nsson pr\u00f3fessor \u00ed sagnfr\u00e6\u00f0i. \u00cd tilefni af umr\u00e6\u00f0u um b\u00f3kun … Continue reading