{"id":640,"date":"2023-06-29T08:58:20","date_gmt":"2023-06-29T08:58:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/?p=640"},"modified":"2023-08-09T21:05:35","modified_gmt":"2023-08-09T21:05:35","slug":"um-tengsl-thjodarettar-og-landsrettar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/2023\/06\/29\/um-tengsl-thjodarettar-og-landsrettar\/","title":{"rendered":"Um tengsl \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttar og landsr\u00e9ttar"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00cd \u00feessum pistli r\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e9g nokkur atri\u00f0i sem var\u00f0a tengsl \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttar og landsr\u00e9ttar. Ger\u00f0 er grein fyrir meginreglum e\u00f0a kenningunum sem kenndar hafa veri\u00f0 eine\u00f0li og tv\u00ede\u00f0li um \u00feessi tengsl og \u00feeim lagar\u00f6kum og p\u00f3lit\u00edsku meginsj\u00f3narmi\u00f0um sem \u00fe\u00e6r eru reistar \u00e1. Ekki er h\u00e9r tekin afsta\u00f0a til \u00feeirra a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru leyti en \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r l\u00fdsa t\u00e6past me\u00f0 fulln\u00e6gjandi h\u00e6tti raunverulegum tengslum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttar og landsr\u00e9ttar \u00ed einst\u00f6kum r\u00edkjum. Til \u00feess eru \u00feau of fj\u00f6l\u00fe\u00e6tt og fl\u00f3kin, \u00fe\u00f3tt kenningarnar\u00a0 s\u00e9u annars gagnlegar til a\u00f0 gl\u00f6ggva sig \u00e1 \u00feeim \u00e1litaefnum sem vakna um \u00feetta m\u00e1lefni. \u00c1hugavert er a\u00f0 afsta\u00f0a manna til \u00feessara meginreglna e\u00f0a kenninga m\u00f3tast a\u00f0 hluta til af afst\u00f6\u00f0u \u00feeirra til mikilv\u00e6gis al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legra samskipta og hvort og a\u00f0 hva\u00f0a marki \u00e6skilegt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legar stofnanir f\u00e1i valdheimildir sem bindandi eru fyrir r\u00edki. <\/em>A\u00f0alatri\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessu sambandi er \u00fe\u00f3 s\u00fa sta\u00f0reynd a\u00f0 hinn almenni \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9tturinn hefur ekki a\u00f0 geyma reglur um hva\u00f0a st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarreglur skuli hafa a\u00f0 landsr\u00e9tti r\u00edkja og hvernig \u00feeim beri a\u00f0 fulln\u00e6gja \u00feeim skuldbindingum sem \u00ed \u00feeim felast. \u00deetta merkir a\u00f0 hvert r\u00edki, \u00ed skj\u00f3li fullveldisr\u00e9ttinda sinna, eins og \u00feau eru skilgreind og afm\u00f6rku\u00f0 \u00e1 hverjum t\u00edma, setur sj\u00e1lft reglur um me\u00f0 hva\u00f0a h\u00e6tti reglurnar f\u00e1 gildi \u00ed landsr\u00e9tti, \u00fear sem r\u00edki\u00f0 hefur skuldbundi\u00f0 sig til \u00feess a\u00f0 veita \u00feeim sl\u00edkt gildi. S\u00fa a\u00f0fer\u00f0 vi\u00f0 innlei\u00f0ingu EES-reglna sem valin var \u00e1 \u00cdslandi er \u00fev\u00ed samkv\u00e6mt \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un og \u00e1 \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00cdslendinga sj\u00e1lfra. \u00deeir geta vali\u00f0 hverja \u00fe\u00e1 lei\u00f0, a\u00f0 breyttri e\u00f0a \u00f3breyttri stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1, a\u00f0 \u00feessu markmi\u00f0i sem \u00feeim sj\u00e1lfir \u00e1kve\u00f0a svo lengi sem reglunum er trygg\u00f0 s\u00fa sta\u00f0a a\u00f0 landsr\u00e9tti sem skuldbindingarnar sem \u00feeir hafa teki\u00f0 \u00e1 sig samkv\u00e6mt EES-samningnum gera r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir. <\/em><\/p>\n

I.<\/p>\n

\u00cd upphafi umfj\u00f6llunar sinnar \u00ed b\u00f3kinni Almenn l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i, sem telja m\u00e1 me\u00f0al grundvallarrita \u00ed \u00edslenskri l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i, skiptir \u00c1rmann Sn\u00e6varr undirgreinum hennar \u00ed tvo h\u00f6fu\u00f0stofna, \u00fe.e. \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9tt og landsr\u00e9tt. \u00deetta er l\u00fdsandi fyrir hef\u00f0bundin sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0 \u00ed norr\u00e6num, og \u00fe.m.t. \u00edslenskum r\u00e9tti, um st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttar. Liti\u00f0 er \u00e1 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9tt sem sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6tt safn r\u00e9ttarreglna sem standi utan vi\u00f0 landsr\u00e9tt r\u00edkja, en \u00fea\u00f0 er einmitt kjarni kenningarinnar (e\u00f0a meginreglunnar) um tv\u00ede\u00f0li \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttar og landsr\u00e9ttar. \u00de\u00f3 er \u00fea\u00f0 svo, a\u00f0 \u00ed mun fleiri r\u00edkjum er liti\u00f0 svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarreglur, \u00ed samningum sem r\u00edki hefur undirgengist, s\u00e9u e\u00f0a eigi a\u00f0 vera hluti landsr\u00e9ttarins og gangi jafnvel framar reglum hans ef \u00fe\u00e6r rekast \u00e1. \u00cd \u00feessu sambandi er tala\u00f0 um eine\u00f0li \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttar og landsr\u00e9ttar. \u00deessar kenningar e\u00f0a meginreglur l\u00fdsa, eins og fyrr segir, tveimur meginvi\u00f0horfum til st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttar gagnvart landsr\u00e9tti. Umdeilanlegt er \u00fe\u00f3 hversu vel \u00fe\u00e6r l\u00fdsa \u00ed reynd st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttar og \u00e1hrifum hans \u00e1 landsr\u00e9ttinn \u00ed einst\u00f6kum l\u00f6ndum.<\/p>\n

II.<\/p>\n

\u00cd 27. gr. V\u00ednarsamnings um millir\u00edkjasamninga segir a\u00f0 r\u00edki geti ekki bori\u00f0 fyrir sig landsr\u00e9tt til a\u00f0 v\u00edkja s\u00e9r undan skyldum samkv\u00e6mt \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarsamningi. A\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru leyti hefur \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttur ekki a\u00f0 geyma reglur um st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarreglna \u00ed landsr\u00e9tti. Gerir \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttur \u00fear me\u00f0 ekki upp \u00e1 milli mismunandi kenninga og meginreglna um \u00fea\u00f0 efni, svo sem \u00feeirra kenninga um eine\u00f0li og tv\u00ede\u00f0li sem nefndar voru.<\/p>\n

\u00dev\u00ed er stundum haldi\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 notkun hugtakanna \u201etv\u00ede\u00f0li\u201c og \u201eeine\u00f0li\u201c s\u00e9 \u00farelt \u00fear sem h\u00fan l\u00fdsi ekki raunverulegum tengslum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttar og landsr\u00e9ttar. Fitzmaurice \u00e1 Englandi, einn \u00feekktasti l\u00f6gspekingur \u00fear \u00ed land \u00e1 20. \u00f6ld, h\u00e9lt \u00fev\u00ed me\u00f0al annars fram a\u00f0 sko\u00f0anaskipti um eine\u00f0li og tv\u00ede\u00f0li v\u00e6ru \u00far tengslum vi\u00f0 veruleikann, v\u00e6ru yfirbor\u00f0sleg og v\u00f6r\u00f0u\u00f0u \u00ed raun ekki kjarna m\u00e1lsins. Gagnr\u00fdni \u00feessi sn\u00fdst um a\u00f0 eine\u00f0li, me\u00f0 meginreglu um sj\u00e1lfkrafa gildi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttar \u00ed landsr\u00e9tti, og tv\u00ede\u00f0li, me\u00f0 meginreglu um umbreytingu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttar \u00ed landsr\u00e9tt, gefi ekki n\u00e6gilegan gaum a\u00f0 \u00feeim fj\u00f6l\u00fe\u00e6ttu \u00e1hrifum sem \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttur hafi \u00ed reynd \u00ed landsr\u00e9tti. Eins og d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6md er h\u00e1tta\u00f0 \u00e1 hj\u00e1 \u00edslenskum d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum er lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 talsvert er til \u00ed \u00feessu.<\/p>\n

III.<\/p>\n

H\u00e9r a\u00f0 framan er \u00fdmist tala\u00f0 um kenningar<\/em> e\u00f0a meginreglur<\/em> um eine\u00f0li og tv\u00ede\u00f0li. \u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0an er a\u00f0 l\u00fdsa m\u00e1 eine\u00f0li og tv\u00ede\u00f0li fr\u00e1 a\u00f0 minnsta kosti tveimur \u00f3l\u00edkum sj\u00f3narhornum.<\/p>\n

Hi\u00f0 fyrra er s\u00f6gulegt e\u00f0a heimspekilegt. Fr\u00e1 \u00feessu sj\u00f3narhorni er kenningum<\/em> um eine\u00f0li og tv\u00ede\u00f0li l\u00fdst \u00fat fr\u00e1 hugmyndum um e\u00f0li og uppruna reglna \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttar annars vegar og landsr\u00e9ttar hins vegar. T\u00ed\u00f0ast eru eine\u00f0lishugmyndir n\u00fa \u00e1 t\u00edmum raktar til austurr\u00edska heimspekingins Hans Kelsen, eins og \u00fe\u00e6r birtast \u00ed riti hans um hina hreinu kenningu um l\u00f6gin (Die\u00a0Reine Rechtslehre<\/em>) sem fyrst kom \u00fat 1934 og s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00ed Principles of General Theory of Law and State<\/em>, upphaflega gefin \u00fat \u00e1 ensku 1945. \u00cd \u00feessum kenningum, og \u00f6\u00f0rum verkum Kelsen, eru landsr\u00e9ttur og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttur sprottin af s\u00f6mu r\u00f3t og mynda eitt lagakerfi. Eine\u00f0lishugmyndir eru einnig a\u00f0 nokkru bygg\u00f0ar \u00e1 hugmyndum n\u00e1tt\u00farur\u00e9ttar um algildar meginreglur, sem reistar eru \u00e1 si\u00f0fer\u00f0ilegum grundvelli \u00fear sem meginmarkmi\u00f0 laga er velfer\u00f0 einstaklinga og vernd mannr\u00e9ttinda. \u00deeir sem tilheyra \u00feessum h\u00f3pi telja a\u00f0 bindandi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarreglur s\u00e9u besta lei\u00f0in til a\u00f0 n\u00e1 \u00feessum markmi\u00f0um. \u00c1 hinn b\u00f3ginn s\u00e9 of mikil \u00e1hersla \u00e1 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legt kerfi sem byggist \u00e1 fullvalda og sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0um r\u00edkjum, \u00fear sem hvert r\u00edki setji s\u00e9r l\u00f6g \u00e1 eigin forsendum, til \u00feess fallin a\u00f0 hindra a\u00f0 \u00feessum markmi\u00f0um ver\u00f0i n\u00e1\u00f0.<\/p>\n

Fr\u00e1 s\u00f6gulegu og heimspekilegu sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0i er tv\u00ede\u00f0liskenningin oft rakin til \u00fe\u00fdska fr\u00e6\u00f0imannsins Heinrich Triepel, einkum til rits hans V\u00f6lkerrecht und Landesrecht <\/em>fr\u00e1 1899 sem byggir \u00e1 \u00f3l\u00edku e\u00f0li \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttar og landsr\u00e9ttar, \u00fear sem \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttur ver\u00f0ur til og gildir \u00ed samskiptum r\u00edkja me\u00f0an landsr\u00e9ttur er af innlendri r\u00f3t og gildir um samskipti einstaklinga innbyr\u00f0is og vi\u00f0 r\u00edkisvaldi\u00f0. M\u00e1 \u00e6tla a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0an hafi kenningin rata\u00f0 \u00ed norr\u00e6na l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i, \u00fear me\u00f0 talda \u00edslenska l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i.<\/p>\n

Hi\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ara er a\u00f0 l\u00edta \u00e1 eine\u00f0li og tv\u00ede\u00f0li sem meginreglur<\/em> sem lei\u00f0a af tilteknum stj\u00f3rnskipunar- og stefnumi\u00f0um \u00ed stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lum. Gildi meginreglnanna eru \u00fe\u00e1 meti\u00f0 \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00feeirri \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu sem \u00fe\u00e6r hafa til a\u00f0 sty\u00f0ja vi\u00f0 sl\u00edk stefnumi\u00f0. Sameiginlegt einkenni eine\u00f0liskenninga \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00feessu sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0i er viss tortryggni gagnvart hugmyndum um alvald r\u00edkisins me\u00f0 kr\u00f6fu um fullveldi \u00ed bakgrunni. \u00deessi tortryggni, sem hefur \u00fer\u00f3ast \u00e1 20. \u00f6ld, me\u00f0al annars vegna uppgangs Nazismans \u00ed \u00de\u00fdsklandi \u00e1 fj\u00f3r\u00f0a \u00e1ratug aldarinnar og hrikalegra aflei\u00f0ingar hans, birtist \u00ed vantrausti \u00e1 a\u00f0 r\u00edki eigi a\u00f0 geta \u00ed skj\u00f3li sj\u00e1lfs\u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0unarr\u00e9ttar s\u00edns og fullveldis a\u00f0hafst eins og \u00feeim s\u00fdnist gagnvart eigin borgurum \u00e1n \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarlegra aflei\u00f0inga og um lei\u00f0 v\u00edsa\u00f0 \u00e1 bug \u00e6tlu\u00f0um afskiptum innanlandsm\u00e1lum, \u00fear me\u00f0 tali\u00f0\u00a0 mannr\u00e9ttindabrotum. \u00deetta hefur \u00fdtt undir hugmyndir um gildi grundvallarreglna sem standa r\u00edkisvaldi ofar sem r\u00edkjum beri a\u00f0 vir\u00f0a. Vegna tengsla milli \u00e1herslu \u00e1 fullveldi r\u00edkja a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er var\u00f0ar lagasetningu og tv\u00ede\u00f0liskenninga hafa \u00e1hangendur \u00feessara hugmynda haft tilhneigingu til a\u00f0 hafna tv\u00ede\u00f0li og leggja \u00feess \u00ed sta\u00f0 \u00e1herslu \u00e1 eine\u00f0li. \u00deeir eru oftar en ekki al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asinnar sem tala fyrir stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lakenningum og stj\u00f3rnskipan sem byggir \u00e1 \u00feeirri si\u00f0fer\u00f0ilegu afst\u00f6\u00f0u, a\u00f0 setja beri \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9tt ofar r\u00e9tti r\u00edkja me\u00f0 \u00e1herslu \u00e1 mannr\u00e9ttindi og velfer\u00f0 einstaklinga a\u00f0 h\u00f6fu\u00f0markmi\u00f0i. \u00c1hersla \u00e1 eine\u00f0li ver\u00f0ur \u00feannig hluti af r\u00f3tt\u00e6kri s\u00fdn sem leggur \u00e1herslu \u00e1 a\u00f0 einstaklingar hafi ekki a\u00f0eins r\u00e9ttindi sem reist s\u00e9u \u00e1 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legum reglum heldur beri r\u00edkjum einnig skylda til a\u00f0 framfylgja \u00feeim hva\u00f0 sem fullveldi \u00feeirra l\u00ed\u00f0ur.<\/p>\n

Meginreglan um tv\u00ede\u00f0li er bygg\u00f0 \u00e1 stefnumi\u00f0um me\u00f0 \u00e1herslu \u00e1 fullveldi og sj\u00e1lfs\u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0unarr\u00e9tt r\u00edkja, r\u00e9ttarr\u00edki\u00f0 og \u00fer\u00edskiptingu r\u00edkisvalds, einkum a\u00f0skilna\u00f0 l\u00f6ggjafar- og framkv\u00e6mdarvalds, sem og \u00e1herslu \u00e1 l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0isleg ferli og \u00fer\u00f3un. Liti\u00f0 er svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 innanlandsr\u00e9ttur eigi ekki breytast vegna atbur\u00f0a \u00e1 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0avettvangi sem innlendur l\u00f6ggjafi hafi engin umr\u00e1\u00f0 yfir. Anna\u00f0 atri\u00f0i var\u00f0ar \u00fer\u00edskiptingu r\u00edkisvalds \u00ed r\u00edkjum \u00fear sem ger\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttarsamninga og fullgilding er \u00ed h\u00f6ndum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0h\u00f6f\u00f0ingja sem handhafa framkv\u00e6mdarvalds, eins og \u00e1 \u00cdsland, sbr. 21. gr. stjskr. \u00dear sem \u00feetta fyrirkomulag gildir eigi \u00fat fr\u00e1 sj\u00f3nami\u00f0um um l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0 gera r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0komu l\u00f6ggjafans til a\u00f0 gefa reglunum gildi a\u00f0 landsr\u00e9tti. Frekari r\u00f6k fyrir tv\u00ede\u00f0linu sem stj\u00f3rnskipulegri meginreglu eru s\u00f3tt \u00ed hugmyndina um r\u00e9ttarr\u00edki\u00f0 og kr\u00f6fur um a\u00f0 sk\u00fdrt s\u00e9 hva\u00f0 s\u00e9u gildandi l\u00f6g og hva\u00f0 ekki og \u00fear me\u00f0 hvort tiltekin \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarregla er hluti landsr\u00e9ttar, enda er \u00fev\u00ed er haldi\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 \u00ed m\u00f6rgum r\u00edkjum sem fylgja eine\u00f0li s\u00e9u vi\u00f0mi\u00f0 um hven\u00e6r \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarreglur f\u00e1 gildi a\u00f0 landsr\u00e9tti ekki alltaf lj\u00f3s. \u00a0Tv\u00ede\u00f0lisreglan \u00e1 \u00feannig a\u00f0 hluta til r\u00f3t s\u00edna a\u00f0 rekja til \u201cp\u00f3lit\u00edskrar\u201d andst\u00f6\u00f0u vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 fallast \u00e1 a\u00f0 reglum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttar, jafnvel \u00e1 svi\u00f0i mannr\u00e9ttinda, ver\u00f0i veitt sj\u00e1lfkrafa gildi a\u00f0 landsr\u00e9tti \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r hafi \u00e1\u00f0ur veri\u00f0 leiddar \u00ed l\u00f6g \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnskipulegan h\u00e1tt. \u00deeir sem a\u00f0hyllast tv\u00ede\u00f0li \u00e1 \u00feessum forsendum hafa tilhneigingu til a\u00f0 vera tortryggnir gagnvart \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarskuldbindingum og al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0av\u00e6\u00f0ingu.<\/p>\n

IV.<\/p>\n

H\u00e9r hefur veri\u00f0 l\u00fdst meginkenningum og \u00feeim kr\u00f6fum sem lei\u00f0a af hvorri kenningu e\u00f0a meginreglu fyrir sig. \u00cd reynd er \u00fea\u00f0 samt svo a\u00f0 reglur sem gilda um samband \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttar og landsr\u00e9ttar \u00ed einst\u00f6kum r\u00edkjum falla \u00ed f\u00e6stum tilvikum fullkomlega a\u00f0 \u00feessum kenningum. Engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur er gagnlegt a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a reglur r\u00edkja um \u00feetta efni \u00ed lj\u00f3si \u00feessara kenninga e\u00f0a meginreglna um samband \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttar og landsr\u00e9ttar, enda eru sl\u00edkar reglur landsr\u00e9ttar oft leiddar af \u00feessum kenningum. \u00deannig m\u00e1 halda \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 \u00ed sumum l\u00f6ndum s\u00e9 fylgt meginreglunni um eine\u00f0li en \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum s\u00e9 fylgt meginreglunni um tv\u00ede\u00f0li. Bent hefur veri\u00f0 \u00e1 Sviss sem d\u00e6mi um r\u00edki \u00fear sem meginreglunni um eine\u00f0li er fylgt eftir af hva\u00f0 mestri einur\u00f0, en Bretland er teki\u00f0 sem d\u00e6mi um r\u00edki sem heldur hva\u00f0 fastast \u00ed regluna um tv\u00ede\u00f0li.<\/p>\n

Nefna m\u00e1 nokkur atri\u00f0i sem telja m\u00e1 sameiginleg \u00feeim r\u00edkjum \u00fear sem reglan um eine\u00f0li er talin gilda. \u00cd henni felst venjulega a\u00f0 liti\u00f0 er svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarvenjur, sem hafa a\u00f0 geyma hinar s\u00edgildu meginreglur \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttar, s\u00e9u hluti landsr\u00e9ttarins og gangi framar \u00f6\u00f0rum reglum hans. \u00de\u00e1 felst almennt \u00ed reglunni um eine\u00f0li a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarsamningur, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 vera s\u00e9rstaklega l\u00f6gfestur, geti or\u00f0i\u00f0 (e\u00f0a ver\u00f0i) hluti af landsr\u00e9tti r\u00edkis um lei\u00f0 og hann er or\u00f0inn bindandi a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9tti fyrir r\u00edki\u00f0, samkv\u00e6mt \u00feeim reglum sem gilda \u00ed l\u00f6ggj\u00f6f \u00feess. S\u00e9rst\u00f6k \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 m\u00e6la \u00fe\u00e1 oft einnig fyrir um s\u00e9rstaka st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarsamninga a\u00f0 landsr\u00e9tti. Samt er \u00fea\u00f0 svo a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3tt gengi\u00f0 s\u00e9 \u00fat fr\u00e1 reglum um a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarreglur skuli ver\u00f0a hluti landsr\u00e9ttar gerist \u00fea\u00f0 ekki alltaf sj\u00e1lfkrafa, heldur \u00fearf oft samkv\u00e6mt sl\u00edkum stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1r\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um s\u00e9rstaka lagasetningu e\u00f0a atbeina l\u00f6ggjafans vi\u00f0 fullgildingu, einkum \u00feegar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarsamningur er talinn hafa mikla \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu e\u00f0a hafa a\u00f0 geyma \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i sem stangast \u00e1 vi\u00f0 l\u00f6g landsins. \u00cd \u00feeim tilfellum \u00fear sem sl\u00edkrar lagasetningar er ekki \u00fe\u00f6rf er stundum tala\u00f0 um samninga sem h\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 beita sj\u00e1lfkrafa (e. self-executing). \u00de\u00f3tt kenningin um eine\u00f0li birtist \u00ed stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1m r\u00edkja \u00ed mismunandi myndum er \u00fe\u00f3 \u00ferennt sem telja m\u00e1 sameiginlegt. \u00cd fyrsta lagi m\u00e1 nefna a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3tt stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1r r\u00edkja geri yfirleitt \u00fe\u00e1 kr\u00f6fu a\u00f0 l\u00f6ggjafinn hafi sam\u00feykkt \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarsamning, eru ger\u00f0ar fr\u00e1 \u00feessu undantekningar var\u00f0andi vissar tegundir samninga e\u00f0a vi\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0nar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur. Fer \u00fea\u00f0 me\u00f0al annars eftir mati \u00e1 mikilv\u00e6gi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarsamninga. \u00cd \u00f6\u00f0ru lagi er ger\u00f0ur greinarmunur \u00e1 samningum eftir e\u00f0li \u00feeirra og efni. Liti\u00f0 er svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 sumir samningar s\u00e9u \u00feannig a\u00f0 \u00feeim ver\u00f0i beitt sj\u00e1lfkrafa (e. self-executing), en \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum tilvikum er gert r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 l\u00f6ggj\u00f6f \u00feurfi a\u00f0 koma til \u00e1\u00f0ur en liti\u00f0 er svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 samningur hafi fengi\u00f0 e\u00f0a geti fengi\u00f0 fullt gildi a\u00f0 landsr\u00e9tti. \u00cd \u00feri\u00f0ja lagi er oft liti\u00f0 svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 samningar, sem beitt ver\u00f0ur sj\u00e1lfkrafa, s\u00e9u \u00e6\u00f0ri l\u00f6gum og gangi framar annarri l\u00f6ggj\u00f6f landsr\u00e9ttar, hvort sem h\u00fan var \u00feegar fyrir hendi e\u00f0a er s\u00ed\u00f0ar til komin. Mikilv\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 hafa \u00ed huga a\u00f0 h\u00e9r hefur a\u00f0eins veri\u00f0 l\u00fdst megineinkennum, en reglur \u00ed r\u00edkjum sem kenna sig vi\u00f0 meginregluna um eine\u00f0li eru nokku\u00f0 mismunandi.<\/p>\n

Samkv\u00e6mt meginreglunni um tv\u00ede\u00f0li \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttar og landsr\u00e9ttar er mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarreglur hafi ekki gildi a\u00f0 landsr\u00e9tti nema s\u00e9rst\u00f6k l\u00f6g hafi veri\u00f0 sett sem veiti \u00feeim gildi. Sta\u00f0a \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarreglna \u00e1kvar\u00f0ist \u00fear me\u00f0 ekki beint af s\u00e9rst\u00f6ku stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1r\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um \u00fea\u00f0 efni, heldur s\u00e9 komin undir s\u00e9rstakri \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un l\u00f6ggjafans hverju sinni um hvort \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a \u00feyki til a\u00f0 l\u00f6gfesta tiltekinn samning, a\u00f0 hva\u00f0 marki og me\u00f0 hva\u00f0a h\u00e6tti. Er \u00fe\u00e1 tala\u00f0 um a\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarsamnings s\u00e9u tekin upp, leidd \u00ed e\u00f0a felld inn \u00ed landsr\u00e9ttinn (e. incorporated). Ein aflei\u00f0ing \u00feessarar reglu er s\u00fa a\u00f0 d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum, stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ldum og borgurum ber a\u00f0 fara a\u00f0 landsl\u00f6gum, \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00feau kunni a\u00f0 vera andst\u00e6\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarsamningi sem ekki hefur veri\u00f0 l\u00f6gfestur e\u00f0a tekinn \u00ed landsr\u00e9tt me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum h\u00e6tti. Einnig lei\u00f0ir af \u00feessu a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3tt reglur \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttar s\u00e9u teknar \u00ed landsr\u00e9tt, kemur \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed hlut stofnana \u00ed hluta\u00f0eigandi r\u00edki, hvort sem \u00fea\u00f0 er l\u00f6ggjafinn, stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslan e\u00f0a d\u00f3mst\u00f3lar, a\u00f0 kve\u00f0a n\u00e1nar \u00e1 um st\u00f6\u00f0u sl\u00edkra reglna gagnvart \u00f6\u00f0rum reglum landsr\u00e9ttar sem kunna a\u00f0 vera andst\u00e6\u00f0ar \u00feeim. \u00deessi regla er \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 framkv\u00e6mdarvaldshafar skuli hafa vald til a\u00f0 binda r\u00edki\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarsamninga \u00e1n fyrirfram sam\u00feykkis \u00feingsins og ennfremur a\u00f0 a\u00f0eins l\u00f6ggjafinn geti sett l\u00f6g sem hafi gildi a\u00f0 landsr\u00e9tti. Samandregi\u00f0 eru eftirtalin atri\u00f0i sameiginleg r\u00edkjum sem byggja \u00e1 meginreglunni um tv\u00ede\u00f0li: (a) \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttur og landsr\u00e9ttur eru tv\u00f6 sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0 fyrirb\u00e6ri, (b) \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttarreglur f\u00e1 ekki gildi a\u00f0 landsr\u00e9tti nema \u00fe\u00e6r hafi veri\u00f0 l\u00f6gfestar e\u00f0a leiddar \u00ed landsr\u00e9tt me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum h\u00e6tti, (c) einstaklingar geta ekki byggt r\u00e9ttindi \u00e1 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttareglu fyrr en \u00fea\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 gert og (d) \u00fear sem \u00e1rekstur ver\u00f0ur milli innlendra r\u00e9ttarheimilda og \u00f3l\u00f6gfestrar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarreglu, v\u00edkur \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarreglan.<\/p>\n

V.<\/p>\n

Frekari r\u00f6k hafa veri\u00f0 sett fram fyrir hvorri kenningunni um sig. \u00deannig hefur \u00fev\u00ed stundum haldi\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 kenningin um tv\u00ede\u00f0li \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttar og landsr\u00e9ttar s\u00e9 \u00ed betra samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 \u00fer\u00edskiptingu r\u00edkisvaldsins. \u00deessi athugasemd \u00e1 a\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfs\u00f6g\u00f0u vel vi\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feeim l\u00f6ndum \u00fear sem stofnun \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarskuldbindinga er \u00ed h\u00f6ndum framkv\u00e6mdarvaldshafa, eins og t.d. \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. \u00deetta fer \u00fe\u00f3 eftir \u00fev\u00ed hvernig reglum um stofnun \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarskuldbindinga er haga\u00f0 og hvort og \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 hva\u00f0a marki l\u00f6ggjafinn kemur a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed ferli. Einnig m\u00e1 benda \u00e1 \u00feau r\u00f6k a\u00f0 tv\u00ede\u00f0liskenningin geti henta\u00f0 betur hagsmunum sm\u00e6rri r\u00edkja og a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarskuldbindingum ver\u00f0i ekki \u00fev\u00ed sem n\u00e6st sj\u00e1lfkrafa veitt lagagildi a\u00f0 landsr\u00e9tti \u00fear sem st\u00e6rri \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir hafa a\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i meiri \u00e1hrifam\u00e1tt \u00e1 svi\u00f0i \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttar og \u00fear me\u00f0 um efni \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarreglna. Aftur veltur gildi \u00feessarar r\u00f6ksemdar \u00e1 \u00feeim a\u00f0fer\u00f0um sem vi\u00f0haf\u00f0ar eru vi\u00f0 fullgildingu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarsamnings. Ennfremur m\u00e6lir gegn \u00feessu a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 hentar a\u00f0 jafna\u00f0i betur sm\u00e6rri r\u00edkjum a\u00f0 binda samskipti \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarreglur og v\u00edsa til lagaskuldbindinga \u00ed samskiptum vi\u00f0 st\u00e6rri og \u00f6flugri r\u00edki m\u00e1li s\u00ednu til framdr\u00e1ttar. Me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er dregi\u00f0 \u00far svigr\u00fami hinna s\u00ed\u00f0arnefndu til a\u00f0 neyta yfirbur\u00f0a sinna, \u00fe\u00f3tt au\u00f0vita\u00f0 s\u00e9 ekki \u00e1 v\u00edsan a\u00f0 r\u00f3a \u00ed \u00feeim efnum. Loks er \u00fev\u00ed haldi\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 ekki s\u00e9 sanngjarnt gagnvart einstaklingum, sem \u00ed raun rei\u00f0i sig \u00e1 landsr\u00e9tt, a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta tiltekna r\u00e9ttarst\u00f6\u00f0u r\u00e1\u00f0ast af \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9tti ef \u00feessi tv\u00f6 r\u00e9ttarkerfi rekast \u00e1. Aftur ver\u00f0ur \u00fev\u00ed svara\u00f0 til a\u00f0 margar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarreglur mi\u00f0a einmitt a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 treysta r\u00e9ttarst\u00f6\u00f0u einstaklinga og l\u00f6ga\u00f0ila. Reynslan s\u00fdnir a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttur getur veri\u00f0 til \u00feess fallinn a\u00f0 vernda einstaklinga og l\u00f6ga\u00f0ila gegn ath\u00f6fnum eigin r\u00edkis. Fer gildi \u00feessarar r\u00f6ksemdar \u00fev\u00ed eftir efni \u00feeirrar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarreglu sem um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a hverju sinni og hvort samningur m\u00e6lir fyrir um sameiginlegar stofnanir fyrir einstaklinga a\u00f0 leita r\u00e9ttar s\u00edns. \u00de\u00e1 er bent \u00e1 a\u00f0 samkv\u00e6mt meginreglunni um tv\u00ede\u00f0li s\u00e9 r\u00e9ttarsta\u00f0an sk\u00fdrari en \u00ed l\u00f6ndum \u00fear sem meginreglan um eine\u00f0li er l\u00f6g\u00f0 til grundvallar. Me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 gera kr\u00f6fu um s\u00e9rstaka l\u00f6glei\u00f0ingu s\u00e9 sk\u00fdrara hver sta\u00f0a samnings er a\u00f0 landsr\u00e9tti. L\u00f6ggjafinn hefur \u00fe\u00e1 eftir s\u00f6mu reglum og gildir um almenna lagasetningu teki\u00f0 af skari\u00f0 um hvort og a\u00f0 hva\u00f0a marki samningur skuli hafa gildi a\u00f0 l\u00f6gum og \u00fear me\u00f0 hvort og a\u00f0 hva\u00f0a marki byggt ver\u00f0i \u00e1 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamningum fyrir stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ldum og d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum landsins.<\/p>\n

VI<\/p>\n

S\u00e9 teki\u00f0 mi\u00f0 af fullveldisumr\u00e6\u00f0unni \u00e1 \u00cdslandi, \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 til d\u00e6mis EES-samninginn, \u00fe\u00e1 skal bent \u00e1 a\u00f0 flest r\u00edki heimsins ganga \u00fat fr\u00e1 eine\u00f0liskenningunni \u00fe\u00f3tt me\u00f0 mismunandi h\u00e6tti s\u00e9. Samt er ekki dregi\u00f0 \u00ed efa a\u00f0 \u00feau s\u00e9u fullvalda. \u00d6nnur ganga \u00fat fr\u00e1 tv\u00ede\u00f0liskenningunni me\u00f0al annars til a\u00f0 verja fullveldi sitt. S\u00fdnir \u00feetta a\u00f0 tengsl milli fullveldis annars vegar og kenninga um tv\u00ed\u00f0eli og eine\u00f0li hins vegar eru \u00ed besta falli \u00f3lj\u00f3s.\u00a0 A\u00f0alatri\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessu sambandi er \u00fe\u00f3 s\u00fa sta\u00f0reynd a\u00f0 hinn almenni \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttur sj\u00e1lfur hefur ekki a\u00f0 geyma reglur um hva\u00f0a st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarreglur skuli hafa a\u00f0 landsr\u00e9tti r\u00edkja og hvernig r\u00edki beri a\u00f0 fulln\u00e6gja \u00feeim skuldbindingum sem \u00ed \u00feeim felast. \u00deetta merkir a\u00f0 hvert r\u00edki, \u00ed skj\u00f3li fullveldisr\u00e9ttinda sinna, eins og \u00feau eru skilgreind og afm\u00f6rku\u00f0 \u00e1 hverjum t\u00edma, setur sj\u00e1lft reglur um me\u00f0 hva\u00f0a h\u00e6tti reglurnar f\u00e1 gildi \u00ed landsr\u00e9tti, \u00fear sem r\u00edki\u00f0 hefur skuldbundi\u00f0 sig til \u00feess a\u00f0 veita \u00feeim sl\u00edkt gildi. S\u00fa a\u00f0fer\u00f0 vi\u00f0 innlei\u00f0ingu EES-reglna sem valin var \u00e1 \u00cdslandi er \u00fev\u00ed samkv\u00e6mt \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un og \u00e1 \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00cdslendinga sj\u00e1lfra. \u00deeir geta vali\u00f0 hverja \u00fe\u00e1 lei\u00f0, a\u00f0 breyttri e\u00f0a \u00f3breyttri stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1, a\u00f0 \u00feessu markmi\u00f0i sem \u00feeim sj\u00e1lfir \u00e1kve\u00f0a svo lengi sem reglunum er trygg\u00f0 s\u00fa sta\u00f0a a\u00f0 landsr\u00e9tti sem skuldbindingarnar samkv\u00e6mt EES-samningnum gera r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cd \u00feessum pistli r\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e9g nokkur atri\u00f0i sem var\u00f0a tengsl \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9ttar og landsr\u00e9ttar. Ger\u00f0 er grein fyrir meginreglum e\u00f0a kenningunum sem kenndar hafa veri\u00f0 eine\u00f0li og tv\u00ede\u00f0li um \u00feessi tengsl og \u00feeim lagar\u00f6kum og p\u00f3lit\u00edsku meginsj\u00f3narmi\u00f0um sem \u00fe\u00e6r eru reistar … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1298,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"link","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[759],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-640","post","type-post","status-publish","format-link","hentry","category-oflokkad","post_format-post-format-link"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/640","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1298"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=640"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/640\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":653,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/640\/revisions\/653"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=640"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=640"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=640"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}