Reglulega sk\u00fdtur upp kollinum umr\u00e6\u00f0an um EES og fullveldi\u00f0 og \u00fev\u00ed haldi\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 \u201efullveldisafsal\u201c samkv\u00e6mt EES-samningum s\u00e9 \u00ed raun meira en f\u00e6list \u00ed inng\u00f6ngu \u00ed ESB. R\u00f6ksemdirnar hafa veri\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r s\u00f6mu \u00ed meira en 20 \u00e1r, \u00fe.e. a\u00f0 EES-r\u00edkin eiga ekki a\u00f0ild a\u00f0 \u00feeim stofnunum bandalagsins sem koma a\u00f0 undirb\u00faningi og setningu n\u00fdrrar l\u00f6ggjafar \u00e1 svi\u00f0um EES-samningsins, \u00fe.e. \u00ed meginatri\u00f0um \u00feingins, framkv\u00e6mdastj\u00f3rnarinnar og r\u00e1\u00f0herrar\u00e1\u00f0sins. Fullveldisafsali\u00f0 er \u00fe\u00e1 sagt felast \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 m\u00f6guleikar \u00cdslands til a\u00f0 hafa \u00e1hrif \u00e1 efni l\u00f6ggjafar sem r\u00edki\u00f0 hefur skuldbundi\u00f0 sig til a\u00f0 fella \u00ed landsr\u00e9tt sinn, me\u00f0 atbeina Al\u00feingis e\u00f0a framkv\u00e6mdarvaldsins, s\u00e9u mj\u00f6g takmarka\u00f0ir.<\/p>\n
Fullveldi<\/b><\/p>\n
Kjarni fullveldishugtaksins er l\u00edklega flestum lj\u00f3s, en \u00fea\u00f0 er r\u00e9ttur \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar til a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a eigin innri m\u00e1lefnum innan l\u00f6gs\u00f6gu sinnar (innra fullveldi), \u00fe.m.t. utanr\u00edkism\u00e1lum, \u00e1n afskipta annarra \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a e\u00f0a al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0astofnana (ytra fullveldi). Um n\u00e1nara inntak \u00feess er \u00fe\u00f3 l\u00edtil samsta\u00f0a a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru leyti, hvort heldur er fr\u00e1 formlegu e\u00f0a efnislegu sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0i. Vi\u00f0 b\u00e6tist a\u00f0 umr\u00e6\u00f0an um fullveldi er oft mj\u00f6g gildishla\u00f0in og stundum l\u00e1ti\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed liggja a\u00f0 s\u00e9rhver meint sker\u00f0ing e\u00f0a takm\u00f6rkun fullveldis s\u00e9 \u00f3\u00e6skileg \u00ed sj\u00e1lfu s\u00e9r, \u00f3h\u00e1\u00f0 \u00feeim hagsmunum sem fullveldinu er \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 vernda e\u00f0a \u00feeim markmi\u00f0um sem \u00e6tla\u00f0 er a\u00f0 n\u00e1 me\u00f0 meintri takm\u00f6rkun \u00feess e\u00f0a sker\u00f0ingu. Var \u00cdsland t.d. fullvalda \u00feegar \u00fea\u00f0 leita\u00f0i \u00e1 n\u00e1\u00f0ir Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0agjaldeyrissj\u00f3\u00f0sins og var\u00f0 l\u00fata skilyr\u00f0um hans um stj\u00f3rn efnahagsm\u00e1la? Ef ekki, f\u00e9kk \u00fe\u00e1 landi\u00f0 fullveldi\u00f0 aftur \u00feegar fulltr\u00faar sj\u00f3\u00f0sins f\u00f3r \u00far landi? Og ef \u00feetta var sker\u00f0ing \u00e1 fullveldi, var \u00fe\u00e1 h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 gera \u00feetta a\u00f0 \u00f3breyttri stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1? Sv\u00f6rin vi\u00f0 \u00feessum spurningum ver\u00f0a \u00f3l\u00edk eftir \u00fev\u00ed hvort vi\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0um m\u00e1li\u00f0 fr\u00e1 l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu, stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lafr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu, s\u00f6gulegu e\u00f0a heimspekilegu sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0i. Enn ein \u00fatg\u00e1fa er hin p\u00f3lit\u00edska, en \u00fe\u00e1 r\u00e1\u00f0ast sv\u00f6rin af \u00fev\u00ed hvort s\u00e1 sem fyrir sv\u00f6rum ver\u00f0ur er \u00ed stj\u00f3rn e\u00f0a stj\u00f3rnarandst\u00f6\u00f0u.<\/b><\/p>\n
Til a\u00f0 freista \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0last n\u00e1nari skilning \u00e1 hugtakinu \u00ed \u00edslensku samhengi s\u00e6kja menn stundum \u00ed sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0isbar\u00e1ttuna og vitna \u00ed \u00fdmis umm\u00e6li og skj\u00f6l sem geyma v\u00edsbendingar um skilning manna \u00e1 fullveldi \u00e1 \u00feeim t\u00edma. \u00d6ll \u00feessi umr\u00e6\u00f0a er \u00fe\u00f3 frekar \u00f3markviss og gagnsl\u00edtil. \u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0an er a\u00f0 krafa \u00cdslendinga um fullveldi \u00e1 forsendum sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0isbar\u00e1ttunnar er fyrir l\u00f6ngu vi\u00f0urkennd \u00ed samf\u00e9lagi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna. Til s\u00fdna hva\u00f0 \u00feessi umr\u00e6\u00f0a skilar \u00f3lj\u00f3sum ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0um m\u00e1 nefna sem d\u00e6mi a\u00f0 \u00ed sambandsl\u00f6gunum var teki\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 \u00cdsland v\u00e6ri frj\u00e1lst og fullvalda r\u00edki og 1. desember 1918 \u00ed s\u00f6gub\u00f3kunum sag\u00f0ur vera fullveldisdagurinn. N\u00faverandi forseti l\u00fd\u00f0veldisins hefur l\u00fdst \u00feeirri sko\u00f0un a\u00f0 hampa \u00e6tti \u00feessum merka degi meira \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0l\u00edfinu. Samt var \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0h\u00f6f\u00f0inginn \u00e1 \u00feessum degi ekki forsetinn, heldur danskur k\u00f3ngur sem f\u00f3r me\u00f0 konungsvald Danm\u00f6rku og \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. \u00de\u00e1 f\u00f3ru Danir einnig me\u00f0 utanr\u00edkism\u00e1l \u00cdslands og H\u00e6stir\u00e9ttur Danmerkur f\u00f3r me\u00f0 \u00e6\u00f0sta d\u00f3msvald \u00ed landinu (fram til 1920).<\/p>\n
EES og framsal r\u00edkisvalds<\/b><\/p>\n
Vegna \u00feess hver merking fullveldishugtaksins er \u00f3lj\u00f3s er sk\u00fdrara, a.m.k.fr\u00e1 lagalegu sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0i, a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a frekar um heimildir til a\u00f0 framselja r\u00edkisvald til al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legra stofnana. \u00cd tengslum vi\u00f0 undirb\u00faning a\u00f0 fullgildingu og l\u00f6gfestingu EES-samningsins \u00e1 s\u00ednum t\u00edma risu talsver\u00f0ar deilur um \u00fea\u00f0 hvort samningurinn v\u00e6ri samr\u00fdmanlegur stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1nni. \u00c1 \u00feetta \u00e1litaefni hefur einnig reynt s\u00ed\u00f0ar vi\u00f0 innlei\u00f0ingu n\u00fdrra ger\u00f0a \u00fe\u00f3tt ekki ver\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 raki\u00f0 h\u00e9r. S\u00fa ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a af lagalegum athugunum \u00e1 \u00feessu, sem var\u00f0 ofan \u00e1, var a\u00f0 hinn almenni l\u00f6ggjafi geti a\u00f0 \u00f3breyttri stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 framselt valdheimildir r\u00edkisins til al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legra stofnana a\u00f0 vissu marki. \u00dear sem stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1in heimilar ekki berum or\u00f0um framsal r\u00edkisvalds er h\u00e9r um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a reglu sem m\u00f3tast af t\u00falkun \u00e1 lagaframkv\u00e6md og fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum vi\u00f0horfum, en inntak og e\u00f0li stj\u00f3nskipunarreglna m\u00f3tast oft \u00feannig. R\u00f6kin fyrir \u00feessu eru marg\u00fe\u00e6tt og r\u00famast ekki \u00ed \u00feessari grein. A\u00f0alatri\u00f0i\u00f0 er a\u00f0 framsali\u00f0 \u00ed EES-samningnum var tali\u00f0 r\u00famast innan \u00feessara heimilda l\u00f6ggjafans. Aftur, \u00ed einf\u00f6ldu m\u00e1li, m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 tvennt hafi r\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 mestu um \u00fe\u00e1 ni\u00f0urst\u00f6\u00f0u, \u00fe.e.a.s s\u00fa sta\u00f0reynd a\u00f0 engin l\u00f6ggj\u00f6f fengi sj\u00e1lfkrafa gildi \u00ed landsr\u00e9tti \u00e1n atbeina innlends l\u00f6ggjafarvalds og EFTA-d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn fengi ekki vald til a\u00f0 taka \u00e1kvar\u00f0nir sem v\u00e6ru bindandi fyrir innlenda d\u00f3mst\u00f3la. \u00deetta er au\u00f0vita\u00f0 \u201ebara\u201c l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a og leysir ekki \u00far \u00feeim p\u00f3lit\u00edska \u00e1greiningi hvort EES-samningurinn s\u00e9 \u00f3fulln\u00e6gjandi fr\u00e1 p\u00f3lit\u00edsku sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0i.<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/b>ESB og framsal r\u00edkisvalds<\/b><\/p>\n
\u00cd samanbur\u00f0i vi\u00f0 EES horfa \u00e1litaefnin um framsal r\u00edkisvalds vegna ESB a\u00f0ildar vi\u00f0 me\u00f0 allt \u00f6\u00f0rum h\u00e6tti. Hefur jafnan veri\u00f0 gengi\u00f0 \u00fat fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed umr\u00e6\u00f0unni h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi a\u00f0 ESB a\u00f0ild f\u00e6li \u00ed s\u00e9r a\u00f0 fari\u00f0 v\u00e6ri \u00fat fyrir \u00fe\u00e6r heimildir sem hinn almenni l\u00f6ggjafi hefur til a\u00f0 framselja r\u00edkisvald og a\u00f0 breyta yr\u00f0i st\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1nni til a\u00f0 ganga \u00ed ESB. \u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0an er einkum s\u00fa a\u00f0 samstarfi\u00f0 innan ESB er a\u00f0 hluta til yfir\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legt sem kalla\u00f0 er. \u00deetta gildir einkum \u00e1 svi\u00f0i innri marka\u00f0arins (fj\u00f3rfrelsisreglnanna, samkeppni, r\u00edkisa\u00f0sto\u00f0ar og hugverkar\u00e9ttinda, \u00fe.e. \u00feeirra svi\u00f0a sem EES tekur til). Me\u00f0 yfir\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legu valdi er einkum \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 tvennt sem h\u00e9r skiptir m\u00e1li. \u00cd fyrsta lagi a\u00f0 stofnanir ESB f\u00e1 heimild \u00e1 framangreindum svi\u00f0um til a\u00f0 setja reglur sem f\u00e1 beint lagagildi \u00ed a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkjunum. \u00deetta \u00e1 vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r r\u00e9ttarger\u00f0ir sambandsins sem nefnast \u00e1 \u00edslensku regluger\u00f0ir. Tilskipanir \u00fearf aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti a\u00f0 fella \u00ed landsr\u00e9ttinn me\u00f0 sama h\u00e6tti og EES-samningurinn gerir r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir. \u00cd \u00f6\u00f0ru lagi fengi Evr\u00f3pud\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn heimild til a\u00f0 kve\u00f0a upp for\u00farskur\u00f0i sem bindandi yr\u00f0u fyrir \u00edslenska d\u00f3mst\u00f3la og f\u00e6ru \u00fear me\u00f0 d\u00f3msvald me\u00f0 innlendum d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum. \u00a0Eins og a\u00f0 framan segir er hvorugan \u00feessara yfir\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legu \u00fe\u00e1tta a\u00f0 finna \u00ed EES-samningnum. \u00deannig er hafi\u00f0 yfir allan vafa, fr\u00e1 lagalegu sj\u00f3narmi\u00f0i, a\u00f0 ESB a\u00f0ild f\u00e6li \u00ed s\u00e9r miklu sk\u00fdrara og meira framsal r\u00edkisvalds en EES-samningurinn gerir r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir. \u00c9g tek a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru leyti enga afst\u00f6\u00f0u til \u00feess hvort s\u00fa sta\u00f0reynd er um lei\u00f0 r\u00f6ksemd gegn a\u00f0ild.<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/b>Lokaor\u00f0<\/b><\/p>\n
H\u00e9r skal ekki dregi\u00f0 \u00ed efa a\u00f0 m\u00f6guleikar \u00cdslands til a\u00f0 hafa efnisleg \u00e1hrif \u00e1 EES l\u00f6ggj\u00f6f eru takmarka\u00f0ir, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00fe\u00e6r kunni a\u00f0 vera a\u00f0 einhverju leyti vann\u00fdttir. Og hvernig \u00e1 anna\u00f0 a\u00f0 vera, \u00fear sem ekki hefur veri\u00f0 n\u00e6gur p\u00f3lit\u00edskur stu\u00f0ningur \u00e1 \u00cdsland vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 gerast fullgildur me\u00f0limur \u00ed ESB \u00e1 hvers vettvangi reglurnar eru settar sem \u00cdsland hefur hinga\u00f0 til vali\u00f0 a\u00f0 taka\u00a0yfir \u00ed gegnum EES. \u00deegar \u00f6llu er \u00e1 botninn hvolft skiptir \u00fe\u00f3 mestu m\u00e1li a\u00f0 \u00cdsland sem fullvalda r\u00edki \u00e1kva\u00f0 sj\u00e1lft, af f\u00fasum og frj\u00e1lsum vilja, a\u00f0 gerast a\u00f0ili a\u00f0 EES \u00ed sta\u00f0 ESB eftir a\u00f0 kostir \u00feess og gallar h\u00f6f\u00f0u veri\u00f0 r\u00e6ddir \u00ed \u00feaula. Fyrirkomulag EES um innlei\u00f0ingu ger\u00f0a er einfaldlega \u00fea\u00f0 fyrirkomulag sem \u00edslenska r\u00edki\u00f0 samdi sj\u00e1lft um sem vi\u00f0unandi og taldi raunar miklu betra en full a\u00f0ild, \u00e1n \u00feess vera beitt \u00fevingunum af nokkru tagi. Vi\u00f0 fengum sem sagt \u201eallt fyrir ekkert\u201c, eins og \u00fe\u00e1verandi utanr\u00edkisr\u00e1\u00f0herra komst a\u00f0 or\u00f0i. Al\u00feingi, aftur \u00ed skj\u00f3li fullveldis \u00edslenska r\u00edkisins, l\u00f6gfesti s\u00ed\u00f0an gerningin me\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnskipulega r\u00e9ttum h\u00e6tti, og \u00fea\u00f0 jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt strangt til teki\u00f0 ekki v\u00e6ri skylt \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarlegum skilningi a\u00f0 l\u00f6gfesta meginm\u00e1l samningsins. \u00deess vegna m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 \u00ed hvert sinni sem Al\u00feingi veitir EES l\u00f6ggj\u00f6f lagagildi felist \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed hi\u00f0 p\u00f3lit\u00edska mat l\u00f6ggjafans, a\u00f0 betra s\u00e9 fyrir \u00edslenska hagsmuni a\u00f0 halda sig vi\u00f0 \u00feessar skuldbindingar samkv\u00e6mt EES sem Al\u00feingi sj\u00e1lft baka\u00f0i \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0inni, frekar en ganga gegn \u00feeim me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hafna l\u00f6gfestingu afleiddra ger\u00f0a. Og \u00feegar \u00e1 allt er liti\u00f0 fest \u00ed \u00feessu hi\u00f0 p\u00f3lit\u00edska mat \u00feingmanna a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir allt, s\u00e9 \u00feetta \u201egalla\u00f0a\u201c kerfi betra en a\u00f0 a\u00f0 standa utan EES og enn\u00fe\u00e1 betra en a\u00f0 vera fullgildur me\u00f0limur \u00ed ESB. \u00deessa \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un geta einstakir \u00feingmenn teki\u00f0 og meirihluti \u00feings og erfitt er a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00ed lagalegum skilningi felist \u00ed \u00feeirri \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un \u00feeirra takm\u00f6rkun \u00e1 valdheimildum r\u00edkisins (innra fulldveldi) e\u00f0a \u00e1 fullveldi \u00edslenska r\u00edkisins \u00fat \u00e1 vi\u00f0 gagnvart vi\u00f0semjendum s\u00ednum (ytra fullveldi) sem s\u00e9 umfram \u00fe\u00e6r heimildir sem Al\u00feingi hefur til a\u00f0 framselja r\u00edkisvald. A\u00f0 svo miklu leyti sem liti\u00f0 er \u00e1 fyrirkomulag vi\u00f0 innlei\u00f0ingu ger\u00f0a sem lei\u00f0a af EES sem vandam\u00e1l \u00fe\u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 alfari\u00f0 innlendur p\u00f3lit\u00edskur vandi sem hefur ekkert a\u00f0 gera me\u00f0 fullveldi \u00cdslands \u00ed samf\u00e9lagi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0anna.<\/p>\n
H\u00f6fundur er doktor \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00e9tti og pr\u00f3fessor vi\u00f0 lagadeild H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn og lagadeild H.\u00cd.<\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Reglulega sk\u00fdtur upp kollinum umr\u00e6\u00f0an um EES og fullveldi\u00f0 og \u00fev\u00ed haldi\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 \u201efullveldisafsal\u201c samkv\u00e6mt EES-samningum s\u00e9 \u00ed raun meira en f\u00e6list \u00ed inng\u00f6ngu \u00ed ESB. R\u00f6ksemdirnar hafa veri\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r s\u00f6mu \u00ed meira en 20 \u00e1r, \u00fe.e. a\u00f0 EES-r\u00edkin … Continue reading