{"id":900,"date":"2024-06-20T21:15:25","date_gmt":"2024-06-20T21:15:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/?p=900"},"modified":"2024-09-18T16:52:19","modified_gmt":"2024-09-18T16:52:19","slug":"mannrettindadomstoll-evropu-i-politik","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/2024\/06\/20\/mannrettindadomstoll-evropu-i-politik\/","title":{"rendered":"P\u00f3lit\u00edk og mannr\u00e9ttindi \u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00cd pistlinum er r\u00e6tt um n\u00fdlegan d\u00f3m MDE \u00fear sem Sviss var tali\u00f0 brotlegt vi\u00f0 MSE vegna vanr\u00e6kslu \u00e1 a\u00f0 gr\u00edpa til vi\u00f0unandi a\u00f0ger\u00f0a \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum. R\u00e6tt er um \u00fea\u00f0 sem kalla m\u00e1 \u201ep\u00f3lit\u00edsk<\/em>a\" gagnr\u00fdni \u00e1 d\u00f3minn sem l\u00fdtur \u00ed meginatri\u00f0um a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 me\u00f0 honum hafi MDE blanda\u00f0 s\u00e9r \u00ed p\u00f3lit\u00edk sem hann hafi ekkert umbo\u00f0 til. Raki\u00f0 er a\u00f0 sl\u00edk gagnr\u00fdni er ekki n\u00fd af n\u00e1linni \u00feegar MDE \u00e1 \u00ed hlut og hefur raunar veri\u00f0 vi\u00f0varandi lengi fr\u00e1 h\u00e6gri kanti stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lanna. H\u00f6fundur telur a\u00f0 MDE s\u00e9 vissulega mj\u00f6g r\u00f3tt\u00e6kur og d\u00fdnam\u00edskur\u00a0 \u00ed t\u00falkun sinni \u00e1 s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lanum \u00ed \u00feessum d\u00f3mi, jafnvel einn s\u00e1 r\u00f3tt\u00e6kasti \u00ed d\u00f3masafni r\u00e9ttarins. Mikilv\u00e6gt er \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 \u00e1tta sig \u00e1 \u00feegar MDE er saka\u00f0ur um a\u00f0 blanda s\u00e9r \u00ed p\u00f3lit\u00edk a\u00f0 d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn hefur <\/em>ekki m\u00f3ta\u00f0 \u00a0loftslagsstefnu r\u00edkja heldur hafa \u00feau gert \u00fea\u00f0 sj\u00e1lf me\u00f0 p\u00f3lit\u00edkinni sem rekin er heimafyrir og \u00ed samstarfi r\u00edkja. Me\u00f0 stefnu sinni hafa \u00feau lofa\u00f0 borgurum s\u00ednum a\u00f0 gera allt \u00fea\u00f0 sem \u00feau telja mikilv\u00e6gt til verndar heilsu \u00feeirra og l\u00edfi. \u00deegar svo er m\u00e1lum komi\u00f0 er stutt \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1 hugmynd a\u00f0 raunveruleg mannr\u00e9ttindi s\u00e9u undir sem r\u00edki geti ekki viki\u00f0 s\u00e9 undan. \u00deannig er mannr\u00e9ttindavernd sem er verkefni MDE samspil l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i og p\u00f3lit\u00edskra stefnumi\u00f0a \u00ed \u00fdmsum m\u00e1lum, \u00fear me\u00f0 tali\u00f0 loftslagsm\u00e1lum, sem \u00fatf\u00e6r\u00f0 eru n\u00e1nar \u00ed\u00a0 al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamningum, l\u00f6gum og reglum sem m\u00e6la fyrir um a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir borgurunum sem r\u00edkin sj\u00e1lf \u00ed or\u00f0i telja nau\u00f0synlegar til verndar l\u00edfi og heilsu borgara sinna. \u00deessi l\u00f6g og reglur mynda a\u00f0 lokum grunninn a\u00f0 \u00feeirri hugmynd a\u00f0 borgararnir eigi r\u00e9tt \u00e1 \u00feessum a\u00f0ger\u00f0um og r\u00edkjum beri skylda til vir\u00f0a \u00feann r\u00e9tt. \u00de\u00e1 er stutt \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1 kr\u00f6fu a\u00f0 gera ver\u00f0i r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 borgarar geti s\u00f3tt \u00feann r\u00e9tt sinn fyrir d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum. Segja m\u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00ed d\u00f3minum birtist \u00feannig \u00e1kve\u00f0in mannr\u00e9ttindap\u00f3lit\u00edk sem MDE stendur vissulega fyrir.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00c1\u00f0ur en lengra er haldi\u00f0 er vi\u00f0 h\u00e6fi a\u00f0 geta \u00feess a\u00f0 h\u00f6fundi pistilsins er kunnugt um a\u00f0 fj\u00f6ldi v\u00edsindamanna telur \u00f3sanna\u00f0 loftslagi\u00f0 s\u00e9 a\u00f0 hl\u00fdna af mannav\u00f6ldum me\u00f0an a\u00f0rir eru vissir \u00ed sinni s\u00f6k. \u00c9g ver\u00f0 a\u00f0 j\u00e1ta a\u00f0 \u00e9g hef ekki n\u00e6ga \u00feekkingu \u00e1 a\u00f0fer\u00f0afr\u00e6\u00f0i v\u00edsindamanna sem hafa rannsaka\u00f0 \u00feetta til a\u00f0 geta r\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 me\u00f0 vissu \u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 hvor h\u00f3purinn hefur r\u00e9tt fyrir s\u00e9r. A\u00f0alatri\u00f0i\u00f0 er a\u00f0 p\u00f3lit\u00edsk stefna r\u00edkja heimafyrir og \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0asamstarfi er m\u00f3tu\u00f0 \u00e1 grundvelli fullvissu \u00feeirra s\u00ed\u00f0arnefndu. MDE ber ekki \u00e1byrg\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed. <\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>I<\/p>\n

D\u00f3mur Mannr\u00e9ttindad\u00f3mst\u00f3ls Evr\u00f3pu (MDE) \u00ed m\u00e1linu Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz o.fl. gegn Sviss<\/em> (h\u00e9r eftir Klima<\/em>-d\u00f3murinn) sem kve\u00f0inn var upp 9. apr\u00edl sl. hefur vaki\u00f0 blendin vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkjum s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lans \u00cd honum er fjalla\u00f0 um loftslagsv\u00e1na og vernd mannr\u00e9ttinda. R\u00e6\u00f0a m\u00e1 \u00ed l\u00f6ngu m\u00e1li l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ina \u00ed d\u00f3minum \u00ed \u00ferengri skilningi. Um hana m\u00e1 deila og sumpart erfitt a\u00f0 samr\u00e6ma hana fyrri ford\u00e6mum MDE ef \u00fat \u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 er fari\u00f0. \u00c9g \u00e6tla samt ekki a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a \u00feessa hli\u00f0 m\u00e1lsins \u00ed pistlinum, heldur fremur \u00fea\u00f0 sem kalla m\u00e1 \u201ep\u00f3lit\u00edska\u201c gagnr\u00fdni \u00e1 d\u00f3minn. \u00deessi gagnr\u00fdni gengur \u00ed gr\u00f3fum dr\u00e1ttum \u00fat \u00e1 a\u00f0 d\u00f3murinn s\u00e9 rangur vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 me\u00f0 honum hafi MDE fari\u00f0 langt \u00fat fyrir verksvi\u00f0 sitt og teki\u00f0 \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un sem s\u00e9 \u00ed e\u00f0li s\u00ednu p\u00f3lit\u00edsk. Me\u00f0 honum hafi MDE gengi\u00f0 \u00e1 sj\u00e1lfs\u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0unarr\u00e9tt r\u00edkja og horft framhj\u00e1 l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islegum ferlum innanlands. \u00deetta er ekki \u00ed fyrsta skipti, og \u00f6rugglega ekki \u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0asta, sem sl\u00edk gagnr\u00fdni kemur fram \u00e1 einstaka d\u00f3ma MDE \u00ed m\u00e1lum sem r\u00edki telja p\u00f3lit\u00edskt mikilv\u00e6g fyrir sig.<\/p>\n

II<\/p>\n

MDE var stofna\u00f0ur \u00e1ri\u00f0 1959 \u00e1 grundvelli 19. gr. MSE til a\u00f0 tryggja a\u00f0 sta\u00f0i\u00f0 s\u00e9 vi\u00f0 skuldbindingar \u00fe\u00e6r sem a\u00f0ilar s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lans hafa tekist \u00e1 hendur. D\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn er skipa\u00f0ur jafn m\u00f6rgum d\u00f3murum og samningsr\u00edkin eru hverju sinni (upphaflega 12 n\u00fa 46). Fr\u00e1 upphafi starfa\u00f0i einnig mannr\u00e9ttindanefnd Evr\u00f3pu (MNE) og ger\u00f0u reglur r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir \u00e1kve\u00f0inni verkskiptingu milli d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins og nefndarinnar, sem ekki er \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a til a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a h\u00e9r. A\u00f0alatri\u00f0i\u00f0 er a\u00f0 fr\u00e1 upphafi starfa\u00f0i hvorki MDE n\u00e9 MNE samfellt \u00ed \u00feeim skilningi a\u00f0 starf d\u00f3mara e\u00f0a nefndarmanna var ekki fullt starf. \u00deannig hittust d\u00f3marar (og nefndarmenn fyrir sitt leyti) nokkru sinnum \u00e1 \u00e1ri og r\u00e9\u00f0u r\u00e1\u00f0um s\u00ednum og kv\u00e1\u00f0u upp d\u00f3ma e\u00f0a t\u00f3ku \u00e1kvar\u00f0anir. \u00c1 \u00e1rinu 1998 breyttist \u00feetta me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 MNE var l\u00f6g\u00f0 ni\u00f0ur og n\u00fa starfar MDE samfellt og sinnir \u00feeim verkefnum sem d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn og MNE sinntu \u00e1\u00f0ur. \u00de\u00e1 breyttist einnig sta\u00f0a d\u00f3mara a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed leyti a\u00f0 d\u00f3marastarfi\u00f0 var\u00f0 fullt starf og gert r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 d\u00f3marar hef\u00f0u b\u00fasetu \u00ed Strassborg. Fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed \u00feessar breytingar ur\u00f0u hafa fj\u00f3rir einstaklingar gegnt starfinu af h\u00e1lfu \u00cdslands, \u00fe.e. Gaukur J\u00f6rundsson heitinn (1998-2004), Dav\u00ed\u00f0 \u00de\u00f3r Bj\u00f6rgvinsson (h\u00f6fundur \u00feessa pistils, 2004 - 2013), R\u00f3bert Span\u00f3 (n\u00f3v. 2013-2022) og loks Oddn\u00fd Mj\u00f6ll Arnard\u00f3ttir (fr\u00e1 2023). Fyrir 1998 gegndi d\u00f3marastarfinu, sem aukastarfi, \u00de\u00f3r Vilhj\u00e1lmsson heitinn, en \u00e1hugavert fyrir efni \u00feessa pistils er a\u00f0 hann var samhli\u00f0a st\u00f6rfum fyrir MDE d\u00f3mari vi\u00f0 H\u00e6star\u00e9tt \u00cdslands og s\u00ed\u00f0ar vi\u00f0 EFTA-d\u00f3mst\u00f3linn. \u00de\u00f3tti \u00feetta ekkert athugavert \u00e1 s\u00ednum t\u00edma \u00fe\u00f3tt einkennilegt \u00fe\u00e6tti \u00ed dag.<\/p>\n

III<\/p>\n

Fyrstu starfs\u00e1rin f\u00f3r starfsemi MDE tilt\u00f6lulega hlj\u00f3tt enda m\u00e1lin f\u00e1 til a\u00f0 byrja me\u00f0 og ef til ekki s\u00e9rlega p\u00f3lit\u00edskt mikilv\u00e6g fyrir a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkin. M\u00e1lin voru l\u00edka mun f\u00e6rri en n\u00fa er, enda a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkin \u00fe\u00e1 f\u00e6rri. Samkv\u00e6mt m\u00ednum skilningi h\u00f3fst ekki a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0i gagnr\u00fdni af \u00fev\u00ed tagi sem Klima<\/em>-d\u00f3murinn hefur s\u00e6tt fyrr en um og sk\u00f6mmu eftir 2000. Helst \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed hendur vi\u00f0 grundvallarbreytingar \u00e1 skipan d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins og fj\u00f6lgun a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkja Evr\u00f3pur\u00e1\u00f0sins eftir a\u00f0 fyrrum komm\u00fanistar\u00edki Mi\u00f0- og Austur Evr\u00f3pu auk R\u00fasslands ur\u00f0u a\u00f0ilar a\u00f0 s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lanum. Fyrir 1998 skipu\u00f0u d\u00f3minn einstaklingar sem voru \u00ed raun a\u00f0 a\u00f0alsstarfi h\u00e1ttsettir d\u00f3marar heimafyrir, h\u00e1ttsettir emb\u00e6ttismenn (sendiherrar) og st\u00f6ku l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ipr\u00f3fessorar. \u00deessir einstaklingar h\u00f6f\u00f0u n\u00e1in tengsl vi\u00f0 heimar\u00edki sitt. D\u00f3marar (og nefndarmenn) \u00ed Strassborg voru \u00fev\u00ed ef til vill meira tengdir vi\u00f0 p\u00f3lit\u00edskar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur heimafyrir og h\u00f6f\u00f0u m\u00f6gulega sterkari vitund um takm\u00f6rk valdheimilda d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins. Kannski m\u00e1 or\u00f0a \u00fea\u00f0 svo a\u00f0 \u00feeir hafi ekki veri\u00f0 jafn sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0ir og s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u00e1tti eftir a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a. \u00c1 \u00feessum t\u00edma \u00fer\u00f3u\u00f0ust n\u00e1nar tv\u00f6 lykilhugt\u00f6k vi\u00f0 sk\u00fdringu og beitingu s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lans sem kennd eru vi\u00f0 n\u00e1l\u00e6g\u00f0arregluna (principle of subsidiarity) og svigr\u00fam til mats (margin of appreciation), en b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00feessi hugt\u00f6k l\u00fata a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 draga m\u00f6rk milli valdheimilda d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins annars vegar og d\u00f3mst\u00f3la (yfirvalda) a\u00f0ilar\u00edkja hins vegar. H\u00e9r ver\u00f0ur \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 halda \u00fev\u00ed til haga a\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma kva\u00f0 d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur upp fj\u00f6lda d\u00f3ma sem \u00fe\u00f3ttu b\u00fdsna r\u00f3tt\u00e6kir og frams\u00fdnir, svo sem um l\u00edkamleg agavi\u00f0url\u00f6g \u00ed sk\u00f3lum, tj\u00e1ningarfrelsi, f\u00e9lagafrelsi, mismunun milli skilgetinna og \u00f3skilgetinna barna (sem svo voru k\u00f6llu\u00f0), valbeitingu l\u00f6greglu o.fl. Enn er v\u00edsa\u00f0 \u00ed r\u00edkum m\u00e6li til marga \u00feessara d\u00f3ma sem grundvallar ford\u00e6ma \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00e1ratugir hafi li\u00f0i\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00feau ur\u00f0u til.<\/p>\n

IV<\/p>\n

Me\u00f0 breytingum \u00e1 skipan d\u00f3msins 1998 losna\u00f0i frekar um tengsl d\u00f3mara vi\u00f0 heimar\u00edki sitt og p\u00f3lit\u00edkina heima fyrir. Og ekki bara \u00fea\u00f0, heldur breyttist samsetning og bakgrunnur d\u00f3maranna og var\u00f0 fj\u00f6l\u00fe\u00e6ttari og tengsl \u00feeirra vi\u00f0 valdhafa heimafyrir \u00f3lj\u00f3sari og fjarl\u00e6gari. \u00de\u00e1 f\u00f3r a\u00f0 bera meira \u00e1 a\u00f0 d\u00f3marar hef\u00f0u s\u00e9rstakan bakgrunn \u00ed mannr\u00e9ttindum, svo sem fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn og l\u00f6gmenn. \u00deetta m\u00e1 or\u00f0a svo a\u00f0 d\u00f3mararnir hafi or\u00f0i\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0ari gagnvart heimar\u00edki s\u00ednu og \u00fear me\u00f0 d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn \u00ed heild. Voru um og eftir 2000 kve\u00f0nir upp allmargir d\u00f3mar sem velgdu r\u00e1\u00f0am\u00f6nnum og d\u00f3murum \u00ed \u00fdmsum hinna st\u00e6rri og m\u00e1ttugri a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkja sem r\u00e1\u00f0am\u00f6nnum heimafyrir verulega undir uggum.\u00a0 Upph\u00f3fst \u00fe\u00e1 s\u00e1 t\u00f3nn \u00ed umr\u00e6\u00f0u um MDE sem hefur veri\u00f0 afar \u00e1berandi og n\u00e1nast vi\u00f0varandi s\u00ed\u00f0an, einkum \u00ed h\u00f3pi stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lamanna sem kenna sig til h\u00e6gri. Er d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn \u00fe\u00e1 gagnr\u00fdndur fyrir skapandi t\u00falkun s\u00edna \u00e1 \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0um s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lans sem s\u00f6g\u00f0 er ganga langt \u00fat fyrir upprunalegu merkingu \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0a hans og \u00e1 stundum freklega inn \u00e1 l\u00fd\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0islega ferla innanlands og fullveldisr\u00e9ttindi r\u00edkjanna. D\u00f3mararnir eru me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum or\u00f0um saka\u00f0ir um a\u00f0 vera \u00ed bullandi p\u00f3lit\u00edk sem \u00fe\u00e1 var\u00f0i ekkert um! Nefna m\u00e1 margar \u00farlausnir d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins fr\u00e1 fyrsta \u00e1ratug \u00feessarar aldar sem k\u00f6llu\u00f0 fram h\u00f6r\u00f0 vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 fr\u00e1 vi\u00f0komandi r\u00edki. D\u00e6mi um \u00feetta er d\u00f3mur \u00ed m\u00e1li Hirst gegna Bretandi<\/em> fr\u00e1 2005 \u00fear sem MDE \u00a0taldi algj\u00f6ra \u00fatilokun fanga fr\u00e1 \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku \u00ed almennum kosningum andst\u00e6\u00f0a 3. gr. 1. vi\u00f0auka vi\u00f0 s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lann um r\u00e9tt til frj\u00e1lsa kosninga. Fleyg ur\u00f0u umm\u00e6li David Cameron \u00fe\u00e1verandi fors\u00e6tir\u00e1\u00f0herra Bretlands (n\u00faverandi utanr\u00edkisr\u00e1\u00f0herra) \u00ed umr\u00e6\u00f0u um d\u00f3minn \u00fear \u00ed landi, sem sag\u00f0i a\u00f0 hugmyndin um a\u00f0 fangar fengju kosningar\u00e9tt ylli honum \u00f3gle\u00f0i. \u00deessi d\u00f3mur og \u00fdmsir d\u00f3mar MDE gegn Bretlandi n\u00e6stu \u00e1rin \u00e1 eftir var\u00f0andi me\u00f0al annars me\u00f0fer\u00f0 gruna\u00f0ra hry\u00f0juverkamanna l\u00f6g\u00f0ust me\u00f0 sama h\u00e6tti illa \u00ed Breta. Hafa s\u00ed\u00f0an reglulega skoti\u00f0 upp kollinum \u00ed Bretlandi umr\u00e6\u00f0ur um a\u00f0 Bretland yfirgefi samstarfi\u00f0 og \u00fear me\u00f0 l\u00f6gs\u00f6gu d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins. Anna\u00f0 d\u00e6mi er von Hannover gegn \u00de\u00fdskalandi<\/em> fr\u00e1 2004 \u00fear sem MDE d\u00e6mdi a\u00f0 Stj\u00f3rnlagad\u00f3mst\u00f3ll \u00de\u00fdskalands hef\u00f0i brug\u00f0ist bogalistin vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 vernda einkal\u00edf Kar\u00f3l\u00ednu M\u00f3nak\u00f3prinsessu me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 taka tj\u00e1ningarfrelsi fj\u00f6lmi\u00f0la framyfir \u00e6tla\u00f0 einkal\u00edf hennar. Voru \u00fe\u00fdskir fr\u00e6\u00f0imenna og d\u00f3marar afar \u00f3s\u00e1ttir vi\u00f0 MDE fyrir a\u00f0 hafna r\u00f6ksemdum Stj\u00f3rnlagad\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins og gagnr\u00fdndu d\u00f3minn h\u00e1st\u00f6fum. Me\u00f0 sama h\u00e6tti t\u00f3kst MDE a\u00f0 pirra Frakka, R\u00fassa og fleiri me\u00f0 d\u00f3mum s\u00ednum \u00ed m\u00e1lum sem \u00feessi r\u00edki t\u00f6ldu p\u00f3lit\u00edskt mikilv\u00e6g fyrir sig og t\u00f6ldu a\u00f0 leyst hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 \u00far me\u00f0 v\u00f6ndu\u00f0um og r\u00e9ttum h\u00e6tti heimafyrir. A\u00f0 mati undirrita\u00f0s, sem upplif\u00f0i \u00feessa t\u00edma \u00ed miklu n\u00e1v\u00edgi, \u00e1tti \u00feessi mikla og h\u00e1v\u00e6ra gagnr\u00fdni \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed til a\u00f0 mynda a\u00f0 me\u00f0 d\u00f3mi \u00ed m\u00e1li Scoppola gegn \u00cdtal\u00edu (nr. 3) <\/em>fr\u00e1 2012 bakka\u00f0i MDE a\u00f0 verulegu leyti \u00fat \u00far \u00fev\u00ed ford\u00e6mi sem hann \u00e1\u00f0ur gaf \u00ed fyrrnefndum d\u00f3mi \u00ed Hirst gegn Bretlandi<\/em> fr\u00e1 2005. Sama ger\u00f0ist \u00ed seinna m\u00e1l von Hannover gegn \u00de\u00fdskalandi (no. 2)<\/em> l\u00edka fr\u00e1 2012, sem t\u00falka m\u00e1 svo a\u00f0 horfi\u00f0 hafi veri\u00f0 fr\u00e1 hinum fyrri d\u00f3mi. \u00de\u00e1 h\u00f3fust um \u00feessar mundir vi\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0ur um a\u00f0 setja \u00ed s\u00e9rstakan vi\u00f0auka vi\u00f0 samninginn \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i er l\u00fata a\u00f0 skyldum d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins til a\u00f0 vir\u00f0a n\u00e1l\u00e6g\u00f0arregluna og svigr\u00fam r\u00edkja til mats, sbr. vi\u00f0auka 15 fr\u00e1 2013. Af h\u00e1lfu margra voldugra r\u00edkja, \u00fear me\u00f0 tali\u00f0 Bretlands, voru \u00feessi n\u00fdm\u00e6li, sem \u00fe\u00f3 voru ekki anna\u00f0 en skjalfesting \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed sem d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn haf\u00f0i lengi t\u00ed\u00f0ka\u00f0, s\u00f3tt mj\u00f6g fast og alveg auglj\u00f3st a\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00feessu var stefnt a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 koma einhverjum b\u00f6ndum \u00e1 d\u00f3mst\u00f3linn a\u00f0 n\u00fdju. \u00deannig er gagnr\u00fdnin sem komi\u00f0 hefur fram \u00e1 Klima<\/em>-d\u00f3minn fr\u00e1 \u00ed apr\u00edl s\u00ed\u00f0astli\u00f0in endurvarp or\u00f0r\u00e6\u00f0u sem byrja\u00f0i fyrir l\u00f6ngu s\u00ed\u00f0an og hefur vara\u00f0 linnul\u00edti\u00f0 \u00ed r\u00edflega 20 \u00e1r.<\/p>\n

N\u00fa m\u00e6tti \u00e6tla af \u00feessu sem a\u00f0 framan segir a\u00f0 gagnr\u00fdni \u00e1 d\u00f3mst\u00f3linn l\u00fati a\u00f0allega a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hann s\u00e9 alltof skapandi \u00ed mannr\u00e9ttindaverndinni og veiti miklu r\u00edkari mannr\u00e9ttindavernd er honum var upphaflega \u00e6tla\u00f0 og MSE ger\u00f0i r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00f6\u00f0ru n\u00e6r, \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 er annar eins h\u00f3pur, en ekki alveg jafn h\u00e1v\u00e6r,\u00a0 hinu megin \u00ed st\u00fakunni, sem kallar eftir mun r\u00f3tt\u00e6kari og frams\u00e6knari s\u00fdn d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins \u00e1 \u00fdmis m\u00e1lefni, svo sem \u00e1 \u00feungunarrof, r\u00e9ttindi samkynhneig\u00f0ra o.fl. \u00cd \u00feeim h\u00f3pi eru alveg \u00f6rugglega margir sem telja Klima<\/em>-d\u00f3minn alveg s\u00e9rlegt fagna\u00f0arefni. \u00dea\u00f0 s\u00e9 einmitt alveg s\u00e9rstakt hlutverk d\u00f3mst\u00f3lsins a\u00f0 halda p\u00f3lit\u00edkusum vi\u00f0 efni\u00f0 og tryggja a\u00f0 \u00feeir vir\u00f0i mannr\u00e9ttindi. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00f6nnur saga.<\/p>\n

V<\/p>\n

Af \u00feessu og \u00fev\u00ed sem a\u00f0 framan er geti\u00f0 er lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 Klima<\/em>-d\u00f3murinn er ekki fyrsti d\u00f3murinn sem kalla\u00f0 hefur fram h\u00f6r\u00f0 vi\u00f0br\u00f6g\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lamanna sem telja freklega gengi\u00f0 \u00e1 r\u00e9tt sinn til a\u00f0 stj\u00f3rna heimafyrir. \u00deetta \u00e1 ekki bara vi\u00f0 um stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lamenn \u00ed Sviss sem \u00feola hafa m\u00e1tt d\u00f3minn heldur annarra r\u00edkja l\u00edka sem sj\u00e1 \u00ed honum ford\u00e6mi sem kynni a\u00f0 sn\u00faast gegn \u00feeim sj\u00e1lfum s\u00ed\u00f0ar. Hva\u00f0 sem \u00feessu l\u00ed\u00f0ur gefur d\u00f3murinn vissulega tilefni til a\u00f0 velta \u00fev\u00ed fyrir s\u00e9r hvort MDE s\u00e9 me\u00f0 honum \u00e1 kafi \u00ed p\u00f3lit\u00edk \u00ed sta\u00f0 \u00feess bara a\u00f0 d\u00e6ma eftir l\u00f6gunum (s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lanum). \u00c9g held a\u00f0 svara ver\u00f0i \u00fev\u00ed j\u00e1tandi, a\u00f0 minnsta kosti a\u00f0 nokkru marki. \u00de\u00e1 \u00e1 \u00e9g ekki vi\u00f0 flokksp\u00f3lit\u00edk heldur \u201ep\u00f3lit\u00edska\u201c afst\u00f6\u00f0u d\u00f3mara sem gengur \u00fat fr\u00e1 a\u00f0 finna \u00feurfi virk \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0i fyrir borgarana til a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta reyna \u00e1 hvort r\u00edki s\u00e9u a\u00f0 sinna \u00feeim skyldum s\u00ednum a\u00f0 draga \u00far neikv\u00e6\u00f0um \u00e1hrifum loftslagsbreytinga \u00e1 l\u00edf \u00feeirra og heilsu. \u00deessi \"mannr\u00e9ttindap\u00f3lit\u00edk\" birtist a\u00f0allega me\u00f0 \u00feeim h\u00e6tti a\u00f0 r\u00fdmka \u00feurfi a\u00f0ildarreglu 34. gr. MSE me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vi\u00f0urkenna a\u00f0ild samtakanna sem b\u00e1ru m\u00e1li\u00f0 undir d\u00f3mst\u00f3linn. \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed sambandi er bent \u00e1 a\u00f0, mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6md sem l\u00e1 fyrir \u00e1\u00f0ur en \u00feessi d\u00f3mur var kve\u00f0inn upp, var e\u00f0lilegast a\u00f0 \u00e1lykta a\u00f0 m\u00e1linu \u00e6tti a\u00f0 v\u00edsa fr\u00e1 \u00fear sem samt\u00f6kin g\u00e6tu ekki talist \u00feolandi brots gegn 8. gr. s\u00e1ttm\u00e1lans, hvorki sem sl\u00edk n\u00e9 einstakir me\u00f0limir \u00feeirra. \u00de\u00e1 birtist \u00feessi \u201ep\u00f3lit\u00edk\u201c d\u00f3maranna \u00ed \u00feeirri sko\u00f0un a\u00f0 skapa \u00feurfi m\u00f6guleika \u00e1 a\u00f0 sl\u00edk samt\u00f6k geti l\u00e1ti\u00f0 reyna \u00e1 l\u00f6gm\u00e6ti a\u00f0ger\u00f0a r\u00edkja fyrir d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum heimafyrir. \u00d6llum \u00feeim sem kynna s\u00e9r d\u00f3minn \u00e6tti a\u00f0 vera lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0a m\u00e1lsins er bygg\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feeirri sko\u00f0un d\u00f3maranna, sem kalla m\u00e1 p\u00f3lit\u00edska, a\u00f0 m\u00e1lefni\u00f0 s\u00e9 \u00feess e\u00f0lis a\u00f0 grei\u00f0a \u00feurfi lei\u00f0 umhverfissamtaka, b\u00e6\u00f0i fyrir MDE og d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum heimafyrir, a\u00f0 til a\u00f0 reka gegn stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ldum m\u00e1l \u00feegar m\u00e1l l\u00fata a\u00f0 \u00e6tla\u00f0ri vanr\u00e6kslu \u00feeirra \u00e1 a\u00f0 taka til br\u00fdnna r\u00e1\u00f0stafana vegna \u00feeirra h\u00e6ttu sem l\u00edfi og heilsu borgaranna stafar af (\u00e6tla\u00f0ri) hl\u00fdnun jar\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n

VI<\/p>\n

\u00deetta er samt a\u00f0eins p\u00f3lit\u00edk a\u00f0 vissu marki, \u00fev\u00ed hafa ver\u00f0ur \u00ed huga a\u00f0 MDE hefur ekki m\u00f3ta\u00f0 stefnu r\u00edkjanna \u00ed lofslagsm\u00e1lum og enn s\u00ed\u00f0ur hefur d\u00f3mst\u00f3llinn rannsaka\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfur hvort loftslagsv\u00e1in s\u00e9 raunveruleg. Fyrir liggur a\u00f0 stefna r\u00edkja, \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu a\u00f0 minnsta kosti, er grundv\u00f6llu\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00feeir v\u00edsindamenn hafi r\u00e9tt fyrir s\u00e9r sem telja hl\u00fdnun jar\u00f0ar af mannav\u00f6ldum s\u00e9 raunverulegt fyrirb\u00e6ri sem \u00f3gni mannvist \u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0inni. Hvorki meira n\u00e9 minna. R\u00edkin treysta \u00feessum v\u00edsindam\u00f6nnum og hafa sj\u00e1lf m\u00f3ta\u00f0 s\u00edna stefnu \u00e1 \u00feeirri forsendu a\u00f0 \u00feetta s\u00e9 r\u00e9tt hj\u00e1 \u00feeim, me\u00f0al annars me\u00f0 samningum vi\u00f0 \u00f6nnur r\u00edki, og sett s\u00e9r markmi\u00f0, l\u00f6g og reglur, sem \u00feau telja nau\u00f0synleg til a\u00f0 vernda l\u00edf og heilsu borgara sinna vegna \u00feessar \u00f3gnar. N\u00fa er vafalaust \u00f3l\u00edkt a\u00f0 einhverju marki s\u00fdn d\u00f3mara \u00e1 forsendur d\u00f3msins. \u00c9g skil \u00feetta svona: Ef \u00fea\u00f0 er r\u00e9tt hj\u00e1 stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lam\u00f6nnum sem m\u00f3ta\u00f0 hafa stefnuna a\u00f0 h\u00e6tturnar s\u00e9u svona miklar og raunverulegar fyrir einstaklinga er \u00fe\u00e1 virkilega eitthva\u00f0 svigr\u00fam fyrir r\u00edkin til a\u00f0 draga lappirnar \u00ed a\u00f0 hrinda a\u00f0ger\u00f0um \u00ed framkv\u00e6md? Og er \u00fe\u00e1 ekki l\u00edka e\u00f0lilegt a\u00f0 f\u00f3lki\u00f0 sem er \u00ed svona mikilli og br\u00e1\u00f0ri h\u00e6ttu hafi \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0i til a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00fdsta \u00e1 yfirv\u00f6ld um a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir? Minni skilningur er s\u00e1 a\u00f0 me\u00f0 s\u00ednum eigin skilningi og skilgreiningu \u00e1 vandanum hafa r\u00edkin sj\u00e1lf afmarka\u00f0 m\u00e1li\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feann h\u00e1tt a\u00f0 hl\u00fdnun loftslags \u00e1 j\u00f6r\u00f0inni \u00f3gni l\u00edfi, heilsu og \u00f6\u00f0rum hagsmunum einstaklinga og r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ti me\u00f0al annars heimtu fleiri skatta af borgurum til a\u00f0 fj\u00e1rmagna a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir og fj\u00e1raustur \u00ed \u00fe\u00e6r. \u00deegar svo er komi\u00f0 er ekki s\u00e9rstaklega langs\u00f3tt \u00ed sj\u00e1lfu s\u00e9r fyrir MDE a\u00f0 skilgreina vandann, a\u00f0 hluta til a\u00f0 minnsta kosti, sem mannr\u00e9ttindam\u00e1l \u00e1 \u00feeim grunni a\u00f0 borgararnir eigi r\u00e9tt til \u00feess a\u00f0 r\u00edki geri nau\u00f0synlegar r\u00e1\u00f0stafanir til a\u00f0 vernda l\u00edfi \u00feeirra og heilsu. Hefur r\u00edki\u00f0 eitthva\u00f0 \u00fearfara hlutverk en einmitt \u00feetta? \u00deetta m\u00e1 kalla p\u00f3lit\u00edk, en ekki er \u00fea\u00f0 p\u00f3lit\u00edk sem ver\u00f0ur skilgreind me\u00f0 or\u00f0unum h\u00e6gri e\u00f0a vinstri, heldur er \u00fea\u00f0 mannr\u00e9ttindap\u00f3lit\u00edk sem gengur \u00fat \u00e1 a\u00f0 borgararnir \u00feurfi virk \u00farr\u00e6\u00f0i til a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00fdsta \u00e1 a\u00f0 r\u00edki taki til r\u00e1\u00f0stafana sem \u00feau hafa sj\u00e1lf tali\u00f0 nau\u00f0synlegar til a\u00f0 vernda l\u00edf borgara sinna og heilsu. Spyrja m\u00e1 hvort \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 til of mikils m\u00e6lst a\u00f0 r\u00edki fresti ekki svo br\u00fdnum og br\u00e1\u00f0nau\u00f0synlegum a\u00f0ger\u00f0um!?<\/p>\n

VII<\/p>\n

Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an m\u00edn af \u00feessum huglei\u00f0ingum, sem au\u00f0vita\u00f0 m\u00e1 r\u00f6ksty\u00f0ja \u00ed miklu lengra m\u00e1li, er a\u00f0 d\u00f3mur MDE Klima<\/em>-m\u00e1linu s\u00e9 afar r\u00f3tt\u00e6kur og skapandi \u00ed l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu tilliti og \u00fea\u00f0 jafnvel \u00ed r\u00edkari m\u00e6li en \u00e9g hef \u00e1\u00f0ur s\u00e9\u00f0, svo \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 n\u00fa j\u00e1ta\u00f0. Ni\u00f0ursta\u00f0an kom m\u00e9r satt a\u00f0 segja \u00e1 \u00f3vart. \u00deeir sem eru \u00e1 m\u00f3ti sl\u00edkri skapandi l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i geta vissuleg sagt me\u00f0 gildum r\u00f6kum a\u00f0 hann s\u00e9 rangur, einkum vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 hann ver\u00f0ur illa samr\u00e6mdur \u00feekktri d\u00f3maframkv\u00e6md. Samt sem \u00e1\u00f0ur er hann \u00ed nokku\u00f0 r\u00f6kr\u00e9ttu samhengi vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 stefnu sem r\u00edki hafa sj\u00e1lf m\u00f3ta\u00f0 loftslagsm\u00e1lum og \u00fe\u00e1 s\u00e9rstaklega \u00fe\u00e6r forsendur sem h\u00fan er bygg\u00f0 \u00e1. \u00cd \u00feeim skilningi m\u00e1 segja a\u00f0 MDE beiti talsvert skapandi l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegum r\u00f6ksemdum sem auglj\u00f3slega mi\u00f0a a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed f\u00e6ra borgurunum t\u00e6ki til a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00fdsta \u00e1 um a\u00f0 n\u00e1\u00f0 ver\u00f0i p\u00f3lit\u00edskum markmi\u00f0um sem stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lamenn hafa sj\u00e1lfir sett s\u00e9r, en kj\u00f3sa s\u00ed\u00f0an a\u00f0 sl\u00e1 \u00e1 frest t.d. af \u00fev\u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 stendur ekki vel \u00e1 \u00ed r\u00edkisb\u00f3khaldinu e\u00f0a \u00e1hrifamiklir hagsmunaa\u00f0ilar eru \u00f3s\u00e1ttir. Mikilv\u00e6gt er \u00feegar d\u00f3murinn er gagnr\u00fdndur fyrir a\u00f0 vera p\u00f3lit\u00edskur a\u00f0 \u00e1tta sig \u00e1 a\u00f0 MDE hefur ekki m\u00f3ta\u00f0 \u00feessa loftslagsstefnu heldur hafa r\u00edkin gert \u00fea\u00f0 sj\u00e1lf. Me\u00f0 henni hafa \u00feau lofa\u00f0 borgurum s\u00ednum a\u00f0 gera \u00fea\u00f0 sem \u00feau telja nau\u00f0synlegt til verndar heilsu \u00feeirra og l\u00edfi. \u00deegar svo er m\u00e1lum komi\u00f0 er stutt \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1 hugmynd a\u00f0 raunveruleg mannr\u00e9ttindi s\u00e9u undir sem r\u00edki geti ekki viki\u00f0 s\u00e9 undan. \u00deannig er mannr\u00e9ttindavernd sem verkefni MDE samspil l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i og p\u00f3lit\u00edskra stefnumi\u00f0a sem \u00fatf\u00e6r\u00f0 eru n\u00e1nar \u00ed l\u00f6gum og reglum um nau\u00f0synlegar a\u00f0ger\u00f0ir borgurunum til verndar. \u00deessi l\u00f6g og reglur mynda a\u00f0 lokum grunninn a\u00f0 \u00feeirri hugmynd a\u00f0 borgararnir eigi r\u00e9tt \u00e1 \u00feessum a\u00f0ger\u00f0um og r\u00edkjum beri skylda til vir\u00f0a \u00feann r\u00e9tt og gera ver\u00f0i r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 borgararnir geti s\u00f3tt hann fyrir sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0um d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum.<\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cd pistlinum er r\u00e6tt um n\u00fdlegan d\u00f3m MDE \u00fear sem Sviss var tali\u00f0 brotlegt vi\u00f0 MSE vegna vanr\u00e6kslu \u00e1 a\u00f0 gr\u00edpa til vi\u00f0unandi a\u00f0ger\u00f0a \u00ed loftslagsm\u00e1lum. R\u00e6tt er um \u00fea\u00f0 sem kalla m\u00e1 \u201ep\u00f3lit\u00edska\" gagnr\u00fdni \u00e1 d\u00f3minn sem l\u00fdtur \u00ed … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1298,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"link","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[759],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-900","post","type-post","status-publish","format-link","hentry","category-oflokkad","post_format-post-format-link"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/900","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1298"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=900"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/900\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":955,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/900\/revisions\/955"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=900"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=900"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/davidth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=900"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}