{"id":1497,"date":"2019-08-24T09:34:39","date_gmt":"2019-08-24T09:34:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=1497"},"modified":"2019-09-01T22:06:10","modified_gmt":"2019-09-01T22:06:10","slug":"fornmal-sem-fyrirmynd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2019\/08\/24\/fornmal-sem-fyrirmynd\/","title":{"rendered":"Fornm\u00e1l sem fyrirmynd"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Hva\u00f0 er \u201er\u00e9tt m\u00e1l\u201c og hva\u00f0 er \u201erangt m\u00e1l\u201c? Vi\u00f0 hva\u00f0 \u00e1 a\u00f0 mi\u00f0a \u00feegar tilbrig\u00f0i eru \u00ed m\u00e1linu? Oft er v\u00edsa\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 eitt s\u00e9 r\u00e9ttara en anna\u00f0 vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 eldra \u2013 <em>mig langar<\/em> s\u00e9 eldra en <em>m\u00e9r langar<\/em>, <em>\u00e9g vil<\/em> eldra en <em>\u00e9g vill<\/em>, o.s.frv. Vi\u00f0 skulum n\u00fa hugsa okkur a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 k\u00e6mum okkur saman um \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 telja \u00fea\u00f0 r\u00e9ttast sem v\u00e6ri elst, og mi\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e1 vi\u00f0 elstu var\u00f0veitta texta \u00e1 \u00edslensku, en hir\u00f0a ekki um fors\u00f6gu m\u00e1lsins.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dea\u00f0 eru samt ekki nein m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ileg r\u00f6k fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 velja 12. e\u00f0a 13. aldar \u00edslensku sem vi\u00f0mi\u00f0, frekar en eitthvert eldra e\u00f0a yngra m\u00e1lstig. M\u00e1li\u00f0 hefur alltaf veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 breytast, a\u00f0 v\u00edsu misjafnlega hratt; en \u00fea\u00f0 var engin s\u00e9rst\u00f6k kyrrsta\u00f0a \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed um 1200 \u2013 raunar s\u00ed\u00f0ur en svo, \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma voru miklar breytingar \u00e1 s\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0akerfinu a\u00f0 ganga yfir.\u00dea\u00f0 eru \u00fev\u00ed ytri a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur sem valda \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 m\u00e1l \u00feessa t\u00edma er nota\u00f0 sem vi\u00f0mi\u00f0 \u2013 \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed eru helstu fornb\u00f3kmenntir okkar skrifa\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n<p>En af \u00fdmsum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um er alls ekki au\u00f0velt a\u00f0 d\u00e6ma m\u00e1l \u201er\u00e9tt\u201c og \u201erangt\u201c eftir \u00feessu vi\u00f0mi\u00f0i. \u00deekking okkar \u00e1 fornm\u00e1linu er ekki \u00f3takm\u00f6rku\u00f0. \u00de\u00f3tt vi\u00f0 eigum t\u00f6luvert af ritu\u00f0um textum fr\u00e1 13. \u00f6ld eru \u00feeir frekar einh\u00e6fir; mestanpart fr\u00e1sagnarb\u00f3kmenntir af \u00fdmsu tagi, en einnig nokku\u00f0 af lagatextum og skj\u00f6lum. \u00de\u00f3tt eitthvert or\u00f0, einhver beygingarmynd e\u00f0a einhver setningager\u00f0 komi ekki fyrir \u00ed var\u00f0veittum textum getum vi\u00f0 ekki fullyrt a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 hafi ekki t\u00ed\u00f0kast \u00ed forn\u00edslensku. \u00dea\u00f0 g\u00e6ti sem best veri\u00f0 tilviljun a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 hef\u00f0i ekki komist \u00e1 b\u00e6kur \u2013 e\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e6r b\u00e6kur sem \u00fea\u00f0 komst \u00e1 hafi allar glatast.<\/p>\n<p>Eitt af \u00fev\u00ed sem gerir erfitt a\u00f0 mi\u00f0a eing\u00f6ngu vi\u00f0 fornm\u00e1li\u00f0 er \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 vitum s\u00e1ral\u00edti\u00f0 um fornt talm\u00e1l. \u00cd n\u00fat\u00edma\u00edslensku er munur talm\u00e1ls og ritm\u00e1ls t\u00f6luver\u00f0ur, og l\u00edklega meiri en vi\u00f0 gerum okkur grein fyrir \u00ed flj\u00f3tu brag\u00f0i. \u00dea\u00f0 m\u00e1 telja v\u00edst a\u00f0 einhver munur hafi einnig veri\u00f0 \u00e1 talm\u00e1li og ritm\u00e1li til forna. En hvort hann var meiri e\u00f0a minni en n\u00fa, og \u00ed hverju hann var f\u00f3lginn, getum vi\u00f0 l\u00edti\u00f0 sagt um. Og \u00fea\u00f0 er \u00ed m\u00f6rgum tilvikum \u00ed meira lagi h\u00e6pi\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u201elei\u00f0r\u00e9tta\u201c n\u00fat\u00edma talm\u00e1l eftir fornu ritm\u00e1li.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dear a\u00f0 auki birta hinir fornu textar ekki eitthvert einlitt og dau\u00f0hreinsa\u00f0 m\u00e1l; \u00fear er a\u00f0 finna alls konar \u00f3samr\u00e6mi og \u00fdmislegt sem n\u00fa yr\u00f0i eflaust kalla\u00f0 \u201em\u00e1lvillur\u201c. \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed sambandi er forvitnilegt a\u00f0 l\u00edta \u00e1 eitt elsta var\u00f0veitta \u00edslenska handriti\u00f0, hina svok\u00f6llu\u00f0u <em>\u00cdslensku h\u00f3mil\u00edub\u00f3k<\/em> fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed um 1200. Um \u00feetta rit hefur J\u00f3n Helgason pr\u00f3fessor sagt: \u201e\u00f3v\u00ed\u00f0a fl\u00f3a lindir \u00edslenzks m\u00e1ls t\u00e6rari en \u00fear, og er s\u00e1 \u00edslenzkur rith\u00f6fundur sem ekki hefur \u00feaullesi\u00f0 hana, litlu betur undir starf sitt b\u00fainn en s\u00e1 prestur sem enn \u00e1 \u00f3lesna fjallr\u00e6\u00f0una.\u201c N\u00fa vill svo til a\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessu riti stendur i\u00f0ulega ekki <em>mig langar<\/em> og <em>okkur langar<\/em>, heldur <em>\u00e9g langa<\/em>, <em>vi\u00f0 l\u00f6ngum<\/em>; s\u00f6gnin er sem s\u00e9 h\u00f6f\u00f0 pers\u00f3nuleg, og tekur frumlag \u00ed nefnifalli.<\/p>\n<p>Ef vi\u00f0 mi\u00f0um eing\u00f6ngu vi\u00f0 hva\u00f0 s\u00e9 elst \u00ed \u00edslensku m\u00e6tti \u00feess vegna halda \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 <em>mig langar<\/em> s\u00e9 engu r\u00e9ttara en <em>m\u00e9r langar<\/em>, \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 <em>\u00e9g langa<\/em> s\u00e9 nota\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessu forna og merka handriti. Engan hef \u00e9g samt heyrt halda \u00fev\u00ed fram, enda v\u00e6ri \u00fea\u00f0 \u00fat \u00ed h\u00f6tt; \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hvorttveggja er a\u00f0 \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum handritum fornum er s\u00f6gnin oftast \u00f3pers\u00f3nuleg, og h\u00fan hefur oftast veri\u00f0 h\u00f6f\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00feolfalli \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ari \u00f6ldum. En \u00feetta d\u00e6mi s\u00fdnir okkur a\u00f0 ekki er umsvifalaust h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 mi\u00f0a eing\u00f6ngu vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 elsta.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hva\u00f0 er \u201er\u00e9tt m\u00e1l\u201c og hva\u00f0 er \u201erangt m\u00e1l\u201c? Vi\u00f0 hva\u00f0 \u00e1 a\u00f0 mi\u00f0a \u00feegar tilbrig\u00f0i eru \u00ed m\u00e1linu? Oft er v\u00edsa\u00f0 til \u00feess a\u00f0 eitt s\u00e9 r\u00e9ttara en anna\u00f0 vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 eldra \u2013 mig langar s\u00e9 eldra en m\u00e9r langar, \u00e9g vil eldra en \u00e9g vill, o.s.frv. Vi\u00f0 skulum n\u00fa hugsa [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1497","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1497","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1497"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1497\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1498,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1497\/revisions\/1498"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1497"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1497"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1497"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}