{"id":1740,"date":"2019-09-22T16:00:42","date_gmt":"2019-09-22T16:00:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=1740"},"modified":"2019-09-22T16:26:12","modified_gmt":"2019-09-22T16:26:12","slug":"serislenskir-stafir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2019\/09\/22\/serislenskir-stafir\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u00e9r\u00edslenskir stafir"},"content":{"rendered":"

Oft er tala\u00f0 um \u201e\u00edslenska stafi\u201c en er ekki alltaf lj\u00f3st um hva\u00f0 er r\u00e6tt. Oft vir\u00f0ist \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 alla stafi sem ekki eru \u00ed enska (latneska) stafr\u00f3finu, \u00fe.e. \u00e1\u00e9\u00ed\u00f3\u00fa\u00fd\u00f0\u00fe\u00e6\u00f6 \u00c1\u00c9\u00cd\u00d3\u00da\u00dd\u00d0\u00de\u00c6\u00d6<\/em>. Sumir \u00feessara stafa eru \u00fe\u00f3 nota\u00f0ir \u00ed m\u00f6rgum \u00f6\u00f0rum tungum\u00e1lum. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00e1 einkum vi\u00f0 um broddstafina, \u00e1\u00e9\u00ed\u00f3\u00fa<\/em> \u2013 \u00fd<\/em> er miklu sjaldg\u00e6fara en \u00fe\u00f3 a.m.k. nota\u00f0 \u00ed t\u00e9kknesku. B\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e6<\/em> og \u00f6<\/em> eru l\u00edka notu\u00f0 v\u00ed\u00f0ar \u2013 \u00e6<\/em> \u00ed d\u00f6nsku og norsku, \u00f6<\/em> \u00ed s\u00e6nsku og \u00fe\u00fdsku, svo a\u00f0 d\u00e6mi s\u00e9u tekin. Eftir standa \u00fe\u00e1 \u00f0<\/em> og \u00fe<\/em> sem mega me\u00f0 r\u00e9ttu kallast s\u00e9r\u00ad\u00edslenskir stafir, \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00f0<\/em> s\u00e9 a\u00f0 v\u00edsu einnig nota\u00f0 \u00ed f\u00e6reysku sem t\u00f3k \u00fea\u00f0 upp eftir \u00eds\u00adlensku. En \u00fe<\/em> er hvergi annars sta\u00f0ar nota\u00f0 svo a\u00f0 \u00e9g viti.<\/p>\n

Reyndar m\u00e1 l\u00edka deila um s\u00e9rst\u00f6\u00f0u \u00f0<\/em>. \u00cd sumum m\u00e1lum, t.d. sam\u00edsku, kr\u00f3at\u00edsku og v\u00edetn\u00f6msku, er nota\u00f0ur stafurinn \u201ed me\u00f0 striki\u201c (d with a stroke), \u0111<\/em>. \u00cd letri l\u00edtur s\u00e1 stafur \u00fat eins og nafni\u00f0 bendir til, \u00fe.e. eins og d<\/em> me\u00f0 \u00feverstriki yfir legginn. Vitanlega er \u00f0<\/em> l\u00edka \u00ed einhverjum skilningi \u201ed me\u00f0 striki\u201c \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00fatliti\u00f0 s\u00e9 venjulega st\u00edlf\u00e6rt \u00ed letri, og um \u00fea\u00f0 leyti sem \u00f0<\/em> var endurvaki\u00f0 \u00ed \u00eds\u00adlensku var stundum tala\u00f0 um \u00fea\u00f0 sem \u201estungi\u00f0 d<\/em>\u201c. En st\u00f3rt \u00d0<\/em> og st\u00f3rt \u201eD me\u00f0 striki\u201c eru n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega eins, \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00feau hafi tv\u00f6 n\u00famer \u00ed Unicode-stafasettinu<\/a> (00D0 og 0110). \u00dev\u00ed m\u00e1 b\u00e6ta vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00f0<\/em> er einnig nota\u00f0 \u00ed al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0\u00adlega hlj\u00f3\u00f0ritunarkerfinu (Inter\u00adnational Phonetic Alpha\u00adbet, IPA<\/a>) til a\u00f0 t\u00e1kna radda\u00f0 tannbergsm\u00e6lt \u00f6nghlj\u00f3\u00f0, \u00fe.e. hlj\u00f3\u00f0i\u00f0 sem b\u00f3kstafurinn \u00f0<\/em> stendur venjulega fyrir \u00ed \u00eds\u00adlensku.<\/p>\n

\u00deegar rit\u00f6ld h\u00f3fst \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00e1 12. \u00f6ld r\u00e1ku menn sig flj\u00f3tt \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00ed m\u00e1linu voru \u00fdmis hlj\u00f3\u00f0 sem ekki \u00e1ttu s\u00e9r neina \u00f3tv\u00edr\u00e6\u00f0a t\u00e1knun \u00ed latneska stafr\u00f3finu. \u00dev\u00ed kom flj\u00f3tlega upp ruglingur \u00ed t\u00e1knun \u00fdmissa \u00edslenskra m\u00e1lhlj\u00f3\u00f0a. Til a\u00f0 koma skikki \u00e1 \u00feau m\u00e1l skrifa\u00f0i \u00f3\u00feekktur fr\u00e6\u00f0ima\u00f0\u00adur ritger\u00f0 sem er k\u00f6llu\u00f0\u00a0Fyrsta m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0iritger\u00f0in<\/a><\/em>\u00a0og h\u00f6fundurinn jafnan\u00a0Fyrsti m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur<\/em>\u00adinn<\/em>. \u00cd upphafi ritger\u00f0arinnar segir (stafsetning samr\u00e6md og f\u00e6r\u00f0 til n\u00fat\u00edmahorfs):<\/p>\n

\u201eEn af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 tungurnar eru \u00f3l\u00edkar hver annarri, [\u2026] \u00fe\u00e1 \u00fearf \u00f3l\u00edka stafi \u00ed a\u00f0 hafa, en eigi ina s\u00f6mu alla \u00ed \u00f6llum, [\u2026] heldur ritar s\u00ednum st\u00f6fum hver \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 s\u00edna tungu. Hveriga tungu er ma\u00f0ur skal rita annarrar tungu st\u00f6fum, \u00fe\u00e1 ver\u00f0ur sumra stafa vant, [af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hver tunga hefir hlj\u00f3\u00f0 \u00feau er eigi finnast \u00ed annarri. Svo ganga og sumir stafir af] af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 eigi finnst \u00fea\u00f0 hlj\u00f3\u00f0 \u00ed tungunni sem stafirnir hafa, \u00feeir er af ganga. [\u2026] N\u00fa eftir \u00feeirra d\u00e6mum [\u2026] \u00fe\u00e1 hefi eg og riti\u00f0 oss \u00cdslendingum stafr\u00f3f, b\u00e6\u00f0i lat\u00ednust\u00f6fum \u00f6llum \u00feeim er m\u00e9r \u00fe\u00f3tti gegna til vors m\u00e1ls vel, svo at r\u00e9tt r\u00e6\u00f0ir m\u00e6tti ver\u00f0a, og \u00feeim \u00f6\u00f0rum, er m\u00e9r \u00fe\u00f3tti \u00ed \u00feurfa a\u00f0 vera, en \u00far voru teknir \u00feeir, er eigi gegna atkv\u00e6\u00f0um vorrar tungu.\u201c<\/p>\n

H\u00e9r er l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1hersla \u00e1 a\u00f0 hvert tungum\u00e1l hafi s\u00e9r\u00fearfir sem \u00feurfi a\u00f0 sinna og hvert m\u00e1l hafi sitt yfirbrag\u00f0. Me\u00f0al \u00feeirra stafa sem Fyrsti m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn lag\u00f0i til a\u00f0 yr\u00f0i b\u00e6tt vi\u00f0 latneska stafr\u00f3fi\u00f0 var\u00a0\u00fe<\/em>. \u00dea\u00f0 var \u00fe\u00f3 ekki n\u00fdjung \u2013\u00a0\u00fe<\/em>\u00a0vir\u00f0ist hafa veri\u00f0 nota\u00f0 \u00ed \u00edslensku nokkurn veginn fr\u00e1 upphafi ritaldar og er komi\u00f0 \u00far enskri skrift. S\u00fa ger\u00f0\u00a0\u00fe<\/em>\u00a0sem er notu\u00f0 \u00ed elstu \u00edslensku heim\u00adildum l\u00edkist mest\u00a0\u00fe<\/em>\u00a0sem hvarf \u00far enskri skrift um mi\u00f0ja 11. \u00f6ld, \u00feannig a\u00f0 b\u00f3kstafurinn er v\u00e6ntanlega kominn inn \u00ed \u00edslensku fyrir \u00feann t\u00edma. Fyrsti m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn ger\u00f0i aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti ekki r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir\u00a0\u00f0<\/em>, heldur \u00e6tla\u00f0ist til a\u00f0 [\u00f0]-hlj\u00f3\u00f0i\u00f0 v\u00e6ri t\u00e1kna\u00f0 me\u00f0\u00a0\u00fe<\/em>. \u00deannig skrifa\u00f0i hann t.d.\u00a0go\u00fe<\/em>\u00a0og\u00a0g\u00f3\u00fe<\/em>\u00a0en ekki\u00a0go\u00f0<\/em>\u00a0og\u00a0g\u00f3\u00f0<\/em>. \u00deetta er \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1 stafsetningu sem t\u00ed\u00f0ka\u00f0ist \u00ed \u00eds\u00adlensku \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma.<\/p>\n

B\u00f3kstafurinn\u00a0\u00f0<\/em>\u00a0kom inn \u00ed \u00edslensku \u00far norsku \u00ed byrjun 13. aldar og var nota\u00f0ur \u00e1 a\u00f0ra \u00f6ld, en \u00e1 14. \u00f6ld h\u00e6ttu menn a\u00f0 skrifa\u00a0\u00f0<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 l\u00edka fyrir \u00e1hrif fr\u00e1 norsku. \u00dear hvarf hlj\u00f3\u00f0i\u00f0 sem b\u00f3kstafurinn t\u00e1kna\u00f0i \u00far m\u00e1linu, e\u00f0a breyttist \u00ed d<\/em>. \u00de\u00f3tt \u00fea\u00f0 ger\u00f0ist ekki \u00ed \u00edslensku fylgdu menn Nor\u00f0m\u00f6nn\u00adum \u00ed \u00feessu enda \u00e1ttu\u00f0u menn sig \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00feessi b\u00f3kstafur var alveg \u00f3\u00fearfur \u2013 samanber \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00cdslendingar komust \u00e1g\u00e6tlega af \u00e1n hans fram til um 1200. En \u00ed sta\u00f0 \u00feess a\u00f0 hverfa aftur til \u00feess a\u00f0 nota\u00a0\u00fe<\/em> til a\u00f0 t\u00e1kna \u00f0<\/em>-hlj\u00f3\u00f0i\u00f0 f\u00f3ru menn a\u00f0 nota d<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u00deess vegna skrifu\u00f0u menn \u00ed margar aldir\u00a0madur<\/em>,\u00a0vidur<\/em>,\u00a0vedur<\/em>,\u00a0tada<\/em>,\u00a0vada<\/em>\u00a0o.s.frv. \u00ed sta\u00f0\u00a0ma\u00f0ur<\/em>,\u00a0vi\u00f0ur<\/em>,\u00a0ve\u00f0ur<\/em>,\u00a0ta\u00f0a<\/em>,\u00a0va\u00f0a<\/em>. \u00dea\u00f0 t\u00e1kn\u00ada\u00f0i alls ekki a\u00f0 menn b\u00e6ru \u00feessi or\u00f0 fram me\u00f0\u00a0d<\/em> eins og vi\u00f0 sem erum v\u00f6n \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 rita \u00f0<\/em> myndum sennilega gera ef vi\u00f0 s\u00e6jum or\u00f0in ritu\u00f0 \u00feannig. \u00deegar f\u00f3lk l\u00e6r\u00f0i a\u00f0 lesa l\u00e6r\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 d<\/em>\u00a0inni \u00ed or\u00f0um t\u00e1kna\u00f0i hlj\u00f3\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00f0<\/em>. \u00dea\u00f0 er alveg hli\u00f0st\u00e6tt vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00ed or\u00f0inu\u00a0galdur<\/em>\u00a0t\u00e1knar\u00a0g<\/em>\u00a0lokhlj\u00f3\u00f0 en \u00ed or\u00f0inu\u00a0saga<\/em>\u00a0t\u00e1knar \u00fea\u00f0 \u00f6nghlj\u00f3\u00f0. \u00dea\u00f0 truflar okkur ekkert \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 l\u00e6rum \u00feetta \u00feegar vi\u00f0 l\u00e6rum a\u00f0 lesa.<\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 var svo danski m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ingurinn Rasmus Christian Rask<\/a> sem innleiddi\u00a0\u00f0<\/em>\u00a0aftur \u00ed \u00edslenska stafsetningu snemma \u00e1 19. \u00f6ld \u2013 \u00ed b\u00f3kinni\u00a0Anvisning til isl\u00e4ndskan eller nordiska fornspr\u00e5ket<\/em><\/a>, 1818. Rask var eins og kunnugt er einn \u00feeirra sem st\u00f3\u00f0u fyrir \u00fev\u00ed sem oft er kalla\u00f0 \u201eendurreisn \u00edslenskunnar\u201c og tengdist r\u00f3mant\u00edsku stefnunni og aukinni \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0erniskennd. Menn vildu hreinsa m\u00e1li\u00f0 af d\u00f6nskum \u00e1hrifum og leitu\u00f0u \u00fe\u00e1 i\u00f0ulega til fornm\u00e1lsins sem fyrirmyndar og \u00feanga\u00f0 s\u00f3tti Rask\u00a0\u00f0<\/em>, sem hann kalla\u00f0i reyndar \u201est\u00fangit d\u00e9\u201c.<\/p>\n


\n\u00f0<\/em>\u00a0er me\u00f0al algengari b\u00f3kstafa \u00ed \u00edslensku ritm\u00e1li \u2013 9. algengasti b\u00f3kstafurinn samkv\u00e6mt\u00a0\u00cdslenskri or\u00f0t\u00ed\u00f0nib\u00f3k<\/em>\u00a0og s\u00e1 n\u00e6st\u00adalgeng\u00adasti aftast \u00ed or\u00f0i \u2013 og \u00fev\u00ed haf\u00f0i endurreisn \u00feess mikil \u00e1hrif \u00e1 yfirbrag\u00f0 m\u00e1lsins og er kannski ein auglj\u00f3sasta breyting sem ver\u00f0ur \u00e1 \u00e1s\u00fdnd \u00edslensks ritm\u00e1ls \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma.\u00a0Sk\u00edrnir<\/em>, t\u00edmarit Hins \u00edslenzka b\u00f3kmenntaf\u00e9lags, sem h\u00f3f g\u00f6ngu s\u00edna 1827, t\u00f3k upp\u00a0\u00f0<\/em>\u00a01830, og\u00a0Fj\u00f6lnir<\/em>\u00a0nota\u00f0i\u00a0\u00f0<\/em>\u00a0fr\u00e1 upphafi, 1835.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Oft er tala\u00f0 um \u201e\u00edslenska stafi\u201c en er ekki alltaf lj\u00f3st um hva\u00f0 er r\u00e6tt. Oft vir\u00f0ist \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 alla stafi sem ekki eru \u00ed enska (latneska) stafr\u00f3finu, \u00fe.e. \u00e1\u00e9\u00ed\u00f3\u00fa\u00fd\u00f0\u00fe\u00e6\u00f6 \u00c1\u00c9\u00cd\u00d3\u00da\u00dd\u00d0\u00de\u00c6\u00d6. Sumir \u00feessara stafa eru \u00fe\u00f3 nota\u00f0ir \u00ed m\u00f6rgum \u00f6\u00f0rum tungum\u00e1lum. \u00dea\u00f0 \u00e1 einkum vi\u00f0 um broddstafina, \u00e1\u00e9\u00ed\u00f3\u00fa \u2013 \u00fd er miklu sjaldg\u00e6fara en \u00fe\u00f3 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1740","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1740","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1740"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1740\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1784,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1740\/revisions\/1784"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1740"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1740"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1740"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}