{"id":3006,"date":"2020-10-05T08:00:03","date_gmt":"2020-10-05T08:00:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=3006"},"modified":"2020-10-04T16:20:09","modified_gmt":"2020-10-04T16:20:09","slug":"hljodavixl-i-ordstofnum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2020\/10\/05\/hljodavixl-i-ordstofnum\/","title":{"rendered":"Hlj\u00f3\u00f0av\u00edxl \u00ed or\u00f0stofnum"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00de\u00f3tt staf\u00adsetning byggist vissu\u00adlega \u00e1 talm\u00e1linu fer \u00fev\u00ed fjarri a\u00f0 h\u00fan endur\u00adspegli fram\u00adbur\u00f0\u00adinn n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega. Ein megin\u00ad\u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a \u00feess er s\u00fa a\u00f0 r\u00edk tilhneig\u00ading er til \u00feess a\u00f0 skrifa sama or\u00f0\u00adstofn (e\u00f0a sama or\u00f0\u00adhluta) alltaf me\u00f0 s\u00f6mu b\u00f3kst\u00f6f\u00adum, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt frambur\u00f0ur\u00adinn s\u00e9 mismunandi. \u00deannig skrifum vi\u00f0 <em>k<\/em> \u00ed nafn\u00adh\u00e6tti sagn\u00adarinnar <em>tak-a<\/em>, og l\u00edka \u00ed vi\u00f0\u00adtengingar\u00adh\u00e6tt\u00adinum (<em>\u00fe\u00f3tt \u00e9g<\/em>) <em>tak-i<\/em>, en frambur\u00f0urinn er ekki s\u00e1 sami. \u00cd <em>taka<\/em> er sama hlj\u00f3\u00f0 og upphafshlj\u00f3\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed <em>galdur<\/em> (e\u00f0a <em>kaldur<\/em>, ef mi\u00f0a\u00f0 er vi\u00f0 har\u00f0m\u00e6li) en \u00ed <em>taki <\/em>er sama hlj\u00f3\u00f0 og upphafshlj\u00f3\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed <em>gj\u00f3sa<\/em> (e\u00f0a <em>kj\u00f3sa<\/em>, mi\u00f0a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 har\u00f0m\u00e6li).<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u00f0 skrifum l\u00edka <em>p<\/em> b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed nafn\u00adh\u00e6tt\u00adinum <em>\u00e6p-a<\/em> og \u00fe\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0inni <em>\u00e6p-ti<\/em>, \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00ed fyrra d\u00e6minu s\u00e9 bori\u00f0 fram <em>b<\/em> (e\u00f0a <em>p<\/em>), en \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed seinna alltaf <em>f<\/em>. Vi\u00f0 skrifum <em>g<\/em> \u00ed nefni\u00adfallinu <em>dag-ur<\/em>, \u00fe\u00e1gu\u00adfallinu <em>deg-i<\/em> og eignar\u00adfallinu <em>dag-s<\/em>; samt berum vi\u00f0 fram \u00ferj\u00fa mismunandi hlj\u00f3\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessum myndum eins og \u00fei\u00f0 geti\u00f0 gengi\u00f0 \u00far skugga um sj\u00e1lf. Vi\u00f0 skrifum <em>f<\/em> b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed nefnifallinu <em>hefill<\/em> og \u00fe\u00e1gufallinu <em>hefli<\/em> \u00fe\u00f3tt vi\u00f0 berum fram <em>v<\/em> \u00ed fyrri myndinni en <em>b<\/em> \u00ed \u00feeirri seinni.\u00a0Og vi\u00f0 skrifum <em>a<\/em> b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed nefnifallinu <em>mag-i<\/em> og aukaf\u00f6ll\u00adunum <em>mag-a<\/em>, enda \u00fe\u00f3tt vi\u00f0 berum fram <em>\u00e6<\/em> og <em>j <\/em>\u00ed fyrri myndinni en <em>a <\/em>og sama <em>g-<\/em>hlj\u00f3\u00f0 og \u00ed <em>saga <\/em>\u00ed \u00feeirri seinni. Svo m\u00e6tti lengi telja \u2013 d\u00e6mi af \u00feessu tagi \u00ed m\u00e1linu eru m\u00fdm\u00f6rg.<\/p>\n<p>Hvernig stendur \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 breytum hlj\u00f3\u00f0um \u00ed stofni eftir \u00fev\u00ed hver endingin er? \u00cd flj\u00f3tu brag\u00f0i er kannski e\u00f0lilegast a\u00f0 svara \u00fev\u00ed til a\u00f0 \u00feannig l\u00e6r\u00f0um vi\u00f0 m\u00e1li\u00f0. B\u00f6rn l\u00e6ra \u00fea\u00f0 sem fyrir \u00feeim er haft; mamma og pabbi nota eitt hlj\u00f3\u00f0 \u00ed <em>taka<\/em> en anna\u00f0 \u00ed <em>taki<\/em>, eitt hlj\u00f3\u00f0 \u00ed <em>\u00e6pa<\/em> en anna\u00f0 \u00ed <em>\u00e6pti<\/em>, \u00a0o.s.frv., og vi\u00f0 \u00f6pum bara eftir \u00feeim. En vi\u00f0 n\u00e1nari umhugsun kemur \u00fe\u00f3 \u00ed lj\u00f3s a\u00f0 svari\u00f0 er ekki svona einfalt. \u00cd fyrsta lagi er m\u00e1li\u00f0 alltaf a\u00f0 breytast. Ef f\u00f3lk seg\u00f0i aldrei anna\u00f0 en \u00fea\u00f0 sem \u00fea\u00f0 hef\u00f0i heyrt a\u00f0ra segja m\u00e6tti b\u00faast vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 m\u00e1li\u00f0 h\u00e9ldist \u00f3breytt um aldur og \u00e6vi. \u00dev\u00ed er \u00fe\u00f3 ekki a\u00f0 heilsa; n\u00fdjungar eru alltaf a\u00f0 koma upp, og s\u00fdna a\u00f0 b\u00f6rn endurtaka ekki einfaldlega \u00fea\u00f0 sem fyrir \u00feeim er haft.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cd \u00f6\u00f0ru lagi er lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00feurfum sjaldnast a\u00f0 l\u00e6ra beygingarmyndir n\u00fdrra or\u00f0a hverja fyrir sig; vi\u00f0 getum umsvifalaust b\u00fai\u00f0 til beygingarmyndir sem vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum aldrei heyrt \u00fat fr\u00e1 einni e\u00f0a tveimur myndum. V\u00e6ntanlega hafi\u00f0 \u00fei\u00f0 aldrei heyrt or\u00f0i\u00f0 *<em>spaga<\/em>, enda er \u00fea\u00f0 ekki til sem \u00edslenskt or\u00f0 svo a\u00f0 \u00e9g viti. En \u00fe\u00f3tt <em>g<\/em> geti sta\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir \u00fdmis mismunandi hlj\u00f3\u00f0 \u00ed \u00edslensku er \u00e9g nokkurn veginn viss um a\u00f0 ef \u00fei\u00f0 s\u00e6ju\u00f0 \u00feetta or\u00f0 \u00e1 prenti myndu\u00f0 \u00fei\u00f0 bera \u00fea\u00f0 fram \u00feannig a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 r\u00edma\u00f0i vi\u00f0 <em>saga<\/em> \u2013 \u00fei\u00f0 myndu\u00f0 ekki nota hlj\u00f3\u00f0i\u00f0 sem <em>g<\/em> stendur fyrir \u00ed or\u00f0um eins og <em>galdur<\/em>. Ef ykkur v\u00e6ri sagt a\u00f0 \u00feetta v\u00e6ri s\u00f6gn \u00ed nafnh\u00e6tti yr\u00f0u\u00f0 \u00fei\u00f0 \u00f6rugglega ekki \u00ed neinum vandr\u00e6\u00f0um me\u00f0 a\u00f0 b\u00faa til fyrstu pers\u00f3nu fleirt\u00f6lu (<em>vi\u00f0<\/em>) <em>sp\u00f6gum<\/em>, og breyta \u00fear <em>a<\/em> \u00ed <em>\u00f6<\/em>, n\u00e9 heldur a\u00f0ra pers\u00f3nu fleirt\u00f6lu (<em>\u00fei\u00f0<\/em>) <em>spagi\u00f0<\/em>, og l\u00e1ta <em>\u00e6<\/em> koma \u00ed sta\u00f0 <em>a<\/em> og <em>j<\/em> \u00ed sta\u00f0 <em>g<\/em>-hlj\u00f3\u00f0sins.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dearna er lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 okkur dugir ekki a\u00f0 endurtaka bara \u00fea\u00f0 sem anna\u00f0 f\u00f3lk segir. Vi\u00f0 hlj\u00f3tum l\u00edka a\u00f0 b\u00faa yfir einhverjum almennum reglum sem segja til um hvernig hlj\u00f3\u00f0 breytast eftir umhverfi s\u00ednu. \u00deetta eru ekki reglur sem vi\u00f0 l\u00e6rum \u00ed sk\u00f3la e\u00f0a af b\u00f3kum; \u00feetta eru reglur sem vi\u00f0 tileinkum okkur \u00f3afvitandi um lei\u00f0 og vi\u00f0 l\u00e6rum m\u00e1li\u00f0, mynstur sem vi\u00f0 greinum \u00f3me\u00f0vita\u00f0 \u00ed m\u00e1linu sem vi\u00f0 heyrum \u00ed kringum okkur, og beitum s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00f3sj\u00e1lfr\u00e1tt og \u00e1n umhugsunar. Hlj\u00f3\u00f0av\u00edxl \u00e1 bor\u00f0 vi\u00f0 \u00feau sem h\u00e9r hefur veri\u00f0 l\u00fdst m\u00e1 oft sk\u00fdra \u00feau me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hlj\u00f3\u00f0 \u00ed beygingarendingunni (oftast upphafshlj\u00f3\u00f0 hennar) hafi \u00e1hrif \u00e1 hlj\u00f3\u00f0 \u00ed stofninum (oftast lokahlj\u00f3\u00f0 hans); leitist vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 gera \u00fea\u00f0 l\u00edkara s\u00e9r.<\/p>\n<p>Vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00edslenska er tilt\u00f6lulega miki\u00f0 beyg\u00adingam\u00e1l er mj\u00f6g miki\u00f0 um hlj\u00f3\u00f0av\u00edxl af \u00feessu tagi \u00ed stofnum m\u00e1lsins; sami stofninn getur oft fengi\u00f0 margar mismunandi endingar, sem hefjast \u00e1 \u00f3l\u00edkum hlj\u00f3\u00f0um og hafa \u00fev\u00ed mismunandi \u00e1hrif \u00e1 stofninn. St\u00f3ran hluta af \u00feessum v\u00edxlum m\u00e1 sk\u00fdra \u00e1 \u00feann h\u00e1tt sem h\u00e9r hefur veri\u00f0 gert; sem s\u00e9 me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 upphafs\u00adhlj\u00f3\u00f0 endingarinnar leitist vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 laga lokahlj\u00f3\u00f0 stofnsins a\u00f0 s\u00e9r. Vi\u00f0 getum hugsa\u00f0 okkur \u00feetta sem tilhneigingu til a\u00f0 l\u00e9tta talf\u00e6runum starfi\u00f0; eftir \u00fev\u00ed sem tv\u00f6 samliggjandi hlj\u00f3\u00f0 eiga meira sameigin\u00adlegt \u00fearf yfirleitt minna a\u00f0 hreyfa talf\u00e6rin. Flest sl\u00edk hlj\u00f3\u00f0av\u00edxl koma sennilega upp sem hlj\u00f3\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega e\u00f0lileg ferli; ferli sem h\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 sk\u00fdra \u00fat fr\u00e1 ger\u00f0 og starfsemi talf\u00e6ranna. \u00deau \u00e1hrif sem hlj\u00f3\u00f0 ver\u00f0a fyrir fr\u00e1 grannhlj\u00f3\u00f0um s\u00ednum stefna \u00ed \u00feessa \u00e1tt.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00de\u00f3tt staf\u00adsetning byggist vissu\u00adlega \u00e1 talm\u00e1linu fer \u00fev\u00ed fjarri a\u00f0 h\u00fan endur\u00adspegli fram\u00adbur\u00f0\u00adinn n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega. Ein megin\u00ad\u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a \u00feess er s\u00fa a\u00f0 r\u00edk tilhneig\u00ading er til \u00feess a\u00f0 skrifa sama or\u00f0\u00adstofn (e\u00f0a sama or\u00f0\u00adhluta) alltaf me\u00f0 s\u00f6mu b\u00f3kst\u00f6f\u00adum, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt frambur\u00f0ur\u00adinn s\u00e9 mismunandi. \u00deannig skrifum vi\u00f0 k \u00ed nafn\u00adh\u00e6tti sagn\u00adarinnar tak-a, og l\u00edka \u00ed vi\u00f0\u00adtengingar\u00adh\u00e6tt\u00adinum (\u00fe\u00f3tt \u00e9g) [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3006","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3006","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3006"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3006\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3007,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3006\/revisions\/3007"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3006"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3006"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3006"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}