{"id":3012,"date":"2020-10-08T08:00:06","date_gmt":"2020-10-08T08:00:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=3012"},"modified":"2020-10-05T14:55:48","modified_gmt":"2020-10-05T14:55:48","slug":"nyyrdi-og-tokuord","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2020\/10\/08\/nyyrdi-og-tokuord\/","title":{"rendered":"N\u00fdyr\u00f0i og t\u00f6kuor\u00f0"},"content":{"rendered":"

Skipuleg n\u00fdyr\u00f0asm\u00ed\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00edslensku er yfirleitt talin hefjast fyrir alv\u00f6ru \u00ed lok 18. aldar \u00ed ritum L\u00e6rd\u00f3mslistaf\u00e9lagsins<\/a>. \u00dear var skrifa\u00f0 um \u00fdmis efni sem ekki haf\u00f0i \u00e1\u00f0ur veri\u00f0 fjalla\u00f0 um \u00e1 \u00edslensku, og \u00fev\u00ed var \u00fe\u00f6rf n\u00fdrra or\u00f0a, og \u00fea\u00f0an koma or\u00f0 eins og farfugl<\/em>, fellibylur<\/em>, gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fas<\/em> og afur\u00f0<\/em>. \u00deegar kom fram \u00e1 19. \u00f6ldina h\u00f3fst svo mikil vakning um eflingu og hreinsun m\u00e1lsins, og \u00fe\u00e1 koma einnig til fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rg n\u00fdyr\u00f0i, t.d. var J\u00f3nas Hallgr\u00edmsson i\u00f0inn vi\u00f0 n\u00fdyr\u00f0asm\u00ed\u00f0<\/a>, og bj\u00f3 til or\u00f0 eins og hitabelti<\/em> og lj\u00f3svaki<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u00cd n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1li hefur \u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir n\u00fdyr\u00f0i aukist g\u00edfurlega vegna \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lags\u00adbreytinga; alltaf eru a\u00f0 koma upp n\u00fd hugt\u00f6k og fyrirb\u00e6ri sem vi\u00f0 \u00feurfum or\u00f0 yfir. N\u00fdyr\u00f0asm\u00ed\u00f0 hefur l\u00edka veri\u00f0 bl\u00f3mleg undanfarna \u00f6ld, og n\u00fdyr\u00f0i sem ger\u00f0 voru \u00e1 tuttugustu \u00f6ld einni skipta tugum \u00fe\u00fasunda. \u00d6rl\u00f6g \u00feeirra \u2013 eins og n\u00fdyr\u00f0a fr\u00e1 \u00f6llum t\u00edmum \u2013 hafa au\u00f0vita\u00f0 veri\u00f0 mj\u00f6g misj\u00f6fn. Sum notum vi\u00f0 \u00e1 hverjum degi, eins og \u00fatvarp<\/em>, sj\u00f3nvarp<\/em>, t\u00f6lva<\/em>, t\u00e6kni<\/em>. \u00d6nnur hafa \u00e1tt erfitt uppdr\u00e1ttar e\u00f0a alveg horfi\u00f0, e\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e1 aldrei vakna\u00f0 til l\u00edfs me\u00f0al m\u00e1lnotenda, s.s. v\u00ed\u00f0bo\u00f0<\/em> og v\u00ed\u00f0varp<\/em> um \u00fatvarp, dragi<\/em> um dr\u00e1ttarv\u00e9l, og svo m\u00e6tti lengi telja.<\/p>\n

Or\u00f0afor\u00f0inn hefur l\u00edka aukist af or\u00f0um sem komin eru \u00far erlendum m\u00e1l\u00adum, svok\u00f6llu\u00f0um t\u00f6kuor\u00f0um<\/strong>. Erlend or\u00f0 hafa veri\u00f0 tekin inn \u00ed m\u00e1li\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00f6llum t\u00edmum, og t.d. komu \u00fe\u00f3nokkur or\u00f0 af latneskum, fr\u00f6nskum og \u00edrskum upp\u00adruna inn \u00ed m\u00e1li\u00f0 fyrir landn\u00e1m og \u00e1 fyrstu \u00f6ldum \u00cdslands bygg\u00f0ar. \u00dear m\u00e1 nefna \u00fdmis or\u00f0 sem fylgdu kristninni, beint e\u00f0a \u00f3beint, eins og prest\u00adur<\/em>, biskup<\/em>, kross<\/em>, dj\u00f6full<\/em> o.s.frv.; en einnig \u00fdmis \u00f6nnur, eins og tafl<\/em>, d\u00fakur<\/em> og kl\u00e6\u00f0i<\/em>. En \u00fea\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 misjafnt eftir a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0um hva\u00f0an straum\u00adur t\u00f6kuor\u00f0a hefur komi\u00f0.<\/p>\n

\u00c1 14. og 15. \u00f6ld verslu\u00f0u \u00cdslendingar tals\u00advert vi\u00f0 Englendinga, og \u00fe\u00e1 kom nokku\u00f0 af enskum or\u00f0um inn \u00ed m\u00e1li\u00f0, t.d. jafn algeng or\u00f0 og s\u00e1pa<\/em> og par<\/em>, en einnig kurteisi<\/em>, f\u00f3l<\/em>, l\u00e1var\u00f0ur<\/em> o.fl.S\u00ed\u00f0ar jukust \u00fe\u00fdsk og d\u00f6nsk \u00e1hrif \u00e1 landinu, og \u00fe\u00e1 kom miki\u00f0 af n\u00fdjum or\u00f0um inn \u00ed m\u00e1li\u00f0, einkum me\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingum gu\u00f0sor\u00f0ab\u00f3ka um og eftir si\u00f0a\u00adskipti. Flest eru \u00feau okkur framandi, og hafa v\u00e6ntanlega aldrei komist inn \u00ed venjulegt m\u00e1l, or\u00f0 eins og b\u00edhalda<\/em>, bevara<\/em>, forbetra<\/em> o.\u00fe.u.l.; en einnig m\u00e1 nefna herlegheit<\/em>, r\u00f3legheit<\/em>, fyllir\u00ed<\/em>, fiskir\u00ed<\/em>, fangelsi<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Allt fram \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00f6ld komu flest t\u00f6kuor\u00f0 \u00ed \u00edslensku \u00far d\u00f6nsku, en fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed um seinni heimsstyrj\u00f6ld hafa \u00feau l\u00edklega langflest komi\u00f0 \u00far ensku. \u00dear m\u00e1 nefna or\u00f0in sjoppa<\/em>, st\u00e6ll<\/em>, jeppi<\/em>, hippi<\/em>, n\u00e6lon<\/em>, stress<\/em>, t\u00f6ff<\/em>, n\u00e6s<\/em>,\u00a0k\u00fal<\/em>, f\u00edla<\/em>, t\u00e9kka<\/em>, trimma<\/em>, tsjilla<\/em>; annars eru \u00feessi or\u00f0 svo m\u00f6rg og algeng a\u00f0 engum \u00e6tti a\u00f0 vera vorkunn a\u00f0 finna n\u00f3g af d\u00e6mum um \u00feau \u00ed daglegu tali sj\u00e1lfs s\u00edn og annarra. Vi\u00f0 skulum \u00fe\u00f3 athuga a\u00f0 sjaldnast eru or\u00f0in alveg eins \u00ed \u00edslensku og \u00ed m\u00e1linu sem \u00feau koma \u00far. Oftast er frambur\u00f0urinn eitthva\u00f0 fr\u00e1brug\u00f0inn, og \u00fear a\u00f0 auki f\u00e1 or\u00f0in \u00edslenskar endingar.<\/p>\n

\u00de\u00f3 er vissulega misjafnt hversu vel or\u00f0in a\u00f0lagast \u00edslensku m\u00e1lkerfi. Jafngamalt or\u00f0 og biskup<\/em> hefur ekki enn fengi\u00f0 neina nefnifallsendingu; or\u00f0in lager<\/em>, m\u00f3tor<\/em>, part\u00ed<\/em> o.fl. brj\u00f3ta t.d. \u00fe\u00e1 reglu a\u00f0 a<\/em>, i<\/em> og u<\/em> s\u00e9u einu s\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0in sem koma fyrir \u00ed \u00e1herslu\u00adlausum atkv\u00e6\u00f0um (\u00ed \u00f3samsettum or\u00f0um); or\u00f0in n\u00e6s<\/em> og k\u00fal <\/em>taka engum fallend\u00adingum;\u00a0tsjilla<\/em> byrjar \u00e1 samhlj\u00f3\u00f0aklasa sem ekki \u00feekkist \u00ed \u00edslenskum or\u00f0um; og svo m\u00e6tti lengi telja. Or\u00f0 eins og b\u00edll<\/em> hefur hins vegar alger\u00adlega falli\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00edslensku m\u00e1lkerfi, b\u00e6\u00f0i hlj\u00f3\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega og beygingarlega.<\/p>\n

T\u00f6kuor\u00f0 nj\u00f3ta l\u00edka mismikillar vir\u00f0ingar. Sum hafa veri\u00f0 tekin algerlega inn \u00ed m\u00e1li\u00f0 og nj\u00f3ta sama r\u00e9ttar og \u00f6nnur \u00edslensk or\u00f0. Sem d\u00e6mi m\u00e1 nefna prestur<\/em>, s\u00e1pa<\/em>, b\u00edll<\/em>. Vi\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum er aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti amast af \u00fdmsum ors\u00f6kum. Stundum er \u00fea\u00f0 vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feau laga sig ekki a\u00f0 m\u00e1lkerfinu; innihalda hlj\u00f3\u00f0asamb\u00f6nd sem ekki koma fyrir \u00ed \u00edslenskum or\u00f0um, neita a\u00f0 beygjast, e\u00f0a eitthva\u00f0 \u00e1l\u00edka. D\u00e6mi um \u00feetta eru n\u00e6s<\/em>, stere\u00f3<\/em>, b\u00ed\u00f3<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nnur falla aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti algerlega a\u00f0 m\u00e1lkerfinu, en er hafna\u00f0 vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feau eru \u00feegar til \u00ed m\u00e1linu \u00ed annarri merkingu, e\u00f0a \u00edslenskt or\u00f0 s\u00f6mu merkingar er til og t\u00f6kuor\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00feykir \u00feess vegna \u00f3\u00fearft. D\u00e6mi \u00feessa er or\u00f0i\u00f0 d\u00edll<\/em> (\u00far ensku deal<\/em>) \u00ed merkingunni \u2018verslun, kaup\u2019 \u00ed samb\u00f6ndum eins og g\u00f3\u00f0ur d\u00edll<\/em>. Hins vegar er til or\u00f0i\u00f0 d\u00edll<\/em> \u00ed merkingunni \u2018blettur\u2019, \u00ed samb\u00f6ndum eins og sj\u00e1 ekki \u00e1 d\u00f6kkan d\u00edl<\/em>, og \u00feykir fullgild \u00edslenska.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Skipuleg n\u00fdyr\u00f0asm\u00ed\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00edslensku er yfirleitt talin hefjast fyrir alv\u00f6ru \u00ed lok 18. aldar \u00ed ritum L\u00e6rd\u00f3mslistaf\u00e9lagsins. \u00dear var skrifa\u00f0 um \u00fdmis efni sem ekki haf\u00f0i \u00e1\u00f0ur veri\u00f0 fjalla\u00f0 um \u00e1 \u00edslensku, og \u00fev\u00ed var \u00fe\u00f6rf n\u00fdrra or\u00f0a, og \u00fea\u00f0an koma or\u00f0 eins og farfugl, fellibylur, gr\u00f3\u00f0urh\u00fas og afur\u00f0. \u00deegar kom fram \u00e1 19. \u00f6ldina […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3012","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3012","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3012"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3012\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3013,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3012\/revisions\/3013"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3012"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3012"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3012"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}