\u00cd \u00feessu stutta erindi \u00e6tla \u00e9g a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a d\u00e1l\u00edti\u00f0 um \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu \u00eds\u00adlenskr\u00adar tungu fyrir fullveldi\u00f0 fyrr og s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u2013 stj\u00f3rnarfarslegt en einnig ekki s\u00ed\u00f0ur menn\u00adingarlegt fullveldi.<\/p>\n
\u00dea\u00f0 hefur lengi veri\u00f0 vi\u00f0tekin sko\u00f0un a\u00f0 \u00edslenskan s\u00e9 helsta r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ting og forsenda fullveldis \u00cdslands. Alkunna er a\u00f0 tungan l\u00e9k eitt a\u00f0alhlutverki\u00f0 \u00ed sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0isbar\u00e1ttu \u00cdslendinga. Allt fr\u00e1 upphafi bar\u00e1ttunnar \u00e1 19. \u00f6ld var \u00e1hersla l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1 tungum\u00e1li\u00f0 og mikilv\u00e6gi \u00feess fyrir \u00edslenskt \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0erni og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0arvitund. I\u00f0ulega var sett samasemmerki milli hnign\u00adunar tungum\u00e1lsins og dv\u00ednandi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0erniskenndar. Hnignun tungum\u00e1lsins var einnig tengd vi\u00f0 afturf\u00f6r \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum svi\u00f0um.<\/p>\n
\u00c1 seinni hluta 19. aldar var veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 draga skarpari landam\u00e6ri en \u00e1\u00f0ur v\u00ed\u00f0a um Evr\u00f3pu og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0\u00adr\u00edki \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edmaskilningi voru a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a til. V\u00ed\u00f0a lentu \u00fe\u00e1 innan sama r\u00edkis h\u00f3par og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00adbrot sem t\u00f6lu\u00f0u mismunandi tungum\u00e1l. Til a\u00f0 tryggja einingu r\u00edkisins l\u00f6g\u00f0u stj\u00f3rnv\u00f6ld i\u00f0u\u00adlega \u00e1herslu \u00e1 eitt r\u00edkism\u00e1l, og b\u00f6nnu\u00f0u jafnvel notkun annarra tungum\u00e1la innan r\u00edkisins. \u00dea\u00f0 ger\u00f0u Danir hins vegar ekki \u00e1 \u00cdslandi.<\/p>\n
\u00dev\u00ed var \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00e1hersla v\u00e6ri l\u00f6g\u00f0 \u00e1 endurreisn tungunnar og hreinsun af d\u00f6nskum \u00e1hrifum \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 eflingu \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0erniskenndar og bar\u00e1ttu fyrir auknum r\u00e9ttindum \u00cdslend\u00adinga \u00e1 19. \u00f6ld var s\u00fa bar\u00ad\u00e1tta fyrst og fremst h\u00e1\u00f0 innanlands en ekki vi\u00f0 d\u00f6nsk stj\u00f3rn\u00adv\u00f6ld. \u00d6fugt vi\u00f0 marga a\u00f0ra minnihlutah\u00f3pa innan r\u00edkja \u00feurftu \u00cdslendingar ekki a\u00f0 berjast s\u00e9rstaklega fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 f\u00e1 a\u00f0 nota m\u00f3\u00f0urm\u00e1l sitt \u00e1 flestum svi\u00f0um. Tungan var hins vegar sameiningart\u00e1kn, r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ting \u00cdslend\u00adinga fyrir s\u00e9rst\u00f6\u00f0u sinni og ekki s\u00edst notu\u00f0 til a\u00f0 lei\u00f0a \u00cdslendingum sj\u00e1lfum fyrir sj\u00f3nir hver s\u00fa s\u00e9rsta\u00f0a v\u00e6ri. V\u00ed\u00f0a \u00ed Evr\u00f3pu var tungan v\u00edgv\u00f6llur bar\u00e1ttunnar \u2013 \u00e1 \u00cdslandi var h\u00fan vopni\u00f0.<\/p>\n
\u00der\u00e1tt fyrir \u00feetta var aldrei minnst \u00e1 fullveldi \u00cdslands \u00ed \u00feessu sambandi enda var or\u00f0i\u00f0 fullveldi<\/em> ekki einu sinni til \u00ed m\u00e1linu \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edmamerkingu. Elsta d\u00e6mi\u00f0 sem \u00e9g hef fundi\u00f0 um or\u00f0i\u00f0 er \u00far augl\u00fdsingu Kristj\u00e1ns kon\u00adungs n\u00edunda um setningu stj\u00f3rnar\u00adskr\u00e1rinnar 1874, \u00fear sem segir:<\/p>\n \u00dea\u00f0 er von Vor, a\u00f0 Vorir tr\u00fau \u00cdslend\u00edngar taki \u00e1 m\u00f3ti gj\u00f6f \u00feeirri, sem V\u00e8r \u00feannig af frj\u00e1lsu fullveldi h\u00f6fum veitt \u00cdslandi [\u2026].<\/p>\n Flest elstu d\u00e6min um or\u00f0i\u00f0 eru svipu\u00f0 \u00feessu \u2013 veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 tala um fullveldi konungs. \u00dea\u00f0 er ekki fyrr en kemur fram undir aldam\u00f3tin 1900 a\u00f0 fari\u00f0 er a\u00f0 tala um full\u00adveldi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a. \u00cd Eimrei\u00f0inni<\/em> 1896 kemur fram a\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 er nota\u00f0 sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ing \u00e1 \u201eSuver\u00e6nitet\u201c. En or\u00f0i\u00f0 n\u00e6r \u00fe\u00f3 ekki veru\u00adlegu flugi fyrr en 1908, \u00ed umr\u00e6\u00f0u um \u201euppkasti\u00f0\u201c svokalla\u00f0a, og brei\u00f0ist svo enn \u00fat kringum 1918.<\/p>\n Stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 \u00cdslands kve\u00f0ur ekki \u00e1 um opinbera st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00edslensku, \u00fe\u00f3tt hugmyndir um sl\u00edkt hafi nokkrum sinnum komi\u00f0 fram, t.d. \u00ed sk\u00fdrslu stj\u00f3rnlaganefndar fr\u00e1 2011. Me\u00f0 l\u00f6gum um st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00edslenskrar tungu og \u00edslensks t\u00e1knm\u00e1ls fr\u00e1 2011 f\u00e9kk \u00edslensk tunga \u00fe\u00f3 st\u00f6\u00f0u sem opinbert tungum\u00e1l \u00e1 \u00cdslandi.<\/p>\n \u00cd till\u00f6gum stj\u00f3rnlagar\u00e1\u00f0s a\u00f0 n\u00fdrri stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1 fyrir \u00cdsland sumari\u00f0 2011 er ekkert \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i um \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0tungu en nefnt \u00ed sk\u00fdringum a\u00f0 sterkar raddir hafa veri\u00f0 \u00e1 lofti um a\u00f0 setja \u00edslenska tungu inn sem eitt af grunngildum stj\u00f3rnarskr\u00e1rinnar. E.t.v. m\u00e1 \u00e6tla a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 hafi tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 sl\u00edkt \u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0i g\u00e6ti or\u00f0i\u00f0 grundv\u00f6llur einhvers konar mis\u00admununar, n\u00fa \u00e1 t\u00edmum al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0av\u00e6\u00f0ingar og fj\u00f6lmenningarlegra samf\u00e9lags en \u00e1\u00f0ur.<\/p>\n En \u00fea\u00f0 er til annars konar fullveldi en fullveldi \u00ed lagalegum og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0r\u00e9ttarlegum skilningi. Hugtaki\u00f0 menningarlegt fullveldi<\/em> vir\u00f0ist fyrst koma fyrir \u00e1 prenti \u00ed grein sem birtist \u00e1 fimm \u00e1ra afm\u00e6li fullveldisins, 1. desember 1923, en \u00fear segir:<\/p>\n M\u00f6rg \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 hefir or\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 f\u00f3rna bl\u00f3\u00f0i sinna bestu sona til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0last stj\u00f3rnarfarslegt fullveldi. Svo mikils vir\u00f0i hefir \u00fea\u00f0 veri\u00f0 \u00feeim. \u00de\u00f3 er andlegt menningarlegt fullveldi engu minna vir\u00f0i.<\/p>\n \u00c1 fyrri hluta sj\u00f6unda \u00e1ratugar 20. aldar var oft tala\u00f0 um menningarlegt fullveldi, ekki s\u00edst \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 Kanasj\u00f3nvarpi\u00f0 svokalla\u00f0a. \u00dev\u00ed var haldi\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 \u00fat\u00adsendingar \u00feess \u00fat fyrir herst\u00f6\u00f0ina v\u00e6ru brot \u00e1 \u00edslenskri menningarhelgi og \u00f3gnu\u00f0u menningarlegu fullveldi \u00cdslands.<\/p>\n En menningarlegt fullveldi<\/em> er vandme\u00f0fari\u00f0 hugtak vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 skilgreining \u00feess er ekki sk\u00fdr \u2013 enn \u00f3sk\u00fdrari en skilgreining stj\u00f3rnarfarslegs fullveldis. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00fe\u00f3 lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 flestir sem nota hugtaki\u00f0 telja tungum\u00e1li\u00f0 eitt \u00fea\u00f0 helsta sem \u00fear \u00feurfi a\u00f0 huga a\u00f0. \u00c1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1rum hefur umr\u00e6\u00f0an um menningarlegt fullveldi risi\u00f0 aftur og n\u00fa \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 stj\u00f3rnarfarslegt fullveldi, ekki s\u00edst umr\u00e6\u00f0una um hugsanlega a\u00f0ild \u00cdslands a\u00f0 Evr\u00f3pusam\u00adband\u00adinu.<\/p>\n Undanfarinn aldarfj\u00f3r\u00f0ung hefur veri\u00f0 talsver\u00f0 umr\u00e6\u00f0a um fullveldi \u00cdslands \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1ttt\u00f6ku landsins \u00ed Evr\u00f3pska efnahagssv\u00e6\u00f0inu og hugsanlega a\u00f0ild a\u00f0 Evr\u00f3pusambandinu. L\u00edtill vafi er \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 a\u00f0ild a\u00f0 ESB hef\u00f0i \u00ed f\u00f6r me\u00f0 s\u00e9r nokkurt framsal fullveldis, en spurn\u00adingin er hvort og \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 hva\u00f0a marki sl\u00edk full\u00adveldis\u00adsker\u00f0ing hef\u00f0i \u00e1hrif \u00e1 \u00edslenska tungu og st\u00f6\u00f0u hennar \u2013 b\u00e6\u00f0i r\u00e9ttar\u00adst\u00f6\u00f0u og st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00ed samf\u00e9laginu og gagnvart \u00f6\u00f0rum tungum.<\/p>\n Fr\u00e1 stofnun \u00e1ri\u00f0 1957 hefur Evr\u00f3pusambandi\u00f0 lagt \u00e1herslu \u00e1 a\u00f0 vir\u00f0a \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0tungur sam\u00adbands\u00adr\u00edkj\u00adanna. \u00deegar n\u00fd r\u00edki hafa veri\u00f0 tekin inn \u00ed sambandi\u00f0 hafa opinber m\u00e1l \u00feeirra jafnframt or\u00f0i\u00f0 opin\u00adber m\u00e1l sambandsins. \u00de\u00f3tt \u00cdslendingar t\u00e6kju \u00e1 sig einhverja sker\u00f0ingu \u00e1 stj\u00f3rnarfarslegu fullveldi vi\u00f0 inng\u00f6ngu \u00ed Evr\u00f3pusambandi\u00f0 yr\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00edst til \u00feess a\u00f0 veikja st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00edslenskunnar \u2013 \u00fevert \u00e1 m\u00f3ti m\u00e1 f\u00e6ra a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed r\u00f6k a\u00f0 sta\u00f0a tungunnar myndi styrkjast vi\u00f0 a\u00f0ild. Sl\u00edkt hefur t.d. gerst me\u00f0 \u00edrsku, sem f\u00e9kk st\u00f6\u00f0u opinbers tungum\u00e1ls innan ESB \u00e1ri\u00f0 2007.<\/p>\n Um \u00feessar mundir vir\u00f0ast ekki miklar l\u00edkur \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00cdsland afsali s\u00e9r stj\u00f3rnarfarslegu fullveldi \u00ed hendur Evr\u00f3pusambandsins \u00e1 n\u00e6stunni, en framt\u00ed\u00f0 menningarlegs full\u00adveldis landsins er meira vafam\u00e1l. \u00dear er tungum\u00e1li\u00f0 lykilatri\u00f0i. Tungum\u00e1li\u00f0 skapar s\u00e9rstakan menningarheim sem b\u00e6\u00f0i b\u00e6gir fr\u00e1 \u00e1hrifum annarra menningar\u00adheima og torveldar a\u00f0gang okkar a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum menn\u00adingar\u00adheimum. En \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1rum hafa vissulega or\u00f0i\u00f0 g\u00edfurlegar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsbreytingar sem g\u00e6tu stu\u00f0la\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 r\u00fdra menningarlegt fullveldi landsins. \u00deau \u00e1hrif koma \u00ed gegnum \u00fe\u00e1 menningu og menningarheima sem f\u00f3lk kemst n\u00fa \u00ed n\u00e1nari snertingu vi\u00f0 en \u00e1\u00f0ur, en \u00e1hrifin \u00e1 tungum\u00e1li\u00f0 g\u00e6tu \u00fe\u00f3 reynst afdrifar\u00edk\u00adust.<\/p>\n Land, \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 og tunga hefur lengi veri\u00f0 \u00f3rj\u00fafanleg \u00ferenning \u00ed huga margra \u00cdslend\u00adinga. \u00dea\u00f0 er l\u00edtill vafi \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 s\u00e9rstakt tungum\u00e1l var frumforsenda \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00cdslend\u00adingar litu \u00e1 sig sem s\u00e9rstaka \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 og kr\u00f6f\u00f0ust sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0is \u00e1 19. \u00f6ldinni. Spurn\u00adingin er hins vegar hvort \u00feetta hafi breyst e\u00f0a s\u00e9 a\u00f0 breytast. Er tungum\u00e1li\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 veigaminni \u00fe\u00e1ttur en \u00e1\u00f0ur \u00ed sj\u00e1lfsmynd \u00cdslendinga? Gu\u00f0mundur H\u00e1lf\u00addanarson hefur t.d. haldi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0<\/p>\n n\u00e1tt\u00faran s\u00e9 a\u00f0 taka vi\u00f0 af tungum\u00e1linu og menningunni sem helsta vi\u00f0mi\u00f0 \u00edslenskrar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ernisstefnu \u2013 e\u00f0a mikilv\u00e6gasta t\u00e1kn \u00feess sem gerir okkur a\u00f0 \u00cdslendingum og greinir okkur fr\u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0um.<\/p>\n Um \u00feetta er vissulega \u00e1greiningur, en hva\u00f0 sem \u00fev\u00ed l\u00ed\u00f0ur vir\u00f0ist unga kynsl\u00f3\u00f0in ekki l\u00edta \u00e1 tungum\u00e1li\u00f0 sem jafnmikilv\u00e6gan \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed sj\u00e1lfsmynd sinni og \u00feeir sem eldri eru.<\/p>\n Eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur segir er skilgreiningin \u00e1 menningarlegu fullveldi ekki \u00e1 hreinu og \u00fev\u00ed er erfitt a\u00f0 segja hven\u00e6r og hvernig \u00fea\u00f0 glatast. \u00de\u00f3tt svo f\u00e6ri a\u00f0 \u00cdslendingar leg\u00f0u \u00edslensku af, e\u00f0a h\u00fan yr\u00f0i ekki noth\u00e6f nema \u00e1 afm\u00f6rku\u00f0um svi\u00f0um, \u00fearf \u00fea\u00f0 ekki a\u00f0 lei\u00f0a sj\u00e1lfkrafa til \u00feess a\u00f0 menn\u00adingarlegt fullveldi glatist. \u00c9g geri t.d. r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 \u00cdrar telji sig menningarlega fullvalda \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3tt flestir \u00feeirra noti ensku \u00ed \u00f6llu daglegu l\u00edfi. Vitanlega felst menningarlegt fullveldi ekki \u00ed ein\u00adangrunarstefnu og \u00fea\u00f0 er \u00fat af fyrir sig ekki sj\u00e1lfgefi\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 dr\u00e6gi \u00far menningar\u00adstarfsemi og n\u00fdsk\u00f6pun \u00e1 svi\u00f0i menningar \u00fe\u00f3tt h\u00e9r v\u00e6ri t\u00f6lu\u00f0 enska \u00ed sta\u00f0 \u00edslensku. \u00deannig segir Kristj\u00e1n \u00c1rnason pr\u00f3fessor, \u00ed andsvari vi\u00f0 hugmyndum Gu\u00f0mundar H\u00e1lfdanar\u00adsonar sem nefndar voru h\u00e9r \u00e1\u00f0ur:<\/p>\n \u00cdslensk menning hefur nota\u00f0 \u00edslensku en \u00fea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri vel hugsanlegt \u2013 \u00fe\u00f3 \u00e9g s\u00e9 ekki a\u00f0 m\u00e6la me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed \u2013 a\u00f0 \u00edslensk menning nota\u00f0i anna\u00f0 tungum\u00e1l en menningin yr\u00f0i \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfs\u00f6g\u00f0u eitthva\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ruv\u00edsi en s\u00fa sem vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum haft.<\/p>\n En \u00edslensk menning \u00e1 ensku yr\u00f0i s\u00ed\u00f0ur a\u00f0greind fr\u00e1 menningu annarra \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0a, og vegna \u00feess hve samf\u00e9lagi\u00f0 er f\u00e1mennt eru l\u00edkur \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 yr\u00f0i a\u00f0allega \u00feiggjandi \u00e1 svi\u00f0i menningar, ef \u00feeirri v\u00f6rn sem tungum\u00e1li\u00f0 veitir yr\u00f0i kippt brott. Um lei\u00f0 er ekki \u00f3tr\u00falegt a\u00f0 \u00e1hugi \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ar\u00adinnar \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 halda stj\u00f3rnarfarslegu fullveldi myndi dofna.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u00cd \u00feessu stutta erindi \u00e6tla \u00e9g a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a d\u00e1l\u00edti\u00f0 um \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingu \u00eds\u00adlenskr\u00adar tungu fyrir fullveldi\u00f0 fyrr og s\u00ed\u00f0ar \u2013 stj\u00f3rnarfarslegt en einnig ekki s\u00ed\u00f0ur menn\u00adingarlegt fullveldi. \u00dea\u00f0 hefur lengi veri\u00f0 vi\u00f0tekin sko\u00f0un a\u00f0 \u00edslenskan s\u00e9 helsta r\u00e9ttl\u00e6ting og forsenda fullveldis \u00cdslands. Alkunna er a\u00f0 tungan l\u00e9k eitt a\u00f0alhlutverki\u00f0 \u00ed sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0isbar\u00e1ttu \u00cdslendinga. Allt fr\u00e1 upphafi bar\u00e1ttunnar […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158637],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3174","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-erindi-og-greinar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3174","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3174"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3174\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3175,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3174\/revisions\/3175"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3174"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3174"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3174"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}