{"id":3252,"date":"2020-11-24T08:00:41","date_gmt":"2020-11-24T08:00:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=3252"},"modified":"2020-11-24T15:08:28","modified_gmt":"2020-11-24T15:08:28","slug":"hljodafar-islenskra-orda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2020\/11\/24\/hljodafar-islenskra-orda\/","title":{"rendered":"Hlj\u00f3\u00f0afar \u00edslenskra or\u00f0a"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Hva\u00f0 einkennir \u00edslensk or\u00f0? Hvernig \u00feekkjum vi\u00f0 or\u00f0 af erlendum uppruna? G\u00e6ti *<em>brukur<\/em> veri\u00f0 \u00edslenskt or\u00f0? En *<em>brjukur<\/em>? \u00c1rei\u00f0anlega er erfitt a\u00f0 svara \u00feessum spurningum svo a\u00f0 \u00f6llum l\u00edki, og ekki efam\u00e1l a\u00f0 tilfinning m\u00e1lnotenda er misj\u00f6fn hva\u00f0 \u00feetta var\u00f0ar. \u00de\u00f3 er varla vafi \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hlj\u00f3\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ileg ger\u00f0 or\u00f0anna skiptir miklu m\u00e1li. Alkunna er a\u00f0 tungum\u00e1l hafa mj\u00f6g mismunandi reglur um \u00fea\u00f0 hva\u00f0a hlj\u00f3\u00f0 geta sta\u00f0i\u00f0 saman \u00ed or\u00f0i. Um \u00feetta gilda svonefndar <strong>hlj\u00f3\u00f0skipunarreglur<\/strong>. \u00deetta eru ekki skr\u00e1\u00f0ar reglur sem vi\u00f0 l\u00e6rum \u00ed sk\u00f3la, heldur mynstur sem vi\u00f0 tileinkum okkur \u00ed m\u00e1lt\u00f6kunni. B\u00f6rn greina \u2013 \u00f3sj\u00e1lfr\u00e1tt og \u00f3me\u00f0vita\u00f0 \u2013 ger\u00f0 \u00feeirra or\u00f0a sem \u00feau l\u00e6ra, og koma s\u00e9r upp hugmyndum um \u00fea\u00f0 hvernig \u00edslensk or\u00f0 geti veri\u00f0.<\/p>\n<p>Miklar h\u00f6mlur eru \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0a hlj\u00f3\u00f0 geta ra\u00f0ast saman \u00ed \u00edslenskum or\u00f0um. \u00dev\u00ed fer t.d. fjarri a\u00f0 hva\u00f0a s\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0 sem er geti sta\u00f0i\u00f0 me\u00f0 hva\u00f0a samhlj\u00f3\u00f0aklasa sem er. Strengurinn *<em>brjukur<\/em> sem tekinn var sem d\u00e6mi h\u00e9r a\u00f0 framan er t.d. t\u00e6past hugsanlegur sem \u00edslenskt or\u00f0, \u00fe\u00f3tt <em>brj-<\/em> s\u00e9 fullkomlega leyfilegur samhlj\u00f3\u00f0aklasi \u00ed upphafi or\u00f0a, sbr. <em>brj\u00e1la\u00f0ur<\/em>, <em>Brj\u00e1nn<\/em>, <em>brj\u00f3sk<\/em>, <em>brj\u00f3ta<\/em>. En <em>\u00e1<\/em> og <em>\u00f3<\/em> eru einu s\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0in sem geta komi\u00f0 \u00e1 eftir \u00feessum klasa (eins og m\u00f6rgum tveggja og \u00feriggja samhlj\u00f3\u00f0a framst\u00f6\u00f0ukl\u00f6sum me\u00f0 <em>j<\/em>). \u00dea\u00f0 er samt ekki endilega v\u00edst a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum \u00f6ll \u00e1tta\u00f0 okkur \u00e1 \u00feeim h\u00f6mlum. \u00dea\u00f0 er alveg hugsanlegt a\u00f0 sum okkar hafi \u00e1lykta\u00f0 sem svo (\u00f3me\u00f0vita\u00f0) a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 bara tilviljun a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum ekki heyrt or\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0rum s\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0um en <em>\u00e1 <\/em>og <em>\u00f3<\/em> \u00e1 eftir <em>brj-<\/em>, og myndu \u00fev\u00ed sam\u00feykkja hva\u00f0a s\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0 sem v\u00e6ri \u00e1 eftir sl\u00edkum klasa.<\/p>\n<p>M\u00f6rg t\u00f6kuor\u00f0 hafa \u00e1 s\u00e9r framandi yfirbrag\u00f0 vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 hlj\u00f3\u00f0asamb\u00f6ndin \u00ed \u00feeim koma ekki fyrir \u00ed or\u00f0um af innlendum uppruna. \u00d6nnur falla fullkomlega inn \u00ed m\u00e1li\u00f0 \u00feannig a\u00f0 ekki s\u00e9r missm\u00ed\u00f0i \u00e1. Kvenkynsor\u00f0i\u00f0 <em>bl\u00f3k<\/em> \u2018r\u00e6fill, \u00f3\u00feokki\u2019 er \u201eungt to. \u00far e. <em>bloke<\/em> \u2018r\u00e6filmenni, (l\u00e9legur) n\u00e1ungi\u2019\u201c, segir \u00ed <em>\u00cdslenskri or\u00f0sifjab\u00f3k<\/em>. En or\u00f0i\u00f0 hefur falli\u00f0 svo vel inn \u00ed m\u00e1li\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 myndar fleirt\u00f6lu me\u00f0 <em>i<\/em>-hlj\u00f3\u00f0varpsv\u00edxlum, <em>bl\u00e6kur<\/em>, hli\u00f0st\u00e6tt vi\u00f0 <em>b\u00f3k<\/em>. Framst\u00f6\u00f0uklasinn <em>bl-<\/em> kemur fyrir \u00ed fj\u00f6lda \u00edslenskra or\u00f0a, \u00e1 eftir honum fer r\u00f3tars\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0i\u00f0 <em>\u00f3<\/em> \u00ed algengum or\u00f0um eins og <em>bl\u00f3\u00f0<\/em>, <em>bl\u00f3m<\/em>, <em>bl\u00f3ta<\/em>; og nafnor\u00f0 sem enda \u00e1 <em>-\u00f3k<\/em> eru l\u00edka til, sbr. kvenkynsor\u00f0i\u00f0 <em>b\u00f3k<\/em> og hvorugkynsor\u00f0i\u00f0 <em>m\u00f3k<\/em>. \u00dev\u00ed er ekkert \u00ed fari \u00feessa or\u00f0s sem bendir til erlends uppruna \u2013 nema \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 tali\u00f0 a\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 s\u00e9r enga \u00e6ttingja \u00ed m\u00e1linu, en \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1 l\u00edka vi\u00f0 um \u00fdmis ramm\u00edslensk or\u00f0.<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u00f0 tileinkum okkur reglur um leyfileg hlj\u00f3\u00f0asamb\u00f6nd, eins og a\u00f0rar reglur m\u00e1lsins, me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 greina \u2013 \u00f3me\u00f0vita\u00f0 og \u00f3sj\u00e1lfr\u00e1tt \u2013 m\u00e1li\u00f0 sem fyrir okkur er haft. En margar sl\u00edkar reglur taka einungis til f\u00e1rra or\u00f0a, stundum jafnvel sjaldg\u00e6fra, \u00feannig a\u00f0 b\u00f6rn \u00e1 m\u00e1lt\u00f6kuskei\u00f0i hafa stundum mj\u00f6g l\u00edtil g\u00f6gn til a\u00f0 byggja \u00e1. \u00deess vegna m\u00e1 b\u00faast vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 sumar sl\u00edkar reglur l\u00e6rist seint, og sumir m\u00e1lnotendur l\u00e6ri \u00fe\u00e6r jafnvel aldrei. Svo er l\u00edka spurning hva\u00f0a \u00e1lyktun vi\u00f0 dr\u00f6gum af \u00fev\u00ed ef vi\u00f0 heyrum\u00a0<b>ekki<\/b>\u00a0d\u00e6mi um eitthva\u00f0 \u2013 \u00e1lyktum vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 fyrst vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum aldrei heyrt \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 \u00fea\u00f0 ekki leyfilegt, e\u00f0a gefum vi\u00f0 okkur a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 bara tilviljun a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum ekki heyrt sl\u00edkt d\u00e6mi og \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 \u00f6rugglega leyfilegt? \u00deessu er erfitt a\u00f0 svara, en \u00fea\u00f0 er samt lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 vi\u00f0b\u00fai\u00f0 er a\u00f0 \u00fdmsar reglur af \u00feessu tagi glatist sm\u00e1tt og sm\u00e1tt og a\u00f0rar komi \u00ed sta\u00f0inn.<\/p>\n<p>En \u00fea\u00f0 er ekki bara hlj\u00f3\u00f0skipun or\u00f0a sem sker \u00far um \u00fea\u00f0 hvernig \u00feau falla a\u00f0 \u00edslensku m\u00e1li \u2013 einnig \u00fearf a\u00f0 huga a\u00f0 st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00feeirra \u00ed m\u00e1lkerfinu. Enska or\u00f0i\u00f0\u00a0<i>byte<\/i>\u00a0er gott d\u00e6mi um \u00feetta. \u00dea\u00f0 kom inn \u00ed m\u00e1li\u00f0 fyrir 40 \u00e1rum e\u00f0a svo \u00ed myndinni\u00a0<i>b\u00e6t<\/i>. Ekkert \u00ed ger\u00f0 \u00feess or\u00f0s er framandi \u00edslenskri hlj\u00f3\u00f0skipun. \u00ddmis algeng or\u00f0 hefjast \u00e1\u00a0<i>b\u00e6-<\/i>, s.s.\u00a0<i>b\u00e6\u00f0i<\/i>,\u00a0<i>b\u00e6n<\/i>,\u00a0<i>b\u00e6li<\/i>,\u00a0<i>b\u00e6ta<\/i>\u00a0o.s.frv. Einnig eru til or\u00f0myndir sem enda \u00e1\u00a0<i>-\u00e6t<\/i>, s.s.\u00a0<i>gr\u00e6t<\/i>\u00a0(af\u00a0<i>gr\u00e1ta<\/i>),\u00a0<i>l\u00e6t\u00a0<\/i>(af\u00a0<i>l\u00e1ta<\/i>),\u00a0<i>s\u00e6t<\/i>\u00a0(af\u00a0<i>s\u00e6tur<\/i>),\u00a0<i>\u00e6t<\/i>\u00a0(af\u00a0<i>\u00e6tur<\/i>) o.s.frv. En ekkert \u00feessara or\u00f0a er nafnor\u00f0 \u00ed hvorugkyni \u2013 \u00edslensk hvorugkynsor\u00f0 enda ekki \u00e1\u00a0<i>-\u00e6t<\/i>. \u00deess vegna \u00fe\u00f3tti \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a til a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta <em>-i<\/em> vi\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0, \u00feannig a\u00f0 \u00ed <em>T\u00f6lvuor\u00f0asafni<\/em> birtist \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed <a href=\"http:\/\/tos.sky.is\/word\/isl\/727\/\">myndinni<\/a> <em>b\u00e6ti<\/em>. \u00dear me\u00f0 fellur \u00fea\u00f0 algerlega a\u00f0 m\u00e1linu, \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fdmis hvorugkynsor\u00f0 enda \u00e1 <em>-\u00e6ti<\/em>, s.s. <em>s\u00e6ti<\/em>, <em>l\u00e6ti<\/em>, <em>\u00e6ti<\/em>, <em>\u00e1g\u00e6ti<\/em> o.fl.<\/p>\n<p>\u00deetta d\u00e6mi s\u00fdnir a\u00f0 ekki er n\u00f3g a\u00f0 l\u00edta til einstakra or\u00f0hluta (myndana) \u00feegar meti\u00f0 er hversu vel or\u00f0 falli a\u00f0 \u00edslensku m\u00e1li. \u00de\u00f3 a\u00f0\u00a0<i>b\u00e6t<\/i>\u00a0s\u00e9 leyfilegur or\u00f0hluti (r\u00f3t) \u00ed \u00edslensku getur (e\u00f0a gat) \u00fea\u00f0 ekki veri\u00f0 hvorugkynsnafnor\u00f0 (en v\u00e6ri hins vegar leyfileg kvenkynsmynd af l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0inu *<i>b\u00e6tur<\/i>, ef til v\u00e6ri). En hitt er svo anna\u00f0 m\u00e1l hvort reglan sem bannar hvorugkynsor\u00f0 eins og\u00a0<i>b\u00e6t<\/i>\u00a0og\u00a0<i>l\u00e6k<\/i>\u00a0s\u00e9 hluti af m\u00e1lkerfi venjulegra m\u00e1lnotenda. \u00deegar h\u00f6fundar\u00a0<i>T\u00f6lvuor\u00f0asafns<\/i>\u00a0h\u00f6fnu\u00f0u\u00a0<i>b\u00e6t<\/i>\u00a0en bjuggu til\u00a0<i>b\u00e6ti<\/i>\u00a0\u00ed sta\u00f0inn var \u00fea\u00f0 byggt \u00e1 m\u00e1ls\u00f6gu\u00feekkingu (\u00fe\u00f3tt \u00e9g geti au\u00f0vita\u00f0 ekkert fullyrt um m\u00e1ltilfinningu \u00feeirra). En \u00feessi regla hefur vi\u00f0 svo l\u00edti\u00f0 a\u00f0 sty\u00f0jast a\u00f0 m\u00e9r finnst \u00f3l\u00edklegt a\u00f0 m\u00e1lnotendur \u00e1tti sig \u00e1 henni \u00ed m\u00e1lt\u00f6kunni. \u00de\u00e1 er spurningin: Er einhver \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a til a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta hana r\u00e1\u00f0a einhverju um \u00fea\u00f0 hva\u00f0a or\u00f0 eru vi\u00f0urkennd \u00ed m\u00e1linu?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hva\u00f0 einkennir \u00edslensk or\u00f0? Hvernig \u00feekkjum vi\u00f0 or\u00f0 af erlendum uppruna? G\u00e6ti *brukur veri\u00f0 \u00edslenskt or\u00f0? En *brjukur? \u00c1rei\u00f0anlega er erfitt a\u00f0 svara \u00feessum spurningum svo a\u00f0 \u00f6llum l\u00edki, og ekki efam\u00e1l a\u00f0 tilfinning m\u00e1lnotenda er misj\u00f6fn hva\u00f0 \u00feetta var\u00f0ar. \u00de\u00f3 er varla vafi \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 hlj\u00f3\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ileg ger\u00f0 or\u00f0anna skiptir miklu m\u00e1li. Alkunna er [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3252","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3252","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3252"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3252\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3282,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3252\/revisions\/3282"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3252"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3252"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3252"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}