{"id":3259,"date":"2020-11-22T08:00:07","date_gmt":"2020-11-22T08:00:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=3259"},"modified":"2020-11-19T16:06:28","modified_gmt":"2020-11-19T16:06:28","slug":"tvitala","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2020\/11\/22\/tvitala\/","title":{"rendered":"Tv\u00edtala"},"content":{"rendered":"

Fornafni\u00f0 h\u00e1n<\/em> b\u00e6ttist \u00ed m\u00e1li\u00f0<\/a> fyrir nokkrum \u00e1rum og er \u00feri\u00f0ju pers\u00f3nu fornafn \u00ed hvorugkyni, nota\u00f0 um f\u00f3lk sem skilgreinir sig hvorki sem karlkyns n\u00e9 kvenkyns. Venjulega hvorugkynsfornafni\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feri\u00f0ju pers\u00f3nu er au\u00f0vita\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0<\/em>, en \u00fea\u00f0 er ekki hentugt til a\u00f0 nota um f\u00f3lk. Upptaka h\u00e1n<\/em> hefur stundum m\u00e6tt nokkurri andst\u00f6\u00f0u og me\u00f0al \u00feeirra r\u00f6ksemda sem hefur veri\u00f0 beitt gegn or\u00f0inu er a\u00f0 forn\u00f6fn s\u00e9u loka\u00f0ur flokkur or\u00f0a, \u00f6fugt vi\u00f0 nafnor\u00f0, sagnir og l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0 sem taki grei\u00f0lega vi\u00f0 n\u00fdjum or\u00f0um. En \u00fe\u00f3tt vissulega s\u00e9 venja \u00ed m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegri umr\u00e6\u00f0u a\u00f0 gera mun \u00e1 opnum og loku\u00f0um or\u00f0flokkum er \u00fea\u00f0 ekki svo a\u00f0 \u201eloku\u00f0u\u201c or\u00f0flokkarnir s\u00e9u har\u00f0loka\u00f0ir. Og svo m\u00e1 l\u00edka segja a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 \u00e1g\u00e6tt a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta pers\u00f3nuforn\u00f6fnunum upp \u00fea\u00f0 sem \u00feau hafa misst \u2013 tv\u00edt\u00f6luna.<\/p>\n

\u00cd n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1li hafa forn\u00f6fn, eins og nafnor\u00f0, l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0 og sagnir, tv\u00e6r t\u00f6lur \u2013 eint\u00f6lu sem v\u00edsar til eins og fleirt\u00f6lu sem v\u00edsar til fleiri en eins. En \u00ed fornu m\u00e1li h\u00f6f\u00f0u forn\u00f6fn fyrstu og annarrar pers\u00f3nu og eignarforn\u00f6fn \u00ferj\u00e1r t\u00f6lur \u2013 eint\u00f6lu, tv\u00edt\u00f6lu og fleirt\u00f6lu. Eintalan v\u00edsa\u00f0i til eins, r\u00e9tt eins og n\u00fa, en tv\u00edtalan til tveggja, hvorki fleiri n\u00e9 f\u00e6rri. Fleirtalan v\u00edsa\u00f0i \u00fe\u00e1 ekki til fleiri en eins, heldur fleiri en tveggja. Or\u00f0in \u00e9g<\/em> og \u00fe\u00fa<\/em> v\u00edsu\u00f0u til eins, vi\u00f0<\/em> og \u00fei\u00f0<\/em> til tveggja, en v\u00e9r<\/em> og \u00fe\u00e9r <\/em>til fleiri en tveggja. Breytingin er sem s\u00e9 s\u00fa a\u00f0 fleirtalan hefur yfirteki\u00f0 verksvi\u00f0 tv\u00edt\u00f6lunnar og v\u00edsar n\u00fa til fleiri en eins. En \u00fea\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir ekki a\u00f0 g\u00f6mlu tv\u00edt\u00f6luforn\u00f6fnin hafi horfi\u00f0 eins og kannski hef\u00f0i m\u00e1tt b\u00faast vi\u00f0, heldur v\u00edkka\u00f0i verksvi\u00f0 \u00feeirra \u00feannig a\u00f0 \u00feau v\u00edsa n\u00fa til tveggja og fleiri \u2013 ekki bara tveggja eins og \u00feau ger\u00f0u \u00e1\u00f0ur.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6mlu fleirt\u00f6luor\u00f0in, v\u00e9r<\/em> og \u00fe\u00e9r<\/em>, misstu \u00fev\u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 hlutverk sitt a\u00f0 t\u00e1kna fleiri en tvo. En \u00feau fengu n\u00fdtt hlutverk \u00ed h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0legu m\u00e1li og g\u00e1tu \u00fear v\u00edsa\u00f0 hvort heldur sem var til eins e\u00f0a fleiri. \u00de\u00e9ringar t\u00ed\u00f0ku\u00f0ust \u00ed \u00edslensku fram \u00e1 seinni hluta s\u00ed\u00f0ustu aldar \u2013 \u00fe\u00e1 var sagt \u00fe\u00e9r eru\u00f0 be\u00f0nir a\u00f0 koma \u2026<\/em> og y\u00f0ur er bo\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 koma \u2026<\/em> \u00ed sta\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fa<\/em> ert be\u00f0inn <\/em>\/ \u00fei\u00f0 eru\u00f0 be\u00f0in a\u00f0 koma \u2026<\/em> og \u00fe\u00e9r<\/em>\/ykkur er bo\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 koma \u2026<\/em>. \u00de\u00e9ringar l\u00f6g\u00f0ust af a\u00f0 mestu leyti upp \u00far 1970 \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00feeim breg\u00f0i fyrir enn \u00ed formlegum br\u00e9fum. Gamla fleirt\u00f6luformi\u00f0 \u00ed fyrstu pers\u00f3nu, v\u00e9r<\/em>, var einnig nota\u00f0 \u00ed h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0legu m\u00e1li \u00ed v\u00edsun til eins e\u00f0a fleiri. Stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lamenn og emb\u00e6ttismenn s\u00f6g\u00f0u t.d. i\u00f0ulega v\u00e9r \u00cdslendingar<\/em>, en einnig v\u00e9r erum \u2026<\/em> og var \u00fe\u00e1 ekki alltaf lj\u00f3st hvort \u00feeir \u00e1ttu eing\u00f6ngu vi\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfa sig e\u00f0a h\u00f3p f\u00f3lks, jafnvel \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ina alla. \u00deessi notkun er n\u00fa n\u00e6r horfin.<\/p>\n

Tv\u00edtalan var ekki bara \u00ed pers\u00f3nuforn\u00f6fnum, heldur l\u00edka \u00ed eignarforn\u00f6fnum \u2013 en \u00fear hvarf ekki bara tv\u00edtalan, heldur \u00fdmis fleirt\u00f6luform l\u00edka. S\u00e9rst\u00f6k eignarforn\u00f6fn \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1li eru fj\u00f6gur; minn<\/em>, \u00feinn<\/em>, sinn<\/em> og vor<\/em>. Merkingarlega og s\u00f6gulega er vor<\/em> fleirtala af minn<\/em>, \u00fe\u00f3tt or\u00f0i\u00f0 s\u00e9 n\u00fa bundi\u00f0 vi\u00f0 h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0legt m\u00e1l og eignarfalli\u00f0 okkar<\/em> af pers\u00f3nufornafninu vi\u00f0<\/em> nota\u00f0 \u00feess \u00ed sta\u00f0 \u2013 vi\u00f0 segjum \u00feetta er h\u00fasi\u00f0 okkar<\/em> frekar en \u00feetta er vort h\u00fas<\/em>. \u00cd annarri pers\u00f3nu er aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti engin h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0leg hli\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0a vi\u00f0 vor<\/em> til \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1li, heldur eing\u00f6ngu eignarfalli\u00f0 ykkar<\/em>. Ef nota \u00fearf h\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0legt or\u00f0 er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 gr\u00edpa til y\u00f0ar<\/em>, sem er eignarfall gamla fleirt\u00f6lufornafnsins \u00fe\u00e9r<\/em> en ekki s\u00e9rstakt eignarfornafn eins og vor<\/em>, og segja \u00feetta er y\u00f0ar h\u00fas<\/em>.<\/p>\n

En \u00ed fornu m\u00e1li var ekki einasta til \u00f6nnur pers\u00f3na fleirt\u00f6lu, y\u00f0varr<\/em>, hli\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0 vi\u00f0 vor<\/em>, heldur voru l\u00edka til s\u00e9rst\u00f6k tv\u00edt\u00f6luform, okkarr<\/em> og ykkarr<\/em>. \u00de\u00e1 var sagt \u00e9g hitti vin okkarn<\/strong><\/em> e\u00f0a \u00e9g m\u00e6tti vini okkrum<\/strong><\/em> e\u00f0a \u00e9g f\u00f3r til vinar okkars<\/strong><\/em> ef \u00e1tt var vi\u00f0 vin einhverra tveggja, m\u00e6landans og eins annars. \u00cd n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1li notum vi\u00f0 myndina okkar<\/em>, eignarfall af pers\u00f3nufornafninu vi\u00f0<\/em>, \u00ed \u00f6llum tilvikum. V\u00e6ri v\u00edsa\u00f0 til vinar einhverra tveggja var sagt \u00e9g hitti vin ykkarn<\/strong><\/em> e\u00f0a \u00e9g m\u00e6tti vini ykkrum<\/strong><\/em> e\u00f0a \u00e9g f\u00f3r til vinar ykkars<\/strong><\/em>; en v\u00e6ri v\u00edsa\u00f0 til vinar einhverra \u00feriggja var sagt \u00e9g hitti vin y\u00f0varn<\/strong><\/em> e\u00f0a \u00e9g m\u00e6tti vini y\u00f0rum<\/strong><\/em> e\u00f0a \u00e9g f\u00f3r til vinar y\u00f0vars<\/strong><\/em>. \u00cd n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1li notum vi\u00f0 \u00ed \u00f6llum tilvikum myndina ykkar<\/em>, eignarfall af pers\u00f3nufornafninu \u00fei\u00f0<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u00c1 14. e\u00f0a 15. \u00f6ld f\u00f3ru skil tv\u00edt\u00f6lu og fleirt\u00f6lu a\u00f0 ri\u00f0last \u00feannig a\u00f0 fari\u00f0 var a\u00f0 nota fleirt\u00f6lumyndirnar \u00fe\u00f3tt a\u00f0eins v\u00e6ri \u00e1tt vi\u00f0 tvo, og tv\u00edt\u00f6lumyndirnar einnig um \u00ferj\u00e1 e\u00f0a fleiri. \u00dea\u00f0 var samt ekki fyrr en \u00e1 17. \u00f6ld sem hratt undanhald tv\u00edt\u00f6lunnar h\u00f3fst, og \u00e1 18. \u00f6ld hvarf greinarmunur tv\u00edt\u00f6lu og fleirt\u00f6lu alveg. G\u00f6mlu tv\u00edt\u00f6lumyndirnar h\u00e9ldust \u00fe\u00f3 \u00ed m\u00e1linu \u00ed v\u00edkka\u00f0ri merkingu eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur segir, en g\u00f6mlu fleirt\u00f6lumyndirnar fengu n\u00fdtt hlutverk.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Fornafni\u00f0 h\u00e1n b\u00e6ttist \u00ed m\u00e1li\u00f0 fyrir nokkrum \u00e1rum og er \u00feri\u00f0ju pers\u00f3nu fornafn \u00ed hvorugkyni, nota\u00f0 um f\u00f3lk sem skilgreinir sig hvorki sem karlkyns n\u00e9 kvenkyns. Venjulega hvorugkynsfornafni\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feri\u00f0ju pers\u00f3nu er au\u00f0vita\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0, en \u00fea\u00f0 er ekki hentugt til a\u00f0 nota um f\u00f3lk. Upptaka h\u00e1n hefur stundum m\u00e6tt nokkurri andst\u00f6\u00f0u og me\u00f0al \u00feeirra r\u00f6ksemda […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3259","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3259","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3259"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3259\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3263,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3259\/revisions\/3263"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3259"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3259"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3259"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}