{"id":3276,"date":"2020-11-25T08:00:41","date_gmt":"2020-11-25T08:00:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=3276"},"modified":"2020-11-24T15:12:40","modified_gmt":"2020-11-24T15:12:40","slug":"samhljodaklasar-i-upphafi-orda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2020\/11\/25\/samhljodaklasar-i-upphafi-orda\/","title":{"rendered":"Samhlj\u00f3\u00f0aklasar \u00ed upphafi or\u00f0a"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00deeim fer l\u00edklega f\u00e6kkandi \u00e1 \u00feessum stafr\u00e6nu t\u00edmum sem hafa flett prentu\u00f0um or\u00f0ab\u00f3kum, en \u00feeim hefur varla dulist a\u00f0 fyrirfer\u00f0 b\u00f3kstafanna er mj\u00f6g mismikil \u2013 f\u00e1 or\u00f0 byrja \u00e1 sumum b\u00f3kst\u00f6fum, en fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rg \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum. \u00cd \u00f6llum \u00edslenskum or\u00f0ab\u00f3kum \u2013 og v\u00e6ntanlega or\u00f0ab\u00f3kum allra skyldra tungum\u00e1la \u2013 er b\u00f3kstafurinn s<\/em> fyrirfer\u00f0armestur. \u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0an fyrir \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0 s<\/em> er algengt \u00ed upphafi or\u00f0a er s\u00fa a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 er ekki vandf\u00fdsi\u00f0 \u00e1 hlj\u00f3\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegt umhverfi, heldur leyfir marga og fj\u00f6lbreytta samhlj\u00f3\u00f0aklasa \u00e1 eftir s\u00e9r. Samhlj\u00f3\u00f0in eru nefnilega mj\u00f6g \u00f3l\u00edk a\u00f0 \u00feessu leyti og falla \u00ed nokkra h\u00f3pa eftir \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0a afst\u00f6\u00f0u \u00feau geta haft til eftirfarandi s\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0s.<\/p>\n

Ef j<\/em> stendur \u00e1 undan s\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0i \u00ed upphafi or\u00f0s ver\u00f0ur \u00fea\u00f0 alltaf a\u00f0 standa n\u00e6st s\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0inu. Vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum or\u00f0 eins og jata<\/em>, j\u00e1<\/em>, \u00e9l <\/em>(\u00fear sem \u00e9<\/em> stendur fyrir je<\/em>), j\u00f3l<\/em>, j\u00fagur<\/em>, j\u00e6ja<\/em>, j\u00f6r\u00f0<\/em> o.s.frv., en \u00fei\u00f0 geti\u00f0 pr\u00f3fa\u00f0 sj\u00e1lf a\u00f0 stinga einhverju samhlj\u00f3\u00f0i \u00e1 milli j<\/em> og hva\u00f0a s\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0s sem er \u2013 \u00fea\u00f0 gengur ekki. Svipa\u00f0 er me\u00f0 v<\/em> \u2013 \u00fea\u00f0 getur sta\u00f0i\u00f0 n\u00e6st \u00e1 undan \u00fdmsum s\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0um en milli \u00feess og s\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0s getur ekkert samhlj\u00f3\u00f0 sta\u00f0i\u00f0 nema j<\/em>, \u00ed or\u00f0um sem eru ritu\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00e9<\/em> \u2013 v\u00e9r<\/em>, v\u00e9l<\/em>, v\u00e9<\/em> og samsetningum af \u00feessum or\u00f0um. Sama m\u00e1li gegnir um m<\/em>, n<\/em>, l<\/em> og r<\/em> \u2013 \u00feau geta sta\u00f0i\u00f0 n\u00e6st \u00fdmsum s\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0um, en milli \u00feeirra og s\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0s getur ekkert veri\u00f0 nema j<\/em>, eins og \u00ed mjakast<\/em>, nj\u00f3ta<\/em>, lj\u00e1r<\/em>, rj\u00fafa<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Lokhlj\u00f3\u00f0in p<\/em>, t<\/em>, k<\/em>, b<\/em>, d<\/em>, g<\/em> eru enn sveigjanlegri. \u00deau geta vitaskuld sta\u00f0i\u00f0 n\u00e6st s\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0i, og einnig haft j<\/em> milli s\u00edn og s\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0sins, eins og pj\u00e1tur<\/em>, tj\u00f3n<\/em>, kj\u00f6r<\/em>, bj\u00f3\u00f0a<\/em>, dj\u00f6full<\/em>, gj\u00f3sa<\/em> \u2013 e\u00f0a hlj\u00f3\u00f0 \u00far h\u00f3pnum n<\/em>, l<\/em>, r<\/em>, eins og pl\u00e1stur<\/em>, treysta<\/em>, kn\u00f6ttur<\/em>, blettur<\/em>, drafa<\/em>, gn\u00edsta<\/em>. \u00d6ll nema p<\/em> og b<\/em> geta einnig haft v<\/em> milli s\u00edn og s\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0s, eins og tveir<\/em>, kver<\/em>, dvergur<\/em>, gu\u00f0<\/em> (\u00fear sem au\u00f0vita\u00f0 er bori\u00f0 fram v<\/em> \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 ekki s\u00fdnt \u00ed stafsetningu). Milli lokhlj\u00f3\u00f0anna og s\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0sins geta l\u00edka sta\u00f0i\u00f0 tv\u00f6 samhlj\u00f3\u00f0, a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed tilskildu a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 fyrra s\u00e9 eitt af n<\/em>, l<\/em>, r<\/em> og \u00fea\u00f0 seinna s\u00e9 j<\/em>. \u00deannig h\u00f6fum vi\u00f0 or\u00f0 eins og prj\u00f3na<\/em>, trj\u00e1r\u00e6kt<\/em>, klj\u00fafa<\/em>, brj\u00e1last<\/em>, drj\u00fapa<\/em>, glj\u00e1i<\/em>. \u00d6nghlj\u00f3\u00f0in f<\/em>, \u00fe<\/em> og h<\/em> haga s\u00e9r svipa\u00f0 \u2013 vi\u00f0 h\u00f6fum fj\u00faka<\/em>, \u00fej\u00e1st<\/em>, hj\u00f3la<\/em> og fl\u00fdja<\/em>, \u00fer\u00edfa<\/em>, hlaupa<\/em>, en l\u00edka flj\u00f3tur<\/em>, \u00ferj\u00e1r<\/em>, hnj\u00fakur <\/em>me\u00f0 n<\/em>\/l<\/em>\/r<\/em> og j<\/em> \u00e1 undan s\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0inu.<\/p>\n

\u00de\u00e1 er s<\/em> eftir. \u00dea\u00f0 getur au\u00f0vita\u00f0 sta\u00f0i\u00f0 n\u00e6st \u00f6llum s\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0um \u2013 saga<\/em>, s\u00e1r<\/em>, selja<\/em>, sitja<\/em>, s\u00edmi<\/em>, sorp<\/em>, s\u00f3l<\/em>, sund<\/em>, s\u00fagur<\/em>, s\u00e6la<\/em>, s\u00f6kkva<\/em> \u2013 og l\u00edka haft j<\/em> milli s\u00edn og margra s\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0a, eins og \u00ed sjatna<\/em>, sj\u00e1<\/em>, sjoppa<\/em>, sj\u00f3n<\/em>, sj\u00faga<\/em>, sj\u00f6tti<\/em>. \u00dea\u00f0 getur l\u00edka haft tv\u00f6 samhlj\u00f3\u00f0 milli s\u00edn og s\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0sins, ef \u00fea\u00f0 seinna er j<\/em>, l<\/em> e\u00f0a\u00a0r<\/em> \u2013 slj\u00f3r<\/em>, snj\u00e1\u00f0ur<\/em>, spretta<\/em>, splundra<\/em>, str\u00e1kur<\/em>, skrafa<\/em>. En svo getur s<\/em> eitt samhlj\u00f3\u00f0a haft \u00ferj\u00fa samhlj\u00f3\u00f0 milli s\u00edn og s\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0s \u00ed st\u00f6ku tilvikum. N\u00e6st \u00e1 eftir s<\/em> ver\u00f0ur \u00fe\u00e1 a\u00f0 koma t<\/em> e\u00f0a k<\/em>, \u00fear \u00e1 eftir r<\/em>, og a\u00f0 lokum j<\/em> n\u00e6st s\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0inu. \u00deannig h\u00f6fum vi\u00f0 or\u00f0 eins og strj\u00e1ll<\/em>, strj\u00fagur<\/em>, strj\u00faka<\/em>, strj\u00fapi<\/em>, skrj\u00e1fa<\/em>, skrj\u00f3\u00f0ur<\/em> \u2013 og varla \u00f6llu fleiri.<\/p>\n

\u00de\u00f3tt h\u00e9r hafi veri\u00f0 reynt a\u00f0 draga fram reglur um \u00fea\u00f0 hvernig samhlj\u00f3\u00f0 geti ra\u00f0ast saman \u00ed upphafi or\u00f0s ver\u00f0ur a\u00f0 leggja \u00e1herslu \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed fer fjarri a\u00f0 allir m\u00f6guleikar sem r\u00famast innan \u00feessara reglna s\u00e9u n\u00fdttir \u00ed raun. \u00de\u00f3tt til s\u00e9u or\u00f0 sem byrja \u00e1 klj- <\/em>eru engin sem byrja \u00e1 *tlj-<\/em> e\u00f0a *plj<\/em>; \u00fe\u00f3tt til s\u00e9u or\u00f0 sem byrja \u00e1 kn-<\/em> eru engin sem byrja \u00e1 *tn-<\/em> e\u00f0a *pn<\/em>; o.s.frv. \u00cd sumum tilvikum er um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a \u00fea\u00f0 sem kalla m\u00e1 kerfisg\u00f6t<\/strong> \u2013 or\u00f0 sem hlj\u00f3\u00f0kerfi\u00f0 leyfir ekki. \u00deannig er algengt a\u00f0 samhlj\u00f3\u00f0 me\u00f0 sama myndunarsta\u00f0 geti ekki sta\u00f0i\u00f0 saman og \u00fev\u00ed geta engin or\u00f0 \u00ed m\u00e1linu byrja\u00f0 \u00e1 *tn-<\/em>, *tl-<\/em>, *dn-<\/em>, *dl-<\/em> \u2013 e\u00f0a \u00e1 *pv<\/em>-, *bv<\/em>-. \u00cd \u00f6\u00f0rum tilvikum er um a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a tilviljanag\u00f6t<\/strong> \u2013 or\u00f0 sem brj\u00f3ta engar reglur og g\u00e6tu veri\u00f0 til, en eru \u00fea\u00f0 ekki.<\/p>\n

L\u00edtum t.d. \u00e1 or\u00f0i\u00f0 flok<\/em>. \u00dea\u00f0 finnst ekki \u00ed neinum \u00edslenskum or\u00f0ab\u00f3kum og er ekki \u00edslenskt or\u00f0, a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er n\u00e6st ver\u00f0ur komist. En \u00fea\u00f0 vir\u00f0ist bara vera tilviljun, \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00feetta g\u00e6ti vel veri\u00f0 \u00edslenskt or\u00f0. fl-<\/em> kemur fyrir \u00ed upphafi margra \u00edslenskra or\u00f0a, og flo-<\/em> l\u00edka (flot<\/em>, flos<\/em>, flog<\/em>, flokkur<\/em>). Einnig eru d\u00e6mi um -ok<\/em> \u00ed enda or\u00f0s (rok<\/em>, fok<\/em>) og jafnvel -lok<\/em> (lok<\/em>). \u00deetta or\u00f0 br\u00fdtur \u00fev\u00ed ekki hlj\u00f3\u00f0skipunarreglur m\u00e1lsins \u00e1 nokkurn h\u00e1tt, og vi\u00f0 getum sagt a\u00f0 \u00fearna s\u00e9 bara um tilviljunargat a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a; \u00feetta or\u00f0 g\u00e6ti vel veri\u00f0 til. \u00d6\u00f0ru m\u00e1li gegnir um or\u00f0i\u00f0 *tlok<\/em>. \u00dea\u00f0 er ekki heldur til \u00ed \u00edslensku; en \u00fea\u00f0 sem meira er, \u00fea\u00f0 g\u00e6ti ekki veri\u00f0 til. *tl-<\/em> \u00ed framst\u00f6\u00f0u er ekki til \u00ed m\u00e1linu eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur segir, \u00feannig a\u00f0 \u00feetta er kerfisgat.<\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 g\u00e6ti sem sagt vel fari\u00f0 svo a\u00f0 flok<\/em> yr\u00f0i einhvern t\u00edma teki\u00f0 upp sem n\u00fdyr\u00f0i, en \u00fea\u00f0 er n\u00e1nast \u00fatiloka\u00f0 a\u00f0 nokkrum n\u00fdyr\u00f0asmi\u00f0 dytti \u00ed hug a\u00f0 koma or\u00f0inu tlok<\/em> inn \u00ed \u00edslensku. Vissulega eru \u00fe\u00f3 einst\u00f6ku sinnum tekin inn \u00ed m\u00e1li\u00f0 or\u00f0 sem brj\u00f3ta reglur \u00feess, en \u00feau ver\u00f0a alltaf framandi og hafa tilhneigingu til a\u00f0 laga sig a\u00f0 kerfinu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00deeim fer l\u00edklega f\u00e6kkandi \u00e1 \u00feessum stafr\u00e6nu t\u00edmum sem hafa flett prentu\u00f0um or\u00f0ab\u00f3kum, en \u00feeim hefur varla dulist a\u00f0 fyrirfer\u00f0 b\u00f3kstafanna er mj\u00f6g mismikil \u2013 f\u00e1 or\u00f0 byrja \u00e1 sumum b\u00f3kst\u00f6fum, en fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rg \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum. \u00cd \u00f6llum \u00edslenskum or\u00f0ab\u00f3kum \u2013 og v\u00e6ntanlega or\u00f0ab\u00f3kum allra skyldra tungum\u00e1la \u2013 er b\u00f3kstafurinn s fyrirfer\u00f0armestur. \u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0an fyrir \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3276","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3276","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3276"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3276\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3284,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3276\/revisions\/3284"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3276"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3276"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3276"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}