{"id":3548,"date":"2021-01-26T08:00:45","date_gmt":"2021-01-26T08:00:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=3548"},"modified":"2021-02-01T16:51:49","modified_gmt":"2021-02-01T16:51:49","slug":"kynhlutlaus-starfsheiti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2021\/01\/26\/kynhlutlaus-starfsheiti\/","title":{"rendered":"Kynhlutlaus starfsheiti"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mikill meirihluti \u00edslenskra starfsheita er karlkyns. M\u00f6rg \u00feeirra hafa -ma\u00f0ur <\/em>sem seinni li\u00f0, s.s. v\u00edsindama\u00f0ur<\/em>, al\u00feingisma\u00f0ur<\/em>, n\u00e1msma\u00f0ur<\/em>, verslunarma\u00f0ur<\/em>, verkama\u00f0ur<\/em>, l\u00f6gregluma\u00f0ur<\/em>, st\u00fdrima\u00f0ur<\/em>, i\u00f0na\u00f0arma\u00f0ur<\/em>, lei\u00f0s\u00f6guma\u00f0ur<\/em>, forma\u00f0ur<\/em> og fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rg fleiri. \u00ddmis \u00f6nnur karlkynsor\u00f0 eru l\u00edka seinni li\u00f0ur \u00ed m\u00f6rgum starfsheitum, s.s. -stj\u00f3ri<\/em> \u00ed forstj\u00f3ri<\/em>, b\u00edlstj\u00f3ri<\/em>, verslunarstj\u00f3ri<\/em>; -herra<\/em> \u00ed r\u00e1\u00f0herra<\/em>, skipherra<\/em>, sendiherra<\/em>; -\u00fej\u00f3nn<\/em> \u00ed l\u00f6greglu\u00fej\u00f3nn<\/em>, bar\u00fej\u00f3nn<\/em>, flug\u00fej\u00f3nn<\/em>; o.m.fl. M\u00f6rg starfsheiti eru einnig myndu\u00f0 me\u00f0 karlkynsvi\u00f0skeytum, s.s. -ingur<\/em> og -ari<\/em> \u2013 t\u00f6lvunarfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur<\/em>, m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur<\/em>, heimspekingur<\/em>; kennari<\/em>, leikari<\/em>, lj\u00f3smyndari<\/em>. Svo m\u00e6tti lengi telja. En \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00feessi starfsheiti s\u00e9u m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega karlkyns eru \u00feeim \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 vera kynhlutlaus, \u00ed \u00feeirri merkingu a\u00f0 \u00feau eru e\u00f0a hafa veri\u00f0 notu\u00f0 um b\u00e6\u00f0i karla og konur.<\/p>\n

Mun f\u00e6rri starfsheiti eru m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega kvenkyns og \u00feau eru \u00fe\u00e1 oftast eing\u00f6ngu notu\u00f0 um konur \u2013 flugfreyja<\/em>, f\u00f3stra<\/em>, hj\u00fakrunarkona<\/em>, \u00feerna,<\/em> h\u00fasfreyja<\/em>, lj\u00f3sm\u00f3\u00f0ir<\/em>, barnap\u00eda<\/em> og f\u00e1ein til vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar. M\u00f6rg \u00feeirra \u00feykja ekki lengur vi\u00f0 h\u00e6fi og\/e\u00f0a hefur veri\u00f0 skipt \u00fat fyrir \u00f6nnur sem eru \u00fe\u00e1 i\u00f0ulega karlkyns \u2013 leiksk\u00f3lakennari<\/em> kemur \u00ed sta\u00f0 f\u00f3stru<\/em>, hj\u00fakrunarfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur<\/em> \u00ed sta\u00f0 hj\u00fakrunarkonu<\/em> o.fl. Svo vir\u00f0ist sem karlmenn vilji ekki nota kvenkyns starfsheiti, e\u00f0a \u00fea\u00f0 \u00feyki ekki vi\u00f0eigandi. \u00c1\u00f0ur en hj\u00fakrunarfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur <\/em>leysti hj\u00fakrunarkonu<\/em> af h\u00f3lmi voru karlmenn sem gegndu \u00feessu starfi nefndir hj\u00fakrunarmenn<\/em>, karlmenn sem starfa um bor\u00f0 \u00ed flugv\u00e9lum nefnast flug\u00fej\u00f3nar<\/em>, og \u00feeir f\u00e1u karlmenn sem hafa fengist vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 taka \u00e1 m\u00f3ti b\u00f6rnum voru nefndir lj\u00f3sfe\u00f0ur<\/em>. Hi\u00f0 \u00f3formlega starfsheiti l\u00f6gga<\/em> er \u00fe\u00f3 nota\u00f0 um b\u00e6\u00f0i kyn.<\/p>\n

\u00cd starfsheitum sem enda \u00e1 -ma\u00f0ur<\/em> hefur or\u00f0i\u00f0 kynhlutlausa merkingu, \u00fe.e. merkir \u02bbeinstaklingur af tegundinni homo sapiens<\/em>\u02bc. En vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 hefur einnig merkinguna \u02bbkarlma\u00f0ur\u02bc \u00feykir ekki alltaf heppilegt e\u00f0a vi\u00f0eigandi a\u00f0 nota \u00feessi starfsheiti um konur. \u00deetta er ekki n\u00fdtt \u2013 fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed byrjun 20. aldar voru verkamannaf\u00e9l\u00f6g<\/em> fyrir karla en konurnar stofnu\u00f0u verkakvennaf\u00e9l\u00f6g<\/em>. \u00dea\u00f0 hafa l\u00edka veri\u00f0 b\u00fain til starfsheiti me\u00f0 -kona<\/em> til a\u00f0 svara til \u00fdmissa starfsheita me\u00f0 -ma\u00f0ur<\/em>, s.s. v\u00edsindakona<\/em>, verslunarkona<\/em>, l\u00f6greglukona<\/em> og fleiri, en varla \u00a0st\u00fdrikona<\/em>, i\u00f0na\u00f0arkona<\/em>, forkona<\/em>. Eins hefur eitthva\u00f0 bori\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 nota\u00f0ar s\u00e9u kvenkynsmyndir af \u00f6\u00f0rum karlkynsor\u00f0um \u00ed starfsheitum, s.s. framkv\u00e6mdast\u00fdra<\/em>, verslunarst\u00fdra<\/em>, h\u00f3telst\u00fdra<\/em>, \u00feula<\/em> o.fl.<\/p>\n

Milli m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegs kyns annars vegar og kynfer\u00f0is f\u00f3lks hins vegar er ekkert beint samband, og \u00fdmis al\u00feekkt d\u00e6mi eru um \u00f3samr\u00e6mi \u00fearna \u00e1 milli. \u00deannig er kvenkynsor\u00f0i\u00f0 hetja<\/em> ekki s\u00ed\u00f0ur nota\u00f0 um karlmenn, hvorugkynsor\u00f0i\u00f0 sk\u00e1ld<\/em> getur v\u00edsa\u00f0 til karla og kvenna, hvorugkynsor\u00f0in sprund<\/em> og flj\u00f3\u00f0<\/em> merkja \u02bbkona\u02bc, og m\u00f6rg fleiri d\u00e6mi m\u00e6tti nefna. \u00dea\u00f0 breytir \u00fev\u00ed ekki a\u00f0 \u00ed huga m\u00e1lnotenda, margra hverra a.m.k., eru sterk tengsl \u00fearna \u00e1 milli. \u00deetta \u00e1 ekki s\u00edst vi\u00f0 um or\u00f0i\u00f0 ma\u00f0ur<\/em> vegna tv\u00ede\u00f0lis \u00feess \u2013 \u00fea\u00f0 er svo oft nota\u00f0 til a\u00f0 v\u00edsa til karlmanna eing\u00f6ngu. \u00deess vegna finnst m\u00f6rgum konum og kynsegin<\/a> f\u00f3lki, sem skilgreinir sig hvorki sem karlkyns n\u00e9 kvenkyns, starfsheiti sem enda \u00e1 -ma\u00f0ur<\/em> ekki h\u00f6f\u00f0a til s\u00edn, eins og kemur m.a. fram \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 oft hafa veri\u00f0 b\u00fain til samsvarandi starfsheiti me\u00f0 -kona<\/em> eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur segir.<\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 er hins vegar ekki s\u00e9rlega g\u00f3\u00f0 lausn a\u00f0 setja -kona<\/em> \u00ed sta\u00f0 -ma\u00f0ur<\/em>, e\u00f0a b\u00faa til kvenkynsform eins og -st\u00fdra<\/em> \u00ed sta\u00f0 -stj\u00f3ri<\/em>. \u00cd fyrsta lagi breytir \u00fea\u00f0 engu fyrir kynsegin f\u00f3lk \u2013 kvenkynsor\u00f0in h\u00f6f\u00f0a ekkert frekar til \u00feess. \u00cd \u00f6\u00f0ru lagi er ekki hentugt a\u00f0 starfsheiti fari eftir kyni \u00feess einstaklings sem gegnir starfinu. Me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er gefi\u00f0 \u00ed skyn a\u00f0 e\u00f0li starfsins s\u00e9 mismunandi eftir \u00fev\u00ed hvort um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a karl, konu e\u00f0a kv\u00e1r (n\u00fdyr\u00f0i<\/a> um kynsegin einstakling). En \u00fe\u00f3tt f\u00f3lk<\/em> s\u00e9 hvorugkynsor\u00f0 og \u00fear me\u00f0 hlutlaust \u00ed einhverjum skilningi er \u00fea\u00f0 ekki heppilegt til nota \u00ed kynhlutlausum starfsheitum vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 hefur fleirt\u00f6lumerkingu \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 formlega s\u00e9\u00f0 eintala. \u00dea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri au\u00f0velt a\u00f0 tala um v\u00edsindaf\u00f3lk<\/em> \u00ed sta\u00f0inn fyrir v\u00edsindamenn<\/em>, en ef vi\u00f0 \u00feurfum a\u00f0 tala um v\u00edsindamann<\/em> lendum vi\u00f0 \u00ed vanda.<\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 stungi\u00f0 upp \u00e1 \u00fdmsum lei\u00f0um til a\u00f0 komast hj\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 nota or\u00f0i\u00f0 ma\u00f0ur <\/em>og samsetningar af \u00fev\u00ed \u00ed kynhlutlausu samhengi. R\u00edkis\u00fatvarpi\u00f0 h\u00e6tti t.d. fyrir nokkru a\u00f0 velja mann \u00e1rsins<\/em> og velur n\u00fa manneskju \u00e1rsins <\/em>\u00ed sta\u00f0inn. En manneskja<\/em> er kvenkynsor\u00f0 og tengist konum meira en k\u00f6rlum \u00ed huga margra, auk \u00feess sem \u00fea\u00f0 er mun stir\u00f0ara \u00ed samsetningum en ma\u00f0ur<\/em>. Einnig eru d\u00e6mi um a\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 man<\/em> s\u00e9 nota\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessum tilgangi, og or\u00f0 eins og forst\u00f6\u00f0uman<\/em> og al\u00feingisman<\/em> hafa veri\u00f0 b\u00fain til. Enn sem komi\u00f0 er vir\u00f0ast \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0eins konur hafa teki\u00f0 \u00feetta upp, sem dregur vitanlega \u00far l\u00edkum \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 m\u00e1lnotendur skynji man<\/em> sem kynhlutlaust or\u00f0. \u00de\u00e1 hefur veri\u00f0 stungi\u00f0 upp \u00e1 a\u00f0 nota or\u00f0i\u00f0 menni<\/em> sem hinga\u00f0 til hefur a\u00f0eins veri\u00f0 seinni li\u00f0ur samsetninga eins og g\u00f3\u00f0menni<\/em>, illmenni<\/em>, ungmenni<\/em> o.s.frv.<\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 er vitaskuld \u00e6skilegt a\u00f0 almenn s\u00e1tt s\u00e9 \u00ed m\u00e1lsamf\u00e9laginu um merkingu og notkun or\u00f0a. \u00dea\u00f0 er vita\u00f0 a\u00f0 m\u00f6rgum konum og kynsegin f\u00f3lki finnst karlkyns starfsheiti, s\u00e9rstaklega \u00feau sem enda \u00e1 -ma\u00f0ur<\/em>, ekki h\u00f6f\u00f0a n\u00e6gilega til s\u00edn, og vegna hinnar tv\u00f6f\u00f6ldu merkingar or\u00f0sins ma\u00f0ur<\/em> er \u00fea\u00f0 skiljanlegt. \u00deess vegna v\u00e6ri \u00e6skilegt a\u00f0 nota hlutlausari or\u00f0. \u00c1 hinn b\u00f3ginn eru karlkyns starfsheiti svo m\u00f6rg og r\u00f3tgr\u00f3in \u00ed m\u00e1linu a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri meirih\u00e1ttar m\u00e1l a\u00f0 skipta \u00feeim \u00fat fyrir kynhlutlaus or\u00f0. \u00dea\u00f0 er ekki heldur lj\u00f3st hvernig \u00e6tti a\u00f0 standa a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed og hva\u00f0 \u00e6tti a\u00f0 koma \u00ed sta\u00f0inn, og um sl\u00edka breytingu yr\u00f0i engin s\u00e1tt \u00ed m\u00e1lsamf\u00e9laginu a\u00f0 svo st\u00f6ddu. A\u00f0 m\u00ednu mati er skynsamlegasta lei\u00f0in \u2013 og raunar eina lei\u00f0in \u2013 a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta m\u00e1lsamf\u00e9lagi\u00f0 um \u00feetta en reyna ekki a\u00f0 mi\u00f0st\u00fdra \u00fev\u00ed. Ef almennur vilji er til a\u00f0 breyta \u00feessu breytist \u00fea\u00f0 sm\u00e1tt og sm\u00e1tt.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mikill meirihluti \u00edslenskra starfsheita er karlkyns. M\u00f6rg \u00feeirra hafa -ma\u00f0ur sem seinni li\u00f0, s.s. v\u00edsindama\u00f0ur, al\u00feingisma\u00f0ur, n\u00e1msma\u00f0ur, verslunarma\u00f0ur, verkama\u00f0ur, l\u00f6gregluma\u00f0ur, st\u00fdrima\u00f0ur, i\u00f0na\u00f0arma\u00f0ur, lei\u00f0s\u00f6guma\u00f0ur, forma\u00f0ur og fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rg fleiri. \u00ddmis \u00f6nnur karlkynsor\u00f0 eru l\u00edka seinni li\u00f0ur \u00ed m\u00f6rgum starfsheitum, s.s. -stj\u00f3ri \u00ed forstj\u00f3ri, b\u00edlstj\u00f3ri, verslunarstj\u00f3ri; -herra \u00ed r\u00e1\u00f0herra, skipherra, sendiherra; -\u00fej\u00f3nn \u00ed l\u00f6greglu\u00fej\u00f3nn, bar\u00fej\u00f3nn, flug\u00fej\u00f3nn; o.m.fl. M\u00f6rg […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3548","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3548","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3548"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3548\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3581,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3548\/revisions\/3581"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3548"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3548"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3548"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}