{"id":3558,"date":"2021-01-28T13:09:24","date_gmt":"2021-01-28T13:09:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=3558"},"modified":"2021-01-28T13:10:02","modified_gmt":"2021-01-28T13:10:02","slug":"ordhlutar-og-gerd-orda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2021\/01\/28\/ordhlutar-og-gerd-orda\/","title":{"rendered":"Or\u00f0hlutar og ger\u00f0 or\u00f0a"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Or\u00f0um m\u00e1lsins er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 skipta ni\u00f0ur \u00ed afmarka\u00f0a hluta sem hver um sig hefur \u00e1kve\u00f0na merkingu e\u00f0a hlutverk. \u00deessir hlutar nefnast <strong>mynd\u00f6n<\/strong>. Flest fallor\u00f0 og sagnir eru fleiri en eitt myndan, en sm\u00e1or\u00f0 eru yfirleitt a\u00f0eins eitt (atviksor\u00f0 geta \u00fe\u00f3 veri\u00f0 fleiri). \u00cd \u00f6llum or\u00f0um er <strong>r\u00f3t<\/strong>, sem ber grundvallarmerkingu or\u00f0sins. Framan vi\u00f0 r\u00f3tina getur komi\u00f0 <strong>forskeyti<\/strong>, en aftan \u00e1 hana <strong>vi\u00f0skeyti<\/strong>. Hlutverk \u00feeirra er a\u00f0 b\u00faa til n\u00fd or\u00f0 skyldrar merkingar og r\u00f3tin, en \u00feau geta aldrei komi\u00f0 fyrir sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0. Forskeytin eru tilt\u00f6lulega f\u00e1, og hlutverk \u00feeirra yfirleitt a\u00f0 hli\u00f0ra til e\u00f0a neita merkingu r\u00f3tarinnar, s.s. <em>and\u2011<\/em>, <em>\u00f3\u2011<\/em>, <em>tor\u2011<\/em>. Vi\u00f0skeyti eru aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti mun st\u00e6rri og fj\u00f6l\u00adbreyttari flokkur. Sum \u00feeirra hafa (oftast) \u00e1kve\u00f0na merkingu, s.s. <em>\u2011ar<\/em>(<em>i<\/em>), <em>\u2011un<\/em>, <em>\u2011leg\u2011<\/em>. \u00d6nnur er erfi\u00f0ara a\u00f0 tengja \u00e1kve\u00f0inni merkingu, s.s. <em>\u2011il\u2011<\/em>, <em>\u2011al\u2011<\/em>, <em>\u2011ul\u2011<\/em> o.s.frv.<\/p>\n<p>R\u00f3tin, \u00e1samt forskeyti og\/e\u00f0a vi\u00f0skeyti, ef \u00fev\u00ed er til a\u00f0 dreifa, nefnist <strong>stofn<\/strong>. Stofninn er s\u00e1 hluti sem helst a\u00f0 mestu leyti \u00ed \u00f6llum beygingarmyndum or\u00f0sins, en hann getur \u00fe\u00f3 or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir \u00fdmsum hlj\u00f3\u00f0breytingum. Stofns\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0 breytist i\u00f0ulega, t.d. \u00ed <em>b<strong>a<\/strong>rn<\/em><strong> \u2013 <\/strong><em>b<strong>\u00f6<\/strong>rn<\/em>, <em>m<strong>\u00fa<\/strong>s <\/em>\u2013 <em>m<strong>\u00fd<\/strong>s<\/em>, <em>k<strong>\u00f6<\/strong>tt-ur <\/em>\u2013 <em>k<strong>e<\/strong>tt-i <\/em>\u2013 <em>k<strong>a<\/strong>tt-ar<\/em>, <em>f<strong>a<\/strong>r-a<\/em> \u2013 <em>f<strong>e<\/strong>r<\/em> \u2013 <em>f<strong>\u00f6<\/strong>r-um<\/em> \u2013 <em>f<strong>\u00f3<\/strong>r<\/em> \u2013 <em>f<strong>\u00e6<\/strong>r-i<\/em>, <em>st<strong>\u00f3<\/strong>r<\/em> \u2013 <em>st<strong>\u00e6<\/strong>r-ri<\/em>, o.s.frv. Einnig er algengt a\u00f0 s\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0 \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0ru atkv\u00e6\u00f0i stofns falli brott ef beygingarending hefst \u00e1 s\u00e9rhlj\u00f3\u00f0i: <em>ham<strong>a<\/strong>r<\/em> \u2013 <em>hamr-i<\/em>, <em>ak<strong>u<\/strong>r<\/em> \u2013 <em>akr-i<\/em>, <em>j\u00f6k<strong>u<\/strong>l<\/em> \u2013 <em>j\u00f6kl-i<\/em>, <em>h\u00f6f<strong>u<\/strong>\u00f0<\/em> \u2013 <em>h\u00f6f\u00f0-i<\/em>, <em>sum<strong>a<\/strong>r<\/em> \u2013 <em>sumr-i<\/em>, <em>gam<strong>a<\/strong>l-l <\/em>\u2013 <em>gaml-i<\/em>, <em>vit<strong>u<\/strong>r<\/em> \u2013 <em>vitr-an<\/em>, <em>far<strong>i<\/strong>n-n<\/em> \u2013 <em>farn-ir<\/em>, o.s.frv. Stundum breytast samhlj\u00f3\u00f0 \u00ed stofni, ekki s\u00edst \u00ed sterkum s\u00f6gnum: <em>sta<strong>nd<\/strong>-a<\/em> \u2013 <em>st\u00f3<strong>\u00f0<\/strong><\/em>, <em>ga<strong>ng<\/strong>-a<\/em> \u2013 <em>ge<strong>kk<\/strong><\/em>, <em>bi<strong>nd<\/strong>-a<\/em> \u2013 <em>ba<strong>tt<\/strong><\/em>; en einnig v\u00ed\u00f0ar, t.d. <em>bar<strong>in<\/strong>-n <\/em>\u2013 <em>bar<strong>\u00f0<\/strong>-ir<\/em>, <em>fal<strong>in<\/strong>-n<\/em> \u2013 <em>fal<strong>d<\/strong>-ir<\/em>. Stundum fellur lokasamhlj\u00f3\u00f0 stofns saman vi\u00f0 upphafshlj\u00f3\u00f0 endingar, t.d. \u00ed <em>her<strong>\u00f0<\/strong>-a<\/em> \u2013 <em>her-t-i<\/em>, <em>sen<strong>d<\/strong>a<\/em> \u2013 <em>sen-d-i<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u00f0 stofninn geta svo b\u00e6st <strong>beygingarendingar<\/strong>. Hlutverk \u00feeirra er a\u00f0 s\u00fdna innbyr\u00f0is tengsl or\u00f0a \u00ed setningu og afst\u00f6\u00f0u til efnisheimsins. Fallendingar s\u00fdna t.d. hver er gerandi og hver er \u00feolandi, t\u00ed\u00f0arendingar s\u00fdna hvort setningin l\u00fdsir li\u00f0num atbur\u00f0i e\u00f0a yfirstandandi, t\u00f6luendingar s\u00fdna hvort v\u00edsa\u00f0 er til eins e\u00f0a fleiri, o.s.frv. Me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 b\u00e6ta forskeyti e\u00f0a vi\u00f0skeyti vi\u00f0 r\u00f3t er b\u00fai\u00f0 til n\u00fdtt or\u00f0, en beygingarendingar b\u00faa aldrei til n\u00fdtt or\u00f0 \u2013 <em>hest-ur<\/em>, <em>hest-i<\/em>, <em>hest-s<\/em>, <em>hest-ar<\/em>, <em>hest-a<\/em>,<em> hest-um<\/em> er sama or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00fea\u00f0 geti fengi\u00f0 sex mismunandi beygingarendingar. \u00dea\u00f0 er l\u00edka um eitt og sama or\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a \u00ed <em>far-a<\/em>, <em>fer-\u00f0<\/em>, \u00ad<em>f\u00f6r-um<\/em>, <em>far-i\u00f0<\/em>, <em>far-i<\/em>, <em>far-ir<\/em>, <em>f\u00f3r-st<\/em>, <em>f\u00f3r-um<\/em>, <em>f\u00f3r-u\u00f0<\/em>, <em>f\u00f3r-u<\/em>, <em>f\u00e6r-i<\/em>, <em>f\u00e6r-ir<\/em>, <em>f\u00e6r-um<\/em>, <em>f\u00e6r-u\u00f0<\/em>, <em>f\u00e6r-u<\/em>. \u00dear koma fyrir n\u00edu mismunandi endingar sem sumar hverjar hafa mismunandi hlutverk eftir \u00fev\u00ed hva\u00f0a afbrig\u00f0i stofnsins \u00fe\u00e6r tengjast.<\/p>\n<p>Or\u00f0 sem innihalda tv\u00e6r r\u00e6tur e\u00f0a fleiri eru k\u00f6llu\u00f0 <strong>samsett<\/strong>, en or\u00f0 sem eru myndu\u00f0 af r\u00f3t + forskeyti e\u00f0a vi\u00f0skeyti eru venjulega k\u00f6llu\u00f0 <strong>afleidd<\/strong>. Or\u00f0i\u00f0 <em>\u00cdslendingur<\/em> er d\u00e6mi um \u00feetta allt. \u00dev\u00ed m\u00e1 skipta \u00ed fj\u00f6gur mynd\u00f6n: <em>\u00cds<\/em>+<em>lend<\/em>+<em>ing<\/em>-<em>ur<\/em>. \u00dearna h\u00f6fum vi\u00f0 tv\u00e6r r\u00e6tur, <em>\u00eds<\/em> og <em>land<\/em>, sem b\u00e1\u00f0ar geta komi\u00f0 fyrir sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0ar. Or\u00f0i\u00f0 <em>\u00cdsland<\/em> er \u00fev\u00ed samsett or\u00f0, og vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 m\u00e1 b\u00e6ta vi\u00f0skeytinu <em>\u2011ing\u2011<\/em>, sem t\u00e1knar oft \u2018einstaklingur fr\u00e1 einhverjum sta\u00f0\u2019 (en getur reyndar haft fleiri merkingar, sbr. <em>KR\u2011ingur<\/em>). Vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 f\u00e6r \u00feetta vi\u00f0skeyti breytist <em>a<\/em> \u00ed <em>land<\/em> \u00ed <em>e<\/em>, en \u00fea\u00f0 er mj\u00f6g algengt a\u00f0 hlj\u00f3\u00f0\u00adbreytingar ver\u00f0i \u00ed r\u00f3tum \u00feegar vi\u00f0skeytum er b\u00e6tt vi\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r. \u00deegar h\u00e9r er komi\u00f0 s\u00f6gu erum vi\u00f0 komin me\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 <em>\u00cdslending<\/em>, sem er \u00fe\u00e1 <strong>stofn<\/strong> or\u00f0sins, og vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 geta b\u00e6st beygingarendingar sem s\u00fdna hlutverk \u00feess \u00ed setningu og afst\u00f6\u00f0u til annarra or\u00f0a \u00ed setningunni.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Or\u00f0um m\u00e1lsins er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 skipta ni\u00f0ur \u00ed afmarka\u00f0a hluta sem hver um sig hefur \u00e1kve\u00f0na merkingu e\u00f0a hlutverk. \u00deessir hlutar nefnast mynd\u00f6n. Flest fallor\u00f0 og sagnir eru fleiri en eitt myndan, en sm\u00e1or\u00f0 eru yfirleitt a\u00f0eins eitt (atviksor\u00f0 geta \u00fe\u00f3 veri\u00f0 fleiri). \u00cd \u00f6llum or\u00f0um er r\u00f3t, sem ber grundvallarmerkingu or\u00f0sins. Framan vi\u00f0 r\u00f3tina [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3558","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3558","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3558"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3558\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3560,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3558\/revisions\/3560"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3558"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3558"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3558"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}