{"id":3761,"date":"2021-04-28T08:00:35","date_gmt":"2021-04-28T08:00:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=3761"},"modified":"2021-10-24T19:26:02","modified_gmt":"2021-10-24T19:26:02","slug":"kynhlutlaus-nofn","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2021\/04\/28\/kynhlutlaus-nofn\/","title":{"rendered":"Kynhlutlaus n\u00f6fn"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00c1 vef V\u00edsis <\/em>er hlekkja\u00f0 \u00e1 umr\u00e6\u00f0u um kynhlutlaus n\u00f6fn \u00ed B\u00edtinu \u00e1 Bylgjunni <\/em>\u00e1 <\/em>m\u00e1nudagsmorgun, \u00fear sem spurt er \u201e<\/em>Ganga kynhlutlaus n\u00f6fn upp m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega?<\/a>\u201c <\/em>\u00c1 umr\u00e6\u00f0unni var helst a\u00f0 skilja a\u00f0 svo v\u00e6ri ekki \u2013 \u00fea\u00f0 v\u00e6ru mikil vandkv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 fella kynhlutlaus n\u00f6fn a\u00f0 \u00edslensku m\u00e1li. Fyrir \u00fev\u00ed voru f\u00e6r\u00f0 tvenns konar r\u00f6k. Annars vegar a\u00f0 ekki v\u00e6ri lj\u00f3st hvernig \u00e6tti a\u00f0 beygja n\u00f6fn eins og Regn <\/em>og Frost <\/em>vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feetta v\u00e6ru hvorugkynsor\u00f0 sem \u00e6ttu a\u00f0 f\u00e1 -s<\/em> \u00ed eignarfalli \u2013 Regns<\/strong><\/em> og Frosts<\/strong><\/em>. Vandinn v\u00e6ri s\u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00ad-s<\/em> er d\u00e6miger\u00f0 eignarfallsending karlkynsor\u00f0a, \u00fe. \u00e1 m. karlmannsnafna (B\u00f6\u00f0vars<\/strong><\/em>, Halld\u00f3rs<\/strong><\/em>) og \u00fev\u00ed v\u00e6ri beyging kynhlutlausu nafnanna ekki n\u00e6gilega greind fr\u00e1 beygingu karlkynsor\u00f0a.<\/p>\n

En \u00feetta eru engin r\u00f6k. \u00dea\u00f0 eru au\u00f0vita\u00f0 \u00f3tal d\u00e6mi um \u00fea\u00f0 \u00ed beygingakerfinu a\u00f0 endingar tveggja e\u00f0a \u00feriggja kynja falli saman \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 valdi nokkrum ruglingi. Ef -s<\/em> er \u00f3heppileg eignarfallsending kynhlutlausra nafna vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 h\u00fan er l\u00edka notu\u00f0 \u00ed karlkyni hl\u00fdtur -ar<\/em> einnig a\u00f0 vera \u00f3heppileg eignarfallsending \u00ed mannan\u00f6fnum vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 h\u00fan er notu\u00f0 b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 karlmannsn\u00f6fn (Gu\u00f0mund<\/em>ar<\/em><\/strong>, Sigur\u00f0<\/em>ar<\/em><\/strong>) og kvenmannsn\u00f6fn (Gu\u00f0r\u00fan<\/em>ar<\/em><\/strong>, Sigr\u00ed\u00f0<\/em>ar<\/em><\/strong>). Einnig m\u00e1 benda \u00e1 a\u00f0 mannsnafni\u00f0 Sturla<\/em> beygist eins og \u00fea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri kvenkynsor\u00f0 (Sturlu<\/strong><\/em> \u00ed aukaf\u00f6llum, eins og Helga<\/strong><\/em> \u2013 Helgu<\/strong><\/em>) en enginn velkist samt \u00ed vafa um a\u00f0 Sturla<\/em> er karlmannsnafn.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nnur vandkv\u00e6\u00f0i sem nefnd voru \u00e1 notkun kynhlutlausra nafna voru \u00feau a\u00f0 ekki v\u00e6ri lj\u00f3st hvernig \u00e6tti a\u00f0 nota \u00feau \u00ed kennin\u00f6fnum. \u00cd frumvarpi um breytingar \u00e1 mannanafnal\u00f6gum sem l\u00e6gi fyrir Al\u00feingi hef\u00f0i veri\u00f0 stungi\u00f0 upp \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 nota or\u00f0i\u00f0 bur<\/em> \u00ed kennin\u00f6fnum, en \u00fea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri \u00f3t\u00e6kt vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri karlkynsor\u00f0 sem merkti 'sonur'. \u00dearna kom ekki fram \u00fea\u00f0 grundvallaratri\u00f0i a\u00f0 bur<\/em> er \u00feegar komi\u00f0 inn \u00ed gildandi l\u00f6g um mannan\u00f6fn. \u00deeim var breytt samhli\u00f0a gildist\u00f6ku laga um kynr\u00e6nt sj\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0i og \u00fear stendur n\u00fa \u00ed 8. grein: \u201eEinstaklingi sem hefur hlutlausa skr\u00e1ningu kyns \u00ed \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0skr\u00e1 er heimilt a\u00f0 nota nafn f\u00f6\u00f0ur e\u00f0a m\u00f3\u00f0ur \u00ed eignarfalli \u00e1n vi\u00f0b\u00f3tar e\u00f0a a\u00f0 vi\u00f0b\u00e6ttu bur.\u201c \u00deegar er fari\u00f0 a\u00f0 skr\u00e1 kennin\u00f6fn me\u00f0 -bur<\/em> \u00ed \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0skr\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Or\u00f0i\u00f0 bur <\/em>er komi\u00f0 af s\u00f6gninni bera <\/em>og r\u00f3tskylt m\u00f6rgum or\u00f0um af sama merkingarsvi\u00f0i \u2013 barn<\/em>, (barns<\/em>)bur\u00f0ur<\/em>, (tv\u00ed<\/em>)buri<\/em> o.fl. Hugmyndin a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 endurvekja or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed n\u00fdju hlutverki kom fram \u00ed n\u00fdyr\u00f0asamkeppni Samtakanna 78 \u00e1ri\u00f0 2015, og \u00feetta var ein af \u00feeim till\u00f6gum sem d\u00f3mnefnd keppninnar m\u00e6lti s\u00e9rstaklega me\u00f0. Or\u00f0i\u00f0 merkti vissulega 'sonur' \u00ed fornu m\u00e1li en er ekkert er \u00fev\u00ed til fyrirst\u00f6\u00f0u a\u00f0 v\u00edkka merkingarsvi\u00f0 \u00feess a\u00f0eins og l\u00e1ta \u00fea\u00f0 merkja 'afkv\u00e6mi'. \u00de\u00f3tt or\u00f0i\u00f0 s\u00e9 upphaflega karlkynsor\u00f0 er gert r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessu n\u00fdja hlutverki s\u00e9 \u00fea\u00f0 haft \u00ed hvorugkyni, enda fellur hlj\u00f3\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0ileg ger\u00f0 \u00feess vel a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Vitaskuld getur sl\u00edk breyting \u00e1 or\u00f0i sem fyrir er \u00ed m\u00e1linu, \u00fe\u00f3tt sm\u00e1v\u00e6gileg s\u00e9, orka\u00f0 tv\u00edm\u00e6lis. En h\u00e9r skiptir m\u00e1li a\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 hefur alla t\u00ed\u00f0 veri\u00f0 \u00e1kaflega sjaldg\u00e6ft \u2013 \u00ed safni fornm\u00e1lsor\u00f0ab\u00f3karinnar \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn sem tekur til \u00f3bundins m\u00e1ls eru a\u00f0eins sex d\u00e6mi um \u00fea\u00f0, og \u00fe\u00f3 \u00ed raun a\u00f0eins fj\u00f6gur \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00ed tveimur tilvikum er um s\u00f6mu setningu a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a \u00ed tveimur textum. Annars var or\u00f0i\u00f0 einkum nota\u00f0 \u00ed bundnu m\u00e1li, og \u00ed seinni t\u00edma m\u00e1li kemur \u00fea\u00f0 ekki fyrir nema \u00ed sk\u00e1ldskap \u2013 d\u00e6mi\u00f0 sem alltaf er vitna\u00f0 \u00ed er Ing\u00f3lfur Arnar bur<\/em> \u00ed kv\u00e6\u00f0i Matth\u00edasar Jochumssonar, \u201eMinni Ing\u00f3lfs\u201c. \u00deessi merkingarv\u00edkkun \u00e6tti \u00fev\u00ed ekki a\u00f0 valda ruglingi.<\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 \u00e1 s\u00e9r l\u00edka vel \u00feekkt og vi\u00f0urkennd ford\u00e6mi a\u00f0 taka or\u00f0 \u00far eldra m\u00e1li sem ekki eru lengur notu\u00f0 og gefa \u00feeim n\u00fdja \u2013 en yfirleitt skylda \u2013 merkingu. Or\u00f0i\u00f0 skj\u00e1r<\/em> merkti \u00e1\u00f0ur 'gegns\u00e6 himna \u00ed glugga, notu\u00f0 \u00ed sta\u00f0 r\u00fa\u00f0u'. En eftir a\u00f0 gluggar af \u00fev\u00ed tagi ur\u00f0u \u00fareltir var or\u00f0i\u00f0 l\u00edti\u00f0 nota\u00f0. Upp \u00far 1970 var svo stungi\u00f0 upp \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 nota or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed sta\u00f0 t\u00f6kuor\u00f0sins skermur<\/em> e\u00f0a skermir<\/em> sem haf\u00f0i veri\u00f0 nota\u00f0 sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ing \u00e1 screen<\/em> \u2013 tala\u00f0 var um b\u00e6\u00f0i sj\u00f3nvarpsskerm<\/em>(i<\/em>) og t\u00f6lvuskerm<\/em>(i<\/em>). \u00deetta or\u00f0 sl\u00f3 strax \u00ed gegn \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir andst\u00f6\u00f0u og n\u00fa er skermur<\/em> n\u00e1nast horfi\u00f0 \u00far m\u00e1linu \u00ed \u00feessari merkingu \u2013 \u00fe\u00f3tt enn s\u00e9 tala\u00f0 um lampaskerma<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Anna\u00f0 og enn \u00feekktara d\u00e6mi um endurn\u00fdtt or\u00f0 er s\u00edmi <\/em>sem var til en mj\u00f6g sjaldg\u00e6ft \u00ed fornu m\u00e1li, einkum \u00ed hvorugkynsmyndinni s\u00edma<\/em>, og merkti 'band, \u00fer\u00e1\u00f0ur'. Sk\u00f6mmu fyrir aldam\u00f3tin 1900 var stungi\u00f0 upp \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 nota \u00feetta \u00f3n\u00fdtta or\u00f0 yfir n\u00fdjungina telef\u00f3n<\/em> sem \u00cdslendingar voru \u00fe\u00e1 farnir a\u00f0 fr\u00e9tta af \u00fe\u00f3tt fyrirb\u00e6ri\u00f0 hef\u00f0i enn ekki borist til landsins. \u00c1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 var a\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 skyldi vera karlkynsor\u00f0 og merkingunni hli\u00f0ra\u00f0 a\u00f0eins til \u2013 sem l\u00e1 beint vi\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma \u00feegar megineinkenni s\u00edmans var einmitt \u00fer\u00e1\u00f0urinn, s\u00edmal\u00ednurnar sem voru lag\u00f0ar milli landa og um allt land. \u00deetta or\u00f0 sl\u00f3 l\u00edka flj\u00f3tlega \u00ed gegn og telef\u00f3n<\/em> hvarf a\u00f0 mestu \u00far notkun \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum \u00e1ratug 20. aldar.<\/p>\n

Spurningunni \u201eGanga kynhlutlaus n\u00f6fn upp m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega?\u201c er \u00fev\u00ed au\u00f0velt a\u00f0 svara j\u00e1tandi. En vegna \u00feess hve \u00edslenska er kynja\u00f0 m\u00e1l er \u00feessi breyting ekki a\u00f0 \u00f6llu leyti einf\u00f6ld, hvorki fyrir tungum\u00e1li\u00f0 n\u00e9 notendur \u00feess \u2013 h\u00fan krefst \u00feess a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 hugsum \u00fdmislegt upp \u00e1 n\u00fdtt, t\u00f6kum upp n\u00fd or\u00f0, hli\u00f0rum til merkingu gamalla or\u00f0a og losum okkur \u00far vi\u00f0jum vanans, \u00ed sta\u00f0 \u00feess a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 \u00f6ll tormerki \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 breyta til. Hversu v\u00e6nt sem okkur \u00feykir um \u00edslenskuna \u2013 e\u00f0a \u00f6llu heldur, vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 okkur \u00feykir v\u00e6nt um \u00edslenskuna \u2013 \u00feurfum vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 muna a\u00f0 h\u00fan \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3na okkur, ekki vi\u00f0 henni. Ef h\u00fan lagar sig ekki a\u00f0 samf\u00e9laginu \u00e1 hverjum t\u00edma og \u00fej\u00f3nar \u00fev\u00ed \u2013 \u00fej\u00f3nar okkur \u00f6llum \u2013 er h\u00fan dau\u00f0ad\u00e6md.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00c1 vef V\u00edsis er hlekkja\u00f0 \u00e1 umr\u00e6\u00f0u um kynhlutlaus n\u00f6fn \u00ed B\u00edtinu \u00e1 Bylgjunni \u00e1 m\u00e1nudagsmorgun, \u00fear sem spurt er \u201eGanga kynhlutlaus n\u00f6fn upp m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega?\u201c \u00c1 umr\u00e6\u00f0unni var helst a\u00f0 skilja a\u00f0 svo v\u00e6ri ekki \u2013 \u00fea\u00f0 v\u00e6ru mikil vandkv\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 fella kynhlutlaus n\u00f6fn a\u00f0 \u00edslensku m\u00e1li. Fyrir \u00fev\u00ed voru f\u00e6r\u00f0 tvenns konar […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3761","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3761","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3761"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3761\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4019,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3761\/revisions\/4019"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3761"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3761"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3761"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}