{"id":3841,"date":"2021-05-13T08:00:30","date_gmt":"2021-05-13T08:00:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=3841"},"modified":"2021-05-16T19:55:32","modified_gmt":"2021-05-16T19:55:32","slug":"hvad-merkir-madur","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2021\/05\/13\/hvad-merkir-madur\/","title":{"rendered":"Hva\u00f0 merkir \u201ema\u00f0ur\u201c?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00cd fornu m\u00e1li v\u00edsar or\u00f0i\u00f0 <em>ma\u00f0ur<\/em> fyrst og fremst til karlmanna \u00fe\u00f3tt vissulega s\u00e9u \u00fdmis d\u00e6mi um a\u00f0 konur felist \u00ed fleirt\u00f6lunni <em>menn<\/em>. \u00cd <em>\u00d6gmundar \u00fe\u00e6tti dytts<\/em> segir t.d. \u201eVar Freyr jafnan f\u00e1tala\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 a\u00f0ra menn en konu s\u00edna\u201c, \u00ed <em>\u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ar s\u00f6gu hre\u00f0u<\/em> segir \u201eF\u00e1tt haf\u00f0i hann manna hj\u00e1 s\u00e9r utan konu s\u00edna\u201c, \u00ed <em>F\u00f3stbr\u00e6\u00f0ra s\u00f6gu<\/em> segir \u201e\u00dear var ekki inni manna nema konur einar\u201c, \u00ed <em>\u00deorsteins \u00fe\u00e6tti uxaf\u00f3ts <\/em>segir \u201eUm daginn eftir er \u00feeir voru \u00fati staddir s\u00e1u \u00feeir \u00ferett\u00e1n menn \u00e1 sk\u00f3ginum og var eitt kona \u00ed\u201c, og \u00ed <em>Eyrbyggja s\u00f6gu<\/em> segir \u201eF\u00f3ru menn \u00fe\u00e1 upp \u00e1 hla\u00f0ann, b\u00e6\u00f0i karlar og konur\u201c. En sl\u00edk d\u00e6mi eru ekki m\u00f6rg.<\/p>\n<p>Eintalan <em>ma\u00f0ur<\/em> getur l\u00edka v\u00edsa\u00f0 til konu \u00feegar tilgreina \u00fearf einn \u00far h\u00f3pi sem hefur veri\u00f0 nefndur. \u00cd <em>Hei\u00f0arv\u00edga s\u00f6gu<\/em> segir \u201eN\u00fa \u00feykist hann eigi vita v\u00edst hvort kona er hinn \u00feri\u00f0ji ma\u00f0urinn er hv\u00edtt er til h\u00f6fu\u00f0sins a\u00f0 sj\u00e1\u201c og \u00ed <em>Heimskringlu<\/em> segir \u201eKona var hinn \u00feri\u00f0ji ma\u00f0ur er \u00feannug haf\u00f0i s\u00f3tt af Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0u austan\u201c. Fyrir utan \u00feetta eru \u00feess f\u00e1 d\u00e6mi a\u00f0 eintalan v\u00edsi til konu. \u00dea\u00f0 er sl\u00e1andi a\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feau t\u00e6p 500 skipti sem pers\u00f3na er kynnt til s\u00f6gu me\u00f0 <em>ma\u00f0ur h\u00e9t X<\/em> e\u00f0a <em>ma\u00f0ur er nefndur X<\/em> er \u00e6vinlega um karlmann a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a. Konur eru kynntar me\u00f0 <em>kona h\u00e9t X<\/em> e\u00f0a <em>kona er nefnd X<\/em>, en \u00feau d\u00e6mi eru bara kringum 20 \u2013 \u00feetta eru karlab\u00f3kmenntir.<\/p>\n<p>Stundum er \u00fev\u00ed haldi\u00f0 fram a\u00f0 notkun or\u00f0sins <em>ma\u00f0ur<\/em> \u00ed beinni andst\u00f6\u00f0u vi\u00f0 <em>kona<\/em> s\u00e9 tilt\u00f6lulega n\u00fdtilkomin en \u00fea\u00f0 er ekki r\u00e9tt. Sl\u00edk d\u00e6mi eru vissulega f\u00e1 \u00ed forns\u00f6gum en \u00ed <em>Sturlungu<\/em> segir \u00fe\u00f3 t.d. \u201e\u00de\u00e1 var beitt \u00fatg\u00f6ngu konum og \u00feeim m\u00f6nnum er eigi voru sakar vi\u00f0\u201c. \u00cd <em>N\u00fdja testamenti<\/em> Odds Gottsk\u00e1lkssonar fr\u00e1 1540 eru nokkur d\u00e6mi, m.a. \u201ehann gj\u00f6r\u00f0i \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 vera skyldi ma\u00f0ur og kona\u201c, \u201esk\u00edr\u00f0ust b\u00e6\u00f0i menn og konur\u201c, o.fl. F\u00e1ein d\u00e6mi eru s\u00ed\u00f0an fr\u00e1 17. \u00f6ld og allm\u00f6rg fr\u00e1 18. \u00f6ld, t.d. \u00far verkum Eggerts \u00d3lafssonar sem segir t.d. \u00ed br\u00fa\u00f0kaupssi\u00f0ab\u00f3k sinni: \u201ejafnan sitji h\u00e9r tvennt til samans, ma\u00f0ur\u00a0 og kona\u201c. \u00c1 19. \u00f6ld ver\u00f0ur \u00feetta svo mj\u00f6g algengt.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dea\u00f0 er lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 <em>ma\u00f0ur<\/em> hafi vitaskuld l\u00edka almenna merkingu tengist \u00fea\u00f0 karlm\u00f6nnum mj\u00f6g n\u00e1num b\u00f6ndum. \u00cd \u00fev\u00ed lj\u00f3si \u00e6tti ekki a\u00f0 \u00feurfa a\u00f0 koma \u00e1 \u00f3vart a\u00f0 margar konur og kynsegin f\u00f3lk tengi sig ekki vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 or\u00f0 e\u00f0a samsetningar af \u00fev\u00ed. \u00dea\u00f0 er l\u00edka l\u00f6ng hef\u00f0 fyrir starfsheitum \u00fear sem or\u00f0 sem endar \u00e1 <em>-ma\u00f0ur<\/em> er nota\u00f0 um karlmenn en or\u00f0 sem endar \u00e1 <em>-kona<\/em> um konur. \u00cd b\u00e6ndasamf\u00e9laginu var sk\u00fdr munur \u00e1 <em>vinnum\u00f6nnum<\/em> og <em>vinnukonum<\/em>, <em>kaupam\u00f6nnum<\/em> og <em>kaupakonum<\/em>. \u00deegar fari\u00f0 var a\u00f0 stofna verkal\u00fd\u00f0sf\u00e9l\u00f6g voru karlarnir \u00ed <em>verkamannaf\u00e9l\u00f6gum<\/em>, konurnar \u00ed <em>verkakvennaf\u00e9l\u00f6gum<\/em>. Svo m\u00e6tti lengi telja.<\/p>\n<p>Vitanlega er l\u00edka fj\u00f6ldi starfsheita sem enda \u00e1 <em>-ma\u00f0ur<\/em> nota\u00f0ur um b\u00e6\u00f0i karla og konur. Oft stafar \u00fea\u00f0 af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 framan af gegndu einungis karlmenn \u00feessum st\u00f6rfum \u2013 voru <em>al\u00feingismenn<\/em>, <em>i\u00f0na\u00f0armenn<\/em>, <em>st\u00fdrimenn<\/em>, <em>flugmenn<\/em> og svo m\u00e6tti lengi telja. \u00deegar konur f\u00f3ru a\u00f0 sinna \u00feessum st\u00f6rfum var starfsheiti\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 fast \u00ed m\u00e1linu og breyttist ekki \u2013 \u00f6fugt vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sem ger\u00f0ist \u00feegar karlar f\u00f3ru a\u00f0 sinna hef\u00f0bundnum kvennast\u00f6rfum. \u00deeir voru \u00fe\u00e1 ekki <em>hj\u00fakrunarkonur<\/em> e\u00f0a <em>flugfreyjur<\/em>, heldur <em>hj\u00fakrunarmenn<\/em> og <em>flug\u00fej\u00f3nar<\/em>, og \u00feeir f\u00e1u karlmenn sem hafa fengist vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 taka \u00e1 m\u00f3ti b\u00f6rnum voru nefndir <em>lj\u00f3sfe\u00f0ur<\/em> \u2013 ekki <em>lj\u00f3sm\u00e6\u00f0ur<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dea\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frettabladid.is\/skodun\/i-geldingadolum-islenskunnar-opid-bref-til-utvarpsstjora\/\">amast vi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed<\/a> a\u00f0 or\u00f0 sem enda \u00e1 <em>-f\u00f3lk<\/em> s\u00e9u notu\u00f0 \u00ed sta\u00f0 or\u00f0a me\u00f0 <em>-ma\u00f0ur<\/em>. \u00dea\u00f0 er samt l\u00f6ng hef\u00f0 fyrir \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 tala um <em>verkaf\u00f3lk<\/em> og <em>verslunarf\u00f3lk<\/em>, og \u00fe\u00f3tt or\u00f0in <em>i\u00f0na\u00f0arf\u00f3lk<\/em> og <em>sj\u00f3f\u00f3lk<\/em> hlj\u00f3mi kannski \u00f3kunnuglega eru \u00feau b\u00e6\u00f0i s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00e1 19. \u00f6ld og voru nokku\u00f0 notu\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1. \u00dea\u00f0 eru yfir 600 d\u00e6mi um <em>bj\u00f6rgunarf\u00f3lk <\/em>\u00e1 <em>t\u00edmarit.is<\/em>, \u00feau elstu n\u00e6rri 90 \u00e1ra g\u00f6mul, og n\u00e6rri 2000 d\u00e6mi um <em>hestaf\u00f3lk<\/em>, \u00feau elstu meira en 60 \u00e1ra g\u00f6mul. \u00c1 19. \u00f6ld og langt fram eftir \u00feeirri 20. var i\u00f0ulega tala\u00f0 um <em>landsf\u00f3lk<\/em>. Au\u00f0vita\u00f0 er ekkert a\u00f0 \u00feessum or\u00f0um \u2013 \u00feetta eru r\u00e9tt myndu\u00f0 \u00edslensk or\u00f0. Vi\u00f0 erum kannski ekki v\u00f6n \u00feeim \u2013 en vi\u00f0 getum vanist \u00feeim.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cd <em>Fr\u00e9ttabla\u00f0inu<\/em> \u00ed g\u00e6r er <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frettabladid.is\/frettir\/hart-deilt-um-framtidarnotkun-ordsins-madur\/\">haft eftir<\/a> Gu\u00f0r\u00fanu \u00de\u00f3rhallsd\u00f3ttur: \u201e\u00dea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri algerlega rangt a\u00f0 gefa \u00fat \u00edslenska or\u00f0ab\u00f3k \u00fear sem or\u00f0 sem enda \u00e1 -ma\u00f0ur v\u00e6ru eing\u00f6ngu s\u00f6g\u00f0 v\u00edsa til karla. \u00dea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri einfaldlega ekki \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 \u00edslensku og \u00fear v\u00e6ru lesandanum gefnar rangar uppl\u00fdsingar.\u201c \u00deetta er vitanlega r\u00e9tt \u2013 or\u00f0ab\u00e6kur eiga a\u00f0 vera l\u00fdsandi, ekki st\u00fdrandi. En eins og \u00e9g hef oft sagt er \u00fea\u00f0 ekki uppruni, or\u00f0ab\u00f3kask\u00fdringar, e\u00f0a fyrirm\u00e6li sem \u00e1kvar\u00f0ar merkingu or\u00f0a. Or\u00f0 hafa \u00fe\u00e1 merkingu sem m\u00e1lsamf\u00e9lagi\u00f0 gefur \u00feeim. Ef m\u00e1lsamf\u00e9lagi\u00f0 er \u00f3s\u00e1tt vi\u00f0 \u00feau or\u00f0 sem eru \u00ed notkun kemur \u00fea\u00f0 me\u00f0 n\u00fd or\u00f0. \u00deannig hefur \u00fea\u00f0 alltaf veri\u00f0 \u2013 og \u00feannig \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 vera.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00cd fornu m\u00e1li v\u00edsar or\u00f0i\u00f0 ma\u00f0ur fyrst og fremst til karlmanna \u00fe\u00f3tt vissulega s\u00e9u \u00fdmis d\u00e6mi um a\u00f0 konur felist \u00ed fleirt\u00f6lunni menn. \u00cd \u00d6gmundar \u00fe\u00e6tti dytts segir t.d. \u201eVar Freyr jafnan f\u00e1tala\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 a\u00f0ra menn en konu s\u00edna\u201c, \u00ed \u00de\u00f3r\u00f0ar s\u00f6gu hre\u00f0u segir \u201eF\u00e1tt haf\u00f0i hann manna hj\u00e1 s\u00e9r utan konu s\u00edna\u201c, \u00ed F\u00f3stbr\u00e6\u00f0ra [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3841","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3841","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3841"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3841\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3859,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3841\/revisions\/3859"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3841"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3841"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3841"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}