{"id":4024,"date":"2021-10-27T08:00:24","date_gmt":"2021-10-27T08:00:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=4024"},"modified":"2021-10-27T10:21:34","modified_gmt":"2021-10-27T10:21:34","slug":"henni-var-byrlad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2021\/10\/27\/henni-var-byrlad\/","title":{"rendered":"Henni var byrla\u00f0"},"content":{"rendered":"

Notkun sagnarinnar byrla <\/em>hefur veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 breytast upp \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0kasti\u00f0. N\u00fa er h\u00fan oftast notu\u00f0 um \u00feann sv\u00edvir\u00f0ilega verkna\u00f0 a\u00f0 lauma einhverju efni \u00ed drykk f\u00f3lks, einkum ungra kvenna, til a\u00f0 valda slj\u00f3leika e\u00f0a me\u00f0vitundarleysi og n\u00fdta \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1stand s\u00ed\u00f0an til a\u00f0 brj\u00f3ta kynfer\u00f0islega \u00e1 \u00feeim sem fyrir \u00feessu ver\u00f0a. \u00cd \u00feessu samhengi er s\u00f6gnin i\u00f0ulega notu\u00f0 \u00e1n andlags, \u00ed setningum eins og einhver byrla\u00f0i henni<\/em> og m\u00e9r var byrla\u00f0<\/em>. \u00dearna er \u00fe\u00e1 undirskili\u00f0 nafnor\u00f0 eins og \u00f3lyfjan<\/em>, eitur<\/em>, eiturlyf<\/em>, svefnlyf <\/em>e\u00f0a eitthva\u00f0 sl\u00edkt. \u00deessi notkun er ekki g\u00f6mul \u2013 elsta d\u00e6mi sem \u00e9g fann um hana \u00ed flj\u00f3tu brag\u00f0i er fr\u00e1 2014 \u00fe\u00f3tt v\u00e6ntanlega megi rekja hana eitthva\u00f0 lengra aftur. En hl\u00fdtur ekki einhver merking a\u00f0 glatast \u00feegar andlagi er sleppt?<\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00cdslensk-danskri or\u00f0ab\u00f3k<\/em> Sigf\u00fasar Bl\u00f6ndals fr\u00e1 1920-1924 er fyrsta merkingin<\/a> sem gefin er fyrir byrla <\/em>'sk\u00e6nke for og r\u00e6kke en en Drik' og \u00f6nnur merking 'blande forskellige Drikke sammen, komme n-t i en Drik, f. Eks. Gift'. \u00cd \u00cdslenskri or\u00f0ab\u00f3k<\/em>, sem tekur miki\u00f0 beint upp eftir Bl\u00f6ndal, er fyrsta merkingin 'hella \u00e1 bikar' og \u00f6nnur merking 'blanda' me\u00f0 notkunard\u00e6minu \u201ebyrla e-m eitur\u201c. En \u00ed \u00cdslenskri n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1lsor\u00f0ab\u00f3k<\/em> er bara gefin merkingin<\/a> 'gefa (e-m) (eitur)'. Notkun sagnarinnar byrla <\/em>\u00ed j\u00e1kv\u00e6\u00f0ri e\u00f0a hlutlausri merkingu vir\u00f0ist \u00fev\u00ed vera horfin \u00far m\u00e1linu a\u00f0 mestu e\u00f0a \u00f6llu leyti, l\u00edklega fyrir nokkrum \u00e1ratugum, og undanfari\u00f0 hefur s\u00f6gnin eing\u00f6ngu veri\u00f0 notu\u00f0 \u00ed sambandinu byrla eitur<\/em>\/\u00f3lyfjan <\/em>e\u00f0a eitthva\u00f0 sl\u00edkt.<\/p>\n

\u00deegar tiltekin or\u00f0 koma oftast e\u00f0a alltaf fyrir saman er e\u00f0lilegt a\u00f0 m\u00e1lnotendur fari a\u00f0 skynja \u00feau sem merkingarlega einingu, \u00fear sem or\u00f0asambandi\u00f0 \u00ed heild f\u00e6r \u00e1kve\u00f0na merkingu \u00ed sta\u00f0 \u00feess a\u00f0 merkingin s\u00e9 summa af merkingu or\u00f0anna \u00ed sambandinu. \u00deannig er \u00fea\u00f0 me\u00f0 byrla <\/em>\u2013 vi\u00f0 \u00feekkjum hana eing\u00f6ngu me\u00f0 andl\u00f6gum af mj\u00f6g \u00fer\u00f6ngu og afm\u00f6rku\u00f0u merkingarsvi\u00f0i. \u00deess vegna er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 stytta sambandi\u00f0 og sleppa andlaginu \u2013 merking \u00feess f\u00e6rist \u00fe\u00e1 eiginlega inn \u00ed s\u00f6gnina. Vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 b\u00e6tist a\u00f0 venjulega er ekki lj\u00f3st hva\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 var n\u00e1kv\u00e6mlega sem f\u00f3lki var byrla\u00f0 \u2013 svefnlyf, deyfilyf o.\u00fe.h. Me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 sleppa andlaginu komumst vi\u00f0 hj\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 tilgreina \u00fea\u00f0 n\u00e1nar. Anna\u00f0 d\u00e6mi af sama merkingarsvi\u00f0i er vera \u00ed neyslu<\/em>. \u00dear er yfirleitt ekki tilteki\u00f0 hvers er neytt \u2013 en vi\u00f0 vitum a\u00f0 \u00e1tt er vi\u00f0 einhvers konar f\u00edkniefni.<\/p>\n

Nafnor\u00f0i\u00f0 byrlun <\/em>er einnig nota\u00f0 \u00e1n sk\u00fdringar \u2013 grunur um byrlun<\/em>, k\u00e6rt vegna byrlunar<\/em> o.s.frv. \u00deetta er sjaldg\u00e6ft or\u00f0, og er t.d. hvorki a\u00f0 finna \u00ed \u00cdslenskri or\u00f0ab\u00f3k<\/em> n\u00e9 \u00cdslenskri n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1lsor\u00f0ab\u00f3k<\/em>, og ekki heldur \u00ed Ritm\u00e1lssafni <\/em>Or\u00f0ab\u00f3kar H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans, en \u00fea\u00f0 er \u00fe\u00f3 ekki n\u00fdtt \u2013 elsta d\u00e6mi sem \u00e9g finn um \u00fea\u00f0 er \u00ed I\u00f0unni <\/em>1886, \u00ed grein um \u201el\u00edfs-elix\u00edr\u201c: \u201e\u00dea\u00f0 var\u00f0 a\u00f0 taka fleiri verkamenn, en byrlunina anna\u00f0ist Hermann sj\u00e1lfur.\u201c H\u00e9r hefur byrlun <\/em>greinilega merkinguna 'bl\u00f6ndun'. Samsetningin eiturbyrlun <\/em>er \u00fe\u00f3 miklu algengari, og b\u00e6\u00f0i or\u00f0in eru \u00ed Beygingarl\u00fdsingu \u00edslensks n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1ls<\/em>, en \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0eins \u00ed eint\u00f6lu. Fleirtalan er samt til \u2013 \u00ed Heimslj\u00f3si <\/em>Halld\u00f3rs Laxness segir: \u201e\u00cd fj\u00f6lskyldubla\u00f0inu Heimilinu voru einnig skr\u00e1\u00f0ar l\u00e1ngar fr\u00e1sagnir um b\u00e1nkar\u00e1n, innbrots\u00fej\u00f3fna\u00f0i, eiturbyrlanir og dopulmor\u00f0.\u201c<\/p>\n

\u00deegar byrla <\/em>tekur andl\u00f6g eru \u00feau yfirleitt tv\u00f6, \u00fea\u00f0 fyrra \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gufalli og \u00fea\u00f0 seinna \u00ed \u00feolfalli \u2013 byrla henni eitur <\/em>(\u00fe\u00f3tt reyndar s\u00e9u l\u00edka d\u00e6mi um tv\u00f6 \u00fe\u00e1guf\u00f6ll, byrla henni eitri<\/em>). \u00deegar sl\u00edkar setningar eru settar \u00ed \u00feolmynd ver\u00f0ur \u00feolfalli\u00f0 a\u00f0 nefnifalli og \u00e1kve\u00f0ur kyn og t\u00f6lu l\u00fdsingarh\u00e1ttarins. \u00deetta s\u00e9st vel \u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum s\u00f6gnum sem taka \u00fe\u00e1gufall + \u00feolfall eins og gefa <\/em>\u2013 einhver gaf henni b\u00f3kina<\/em> ver\u00f0ur \u00ed \u00feolmynd henni var gefin<\/strong> b\u00f3kin <\/em>\u00fear sem gefin <\/strong><\/em>er kvenkyn eintala eins og b\u00f3kin<\/em>. \u00deegar einhver byrla\u00f0i henni \u00f3lyfjan<\/em> er breytt \u00ed \u00feolmynd \u00e6tti \u00fatkoman \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a henni var byrlu\u00f0<\/strong> \u00f3lyfjan<\/em> \u2013 byrlu\u00f0<\/strong> <\/em>er kvenkyn eintala eins og \u00f3lyfjan<\/em>. \u00deetta er vissulega algengt, en \u00ed Risam\u00e1lheildinni <\/em>er hvorugkynsmyndin byrla\u00f0<\/strong> <\/em>h\u00e1tt \u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 jafn algeng.<\/p>\n

S\u00fa mynd er au\u00f0vita\u00f0 e\u00f0lileg ef um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a hvorugkynsor\u00f0, henni var byrla\u00f0<\/strong> eitur<\/em> \u2013 en hvers vegna er h\u00fan algeng me\u00f0 kvenkynsor\u00f0inu \u00f3lyfjan <\/em>\u00fear sem h\u00fan vir\u00f0ist ekki eiga heima? L\u00edklegasta sk\u00fdringin er s\u00fa a\u00f0 fyrir m\u00f6rgum s\u00e9\u00a0\u00f3lyfjan <\/i>hvorugkynsor\u00f0 \u2013 \u00fea\u00f0 eru til hvorugkynsor\u00f0 sem enda \u00e1 -an, <\/i>eins og l\u00edkan.<\/i>\u00a0\u00d6nnur hugsanleg sk\u00fdring \u2013 en langs\u00f3ttari \u2013 er s\u00fa sem nefnd er h\u00e9r a\u00f0 ofan, a\u00f0 andlagi\u00f0 me\u00f0 byrla <\/em>s\u00e9 oft ekki skynja\u00f0 sem sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0ur setningarli\u00f0ur heldur eiginlega sem hluti af s\u00f6gninni og missi \u00fear me\u00f0 setningafr\u00e6\u00f0ilega st\u00f6\u00f0u s\u00edna sem andlag. En ef s\u00f6gnin hefur ekki andlag \u00fe\u00e1 hefur l\u00fdsingarh\u00e1tturinn ekki neitt til a\u00f0 samr\u00e6mast og kemur \u00fe\u00e1 fram \u00ed hlutlausri mynd, sem er hvorugkyn eintala.<\/p>\n

En hva\u00f0 \u00e1 a\u00f0 segja um setningar eins og \u00fe\u00e6r sem nefndar voru \u00ed upphafi, \u00fear sem byrla <\/em>er notu\u00f0 \u00e1n andlags? Er \u00feetta r\u00e9tt m\u00e1l? H\u00e9r hefur margoft veri\u00f0 vitna\u00f0 \u00ed vi\u00f0urkennda skilgreiningu \u00e1 r\u00e9ttu m\u00e1li og r\u00f6ngu \u2013 \u201er\u00e9tt m\u00e1l er \u00fea\u00f0 sem er \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 m\u00e1lvenju, rangt er \u00fea\u00f0 sem br\u00fdtur \u00ed b\u00e1ga vi\u00f0 m\u00e1lvenju.\u201c \u00dea\u00f0 er lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 \u00feessi notkun byrla <\/em>hefur ekki t\u00ed\u00f0kast fram undir \u00feetta, en jafnframt er lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 notkunin hefur brei\u00f0st mj\u00f6g \u00fat a\u00f0 undanf\u00f6rnu og er \u00e1 hra\u00f0ri lei\u00f0 me\u00f0 a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a m\u00e1lvenja margra, ef h\u00fan er ekki \u00feegar or\u00f0in \u00fea\u00f0. \u00deegar vi\u00f0 b\u00e6tist a\u00f0 um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a mj\u00f6g skiljanlega breytingu sem \u00e1 s\u00e9r fj\u00f6lda hli\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0na \u00ed m\u00e1linu er t\u00e6past \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a til a\u00f0 berjast gegn henni. \u00cd raun og veru var \u00fea\u00f0 miklu meiri breyting \u00feegar byrla <\/em>h\u00e6tti a\u00f0 merkja 'blanda' og f\u00f3r a\u00f0 merkja 'eitra fyrir'.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Notkun sagnarinnar byrla hefur veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 breytast upp \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0kasti\u00f0. N\u00fa er h\u00fan oftast notu\u00f0 um \u00feann sv\u00edvir\u00f0ilega verkna\u00f0 a\u00f0 lauma einhverju efni \u00ed drykk f\u00f3lks, einkum ungra kvenna, til a\u00f0 valda slj\u00f3leika e\u00f0a me\u00f0vitundarleysi og n\u00fdta \u00fea\u00f0 \u00e1stand s\u00ed\u00f0an til a\u00f0 brj\u00f3ta kynfer\u00f0islega \u00e1 \u00feeim sem fyrir \u00feessu ver\u00f0a. \u00cd \u00feessu samhengi er s\u00f6gnin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4024","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4024","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4024"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4024\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4028,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4024\/revisions\/4028"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4024"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4024"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4024"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}