{"id":4201,"date":"2022-03-15T08:00:21","date_gmt":"2022-03-15T08:00:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=4201"},"modified":"2022-03-13T17:44:00","modified_gmt":"2022-03-13T17:44:00","slug":"nyjungar-i-ordfaeri-um-baekur-og-lestur","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2022\/03\/15\/nyjungar-i-ordfaeri-um-baekur-og-lestur\/","title":{"rendered":"N\u00fdjungar \u00ed or\u00f0f\u00e6ri um b\u00e6kur og lestur"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>I\u00f0ulega hafa t\u00e6knibreytingar og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsbreytingar \u00e1hrif \u00e1 or\u00f0f\u00e6ri okkar um hversdagslegar athafnir og hluti. Stundum lei\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e6r til \u00feess a\u00f0 or\u00f0 hverfa \u00far m\u00e1linu vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 fyrirb\u00e6ri\u00f0 sem \u00feau v\u00edsu\u00f0u til ver\u00f0ur \u00farelt \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 nokku\u00f0 komi beinl\u00ednis \u00ed sta\u00f0inn. \u00deannig eru t.d. or\u00f0 sem tengjast fr\u00e1f\u00e6rum og hj\u00e1setu horfin \u00far m\u00e1linu \u00ed \u00feeim skilningi a\u00f0 \u00feau eru ekki lengur \u00ed virkri notkun \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00feau var\u00f0veitist vitaskuld \u00e1 b\u00f3kum. \u00cd \u00f6\u00f0rum tilvikum, t.d. \u00feegar n\u00fd t\u00e6kni leysir eldri t\u00e6kni af h\u00f3lmi, geta or\u00f0 \u00far eldri t\u00e6kni haldist \u00fe\u00f3tt tengslin vi\u00f0 upprunann rofni. \u00deannig er t.d. me\u00f0 s\u00f6gnina <em>elda<\/em> sem er leidd af nafnor\u00f0inu <em>eldur<\/em> enda var matur \u00e1\u00f0ur so\u00f0inn e\u00f0a steiktur yfir opnum eldi. En n\u00fa hefur merking sagnarinnar v\u00edkka\u00f0 og h\u00fan merkir 'b\u00faa til mat' \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 eldur \u00feurfi nokku\u00f0 a\u00f0 koma \u00fear vi\u00f0 s\u00f6gu.<\/p>\n<p>Anna\u00f0 d\u00e6mi m\u00e1 taka af nafnor\u00f0inu <em>s\u00edmi<\/em> sem \u00ed fornu m\u00e1li merkti '\u00fer\u00e1\u00f0ur' en var teki\u00f0 upp sk\u00f6mmu fyrir 1900 \u00ed merkingunni 'telef\u00f3n' enda voru loftl\u00ednurnar, \u00fer\u00e6\u00f0irnir, \u00fe\u00e1 helstu einkenni s\u00edmans. \u00deegar \u00fer\u00e1\u00f0lausir s\u00edmar komu til s\u00f6gunnar voru \u00feeir \u00e1fram kalla\u00f0ir <em>s\u00edmar<\/em> \u00fe\u00f3tt tengslin vi\u00f0 upprunann v\u00e6ru \u00fear me\u00f0 rofin. En til a\u00f0 greina n\u00fdju t\u00e6knina fr\u00e1 \u00feeirri eldri var upphaflega tala\u00f0 um <em>fars\u00edma<\/em>, <em>gsm-s\u00edma <\/em>e\u00f0a <em>gemsa<\/em>. Svo komu <em>snjalls\u00edmar<\/em> til s\u00f6gunnar og n\u00fa eru \u00feeir or\u00f0nir normi\u00f0, \u00feannig a\u00f0 <em>s\u00edmi<\/em> merkir oftast 'snjalls\u00edmi'. \u201eGamaldags\u201c s\u00edmar sem eru tengdir vi\u00f0 l\u00ednu eru \u00e1 \u00fatlei\u00f0 en ef \u00fe\u00f6rf krefur er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 tala um \u00fe\u00e1 sem <em>fastl\u00ednus\u00edma<\/em>, <em>bor\u00f0s\u00edma<\/em> e\u00f0a eitthva\u00f0 sl\u00edkt. En \u00feeir hafa misst st\u00f6\u00f0u s\u00edna sem sj\u00e1lfgefi\u00f0 merkingarmi\u00f0 or\u00f0sins <em>s\u00edmi<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>En hva\u00f0 \u00e1 a\u00f0 gera \u00feegar n\u00fd t\u00e6kni brei\u00f0ist \u00fat en s\u00fa eldri er samt enn \u00ed fullu gildi? \u00deetta kemur upp \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 b\u00e6kur og lestur. Til skamms t\u00edma m\u00e1tti skilgreina <em>b\u00f3k<\/em> sem 'samanheft bl\u00f6\u00f0 (me\u00f0 k\u00e1pu e\u00f0a spj\u00f6ld utan um), au\u00f0, skrifu\u00f0 e\u00f0a prentu\u00f0, \u00e6tlu\u00f0 til a\u00f0 skrifa (teikna) e\u00f0a lesa \u00ed' eins og segir \u00ed <em>\u00cdslenskri or\u00f0ab\u00f3k<\/em>. En \u00feessi skilgreining er \u00farelt. \u00cd <em>\u00cdslenskri n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1lsor\u00f0ab\u00f3k<\/em> er \u00fev\u00ed b\u00e6tt vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 <em>b\u00f3k<\/em> geti veri\u00f0 '\u00e1 rafr\u00e6nu formi' til a\u00f0 n\u00e1 utan um <em>rafb\u00e6kur<\/em> en \u00fea\u00f0 dugir ekki heldur, \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 n\u00fa eru <em>hlj\u00f3\u00f0b\u00e6kur <\/em>or\u00f0nar mj\u00f6g \u00fatbreiddar. \u00deessi or\u00f0, <em>hlj\u00f3\u00f0b\u00f3k <\/em>og <em>rafb\u00f3k<\/em>, eru \u00ed sj\u00e1lfu s\u00e9r mj\u00f6g lipur og enginn vandi a\u00f0 nota \u00feau. Vandinn skapast \u00feegar \u00fearf a\u00f0 tala um \u201ehef\u00f0bundnar\u201c b\u00e6kur og greina \u00fe\u00e6r fr\u00e1 hlj\u00f3\u00f0b\u00f3kum og rafb\u00f3kum \u2013 hva\u00f0 \u00e1 a\u00f0 kalla \u00fe\u00e6r?<\/p>\n<p>\u00c9g hef s\u00e9\u00f0 \u00fdmis or\u00f0 notu\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessu skyni, t.d. <em>papp\u00edrsb\u00e6kur<\/em>, <em>prentb\u00e6kur<\/em> og <em>f\u00eds\u00edskar b\u00e6kur<\/em>. B\u00e6\u00f0i <em>papp\u00edrsb\u00f3k<\/em> og <em>prentb\u00f3k<\/em> eru g\u00f6mul or\u00f0, upphaflega notu\u00f0 til annarrar a\u00f0greiningar. Or\u00f0i\u00f0 <em>papp\u00edrsb\u00f3k<\/em> er a.m.k. fr\u00e1 17. \u00f6ld og var nota\u00f0 til a\u00f0 greina b\u00e6kur sem voru skrifa\u00f0ar e\u00f0a prenta\u00f0ar \u00e1 papp\u00edr fr\u00e1 skinnhandritum. Or\u00f0i\u00f0 <em>prentb\u00f3k<\/em> er a.m.k. fr\u00e1 19. \u00f6ld og var nota\u00f0 til a\u00f0 greina prenta\u00f0ar b\u00e6kur fr\u00e1 handskrifu\u00f0um b\u00f3kum. M\u00e9r finnst <em>prentb\u00f3k <\/em>heppilegasta or\u00f0i\u00f0 til a\u00f0greiningar fr\u00e1 <em>rafb\u00f3k <\/em>og <em>hlj\u00f3\u00f0b\u00f3k<\/em> \u2013 \u00fea\u00f0 er stutt og lipurt, tv\u00f6 atkv\u00e6\u00f0i eins og hin. Eftir sem \u00e1\u00f0ur er au\u00f0vita\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfsagt a\u00f0 nota bara <em>b\u00f3k<\/em> \u00fear sem a\u00f0greiningar er ekki \u00fe\u00f6rf \u2013 og sj\u00e1lfgefin merking or\u00f0sins er enn sem komi\u00f0 er 'prentb\u00f3k' \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00fea\u00f0 kunni a\u00f0 breytast \u00ed n\u00e1inni framt\u00ed\u00f0, eins og gerst hefur me\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 <em>s\u00edmi<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>En ekki eru \u00f6ll vandam\u00e1l \u00fear me\u00f0 leyst. Hva\u00f0a or\u00f0 eigum vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 nota um \u201eneyslu\u201c hlj\u00f3\u00f0b\u00f3ka? Get \u00e9g sagt <em>\u00e9g var a\u00f0 lesa Sext\u00edu k\u00edl\u00f3 af kjaftsh\u00f6ggum<\/em> ef \u00e9g hlusta\u00f0i \u00e1 hlj\u00f3\u00f0b\u00f3kina? \u00cd <em>\u00cdslenskri or\u00f0ab\u00f3k<\/em> er merking sagnarinnar <em>lesa<\/em> s\u00f6g\u00f0 vera 'r\u00e1\u00f0a \u00far leturt\u00e1knum (\u00feannig a\u00f0 \u00far ver\u00f0i samfellt m\u00e1l, or\u00f0 og setningar)' og \u00ed <em>\u00cdslenskri n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1lsor\u00f0ab\u00f3k<\/em> er skilgreiningin 'greina or\u00f0 \u00far b\u00f3kst\u00f6fum; r\u00e1\u00f0a \u00ed texta e\u00f0a t\u00e1kn'. S\u00e9u \u00feessar skilgreiningar teknar b\u00f3kstaflega er lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 s\u00f6gnin <em>lesa<\/em> n\u00e6r ekki yfir \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 hlusta \u00e1 hlj\u00f3\u00f0b\u00f3k. En vitanlega er s\u00e1 kostur fyrir hendi a\u00f0 l\u00e1ta s\u00f6gnina elta t\u00e6knina, ef svo m\u00e1 segja, eins og s\u00f6gnin <em>elda <\/em>ger\u00f0i \u2013 segja a\u00f0 <em>lesa<\/em> merki 'beita sj\u00f3n e\u00f0a heyrn til a\u00f0 skynja undirb\u00fainn texta' e\u00f0a hvernig sem \u00e6tti a\u00f0 or\u00f0a skilgreininguna.<\/p>\n<p>En \u00fea\u00f0 getur l\u00edka \u00feurft a\u00f0 greina \u00e1 milli \u00feess a\u00f0 nota prentb\u00e6kur og hlj\u00f3\u00f0b\u00e6kur. E.t.v. er best a\u00f0 halda sig vi\u00f0 s\u00f6gnina <em>hlusta<\/em> um hlj\u00f3\u00f0b\u00e6kur en \u00fea\u00f0 er \u00fe\u00f3 ekki alltaf einfalt. N\u00fdlega heyr\u00f0i \u00e9g sagt: \u201e\u00deri\u00f0ja hver b\u00f3k sem er lesin \u00e1 \u00cdslandi er hlustu\u00f0.\u201c \u00deetta er \u00ed sj\u00e1lfu s\u00e9r au\u00f0skili\u00f0, en \u00fearna er <em>hlusta<\/em> notu\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00f3vanalegan h\u00e1tt. \u00cd germynd tekur h\u00fan me\u00f0 s\u00e9r forsetninguna <em>\u00e1<\/em> \u2013 vi\u00f0 <em>hlustum <strong>\u00e1 <\/strong><\/em>eitthva\u00f0. \u00cdslenska hefur ekki svokalla\u00f0a \u201eforsetningar\u00feolmynd\u201c eins og t.d. enska hefur, \u00ed setningum eins og <em>he was spoken to<\/em>. Vi\u00f0 getum ekki sagt *<em>hann var tala\u00f0ur vi\u00f0<\/em> heldur ver\u00f0um a\u00f0 segja <em>\u00fea\u00f0 var tala\u00f0 vi\u00f0 hann<\/em>. \u00deess vegna m\u00e6tti b\u00faast vi\u00f0 <em>\u00fea\u00f0 er hlusta\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00feri\u00f0ju hverja b\u00f3k sem er lesin \u00e1 \u00cdslandi<\/em>, en \u00fea\u00f0 hlj\u00f3mar ekki e\u00f0lilega. E.t.v. m\u00e6tti sleppa forsetningunni me\u00f0 <em>hlusta<\/em> \u00ed \u00feessari merkingu, eins og gert er \u00feegar l\u00e6knar <em>hlusta sj\u00faklinga<\/em>, og segja <em>\u00e9g hlusta\u00f0i Sext\u00edu k\u00edl\u00f3 af kjaftsh\u00f6ggum<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Til a\u00f0 tj\u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 um hef\u00f0bundinn lestur s\u00e9 a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a m\u00e6tti hugsa s\u00e9r a\u00f0 b\u00faa til s\u00f6gnina <em>sj\u00f3nlesa<\/em> \u2013 og \u00fe\u00e1 <em>hlustlesa <\/em>um lestur hlj\u00f3\u00f0b\u00f3ka og <em>snertilesa <\/em>um lestur b\u00f3ka \u00e1 blindraletri. \u00c9g legg samt \u00e1herslu \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00e9g set \u00feetta fram sem hugmyndir en ekki beinar till\u00f6gur. Tilgangurinn me\u00f0 \u00feessum pistli er ekki a\u00f0 koma me\u00f0 einhverjar t\u00f6fralausnir enda enginn br\u00fdnn vandi \u00e1 fer\u00f0um, heldur benda \u00e1 d\u00e6mi um \u00fea\u00f0 hvernig samf\u00e9lags- og t\u00e6knibreytingar hafa \u00e1hrif \u00e1 tungum\u00e1li\u00f0 og hvernig \u00feau \u00e1litam\u00e1l sem upp koma \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed sambandi leysast \u2013 e\u00f0a hvernig hugsanlegt v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 leysa \u00feau.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I\u00f0ulega hafa t\u00e6knibreytingar og \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0f\u00e9lagsbreytingar \u00e1hrif \u00e1 or\u00f0f\u00e6ri okkar um hversdagslegar athafnir og hluti. Stundum lei\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e6r til \u00feess a\u00f0 or\u00f0 hverfa \u00far m\u00e1linu vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 fyrirb\u00e6ri\u00f0 sem \u00feau v\u00edsu\u00f0u til ver\u00f0ur \u00farelt \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 nokku\u00f0 komi beinl\u00ednis \u00ed sta\u00f0inn. \u00deannig eru t.d. or\u00f0 sem tengjast fr\u00e1f\u00e6rum og hj\u00e1setu horfin \u00far m\u00e1linu \u00ed [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4201","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4201","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4201"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4201\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4202,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4201\/revisions\/4202"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4201"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4201"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4201"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}