{"id":4215,"date":"2022-03-20T08:00:14","date_gmt":"2022-03-20T08:00:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=4215"},"modified":"2024-10-16T08:49:34","modified_gmt":"2024-10-16T08:49:34","slug":"hin-ymsu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2022\/03\/20\/hin-ymsu\/","title":{"rendered":"Hin \u00fdmsu"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00cdslensk l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0 hafa b\u00e6\u00f0i svokalla\u00f0a sterka beygingu (g\u00f3\u00f0ur <\/em>\/ g\u00f3\u00f0 <\/em>\/ gott<\/em>) og veika ((hinn<\/em>) g\u00f3\u00f0i<\/em>\/ (hin<\/em>) g\u00f3\u00f0a<\/em> \/ (hi\u00f0<\/em>) g\u00f3\u00f0a<\/em>). Meginreglan er s\u00fa a\u00f0 sterka beygingin er notu\u00f0 \u00feegar l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0in standa sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0 e\u00f0a me\u00f0 \u00f3\u00e1kve\u00f0num nafnor\u00f0um (\u00e1n greinis) \u2013 hann er g\u00f3\u00f0ur<\/em>, g\u00f3\u00f0 b\u00f3k<\/em>. Veika beygingin er notu\u00f0 \u00feegar l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0in standa me\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0num nafnor\u00f0um (\u00fe.e. me\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0num greini) e\u00f0a \u00e1bendingarforn\u00f6fnum \u2013 g\u00f3\u00f0a b\u00f3kin<\/em>, hin g\u00f3\u00f0a b\u00f3k<\/em>. Fr\u00e1 \u00feessu eru \u00fe\u00f3 \u00fdmsar undantekningar. Beyging \u00fdmissa fornafna og t\u00f6luor\u00f0a ber talsver\u00f0an svip af beygingu l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0a, en \u00feau hafa \u00fe\u00f3 yfirleitt a\u00f0eins sterka beygingu. Undantekning er ra\u00f0talan fyrstur<\/em> sem hefur einnig veiku beyginguna fyrsti<\/em>, og svo ra\u00f0t\u00f6lurnar \u00feri\u00f0ji<\/em> og fj\u00f3r\u00f0i<\/em> sem a\u00f0eins beygjast veikt eins og \u00e9g skrifa\u00f0i<\/a> n\u00fdlega um.<\/p>\n

\u00de\u00f3 eru \u00feess d\u00e6mi a\u00f0 forn\u00f6fn eigi s\u00e9r veikar myndir, einkum \u00f3\u00e1kve\u00f0na fornafni\u00f0 \u00fdmis<\/em>. \u00cd m\u00e1lfars\u00fe\u00e6tti \u00ed \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0viljanum <\/em>1958 birtist br\u00e9f \u00fear sem segir<\/a>: \u201e\u00c9g minnist \u00feess ekki, a\u00f0 \u00feeir, sem r\u00e6tt hafa e\u00f0a rita\u00f0 um \u00edslenzka tungu, hafi minnzt \u00e1 or\u00f0taki\u00f0 hinir \u00fdmsu<\/strong>, sem sj\u00e1 m\u00e1 og heyra daglega \u00ed r\u00e6\u00f0u og riti, jafnvel l\u00e6r\u00f0ra manna. En m\u00e9r finnst \u00feetta ein hin aumasta rasbaga \u00ed \u00edslenzku m\u00e1li [\u2026].\u201c \u00dearna er \u00fdmis<\/em> sem s\u00e9 nota\u00f0 me\u00f0 \u00e1bendingarfornafni, \u00ed setningarst\u00f6\u00f0u \u00fear sem l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0 myndi hafa veika mynd (hinir g\u00f3\u00f0u<\/em>). En a\u00f0eins f\u00e1einir tugir d\u00e6ma finnast um sterku beyginguna \u00ed \u00feessari st\u00f6\u00f0u, t.d. \u201e\u00deetta \u00e6tlum vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 rannsaka og sj\u00e1 hve dj\u00fapt \u00far j\u00f6r\u00f0u hinar \u00fdmsar bergtegundir eru komnar\u201c \u00ed Morgunbla\u00f0inu <\/em>1936 og \u201eAnnars eru hinir \u00fdmsir hlutar b\u00edlsins fr\u00e1 m\u00f6rgum fyrirt\u00e6kjum\u201c \u00ed T\u00edmanum <\/em>1966.<\/p>\n

M\u00e9r finnst \u00feessi d\u00e6mi mj\u00f6g \u00f3e\u00f0lileg en veika beygingin aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti mj\u00f6g e\u00f0lileg. Um hana eru h\u00e1tt \u00ed 160 \u00fe\u00fasund d\u00e6mi \u00e1 t\u00edmarit.is<\/em>, \u00fea\u00f0 elsta \u00ed Sk\u00edrni <\/em>1851. \u00dea\u00f0 er athyglisvert a\u00f0 af 40 elstu d\u00e6munum, fr\u00e1 1850-1859, eru 36 \u00far \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0\u00f3lfi<\/em> en a\u00f0eins fj\u00f6gur \u00far \u00f6\u00f0rum ritum. \u00c1 n\u00e6sta \u00e1ratug b\u00e6tast vi\u00f0 d\u00e6mi \u00far nokkrum \u00f6\u00f0rum ritum \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00e1fram s\u00e9u flest d\u00e6min \u00far \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0\u00f3lfi<\/em>. \u00dea\u00f0 leikur varla vafi \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00feau m\u00e1 rekja til J\u00f3ns Gu\u00f0mundssonar<\/a> sem var\u00f0 ritstj\u00f3ri bla\u00f0sins s\u00ed\u00f0la \u00e1rs 1852, en d\u00e6mi um umr\u00e6tt or\u00f0asamband fara a\u00f0 sj\u00e1st \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1ri\u00f0 1853. J\u00f3n var ritstj\u00f3ri \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0\u00f3lfs<\/em> til 1874 og eftir \u00fea\u00f0 fer d\u00e6mum um sambandi\u00f0 f\u00e6kkandi \u00ed bla\u00f0inu. \u00dea\u00f0 er l\u00edka ekki \u00f3hugsandi a\u00f0 \u00e1\u00f0urnefnt d\u00e6mi \u00ed Sk\u00edrni<\/em> s\u00e9 einnig komi\u00f0 fr\u00e1 J\u00f3ni \u2013 hann var ritstj\u00f3ri Sk\u00edrnis <\/em>1852 en g\u00e6ti einnig hafa komi\u00f0 n\u00e1l\u00e6gt \u00e1rgangnum 1851 \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00e9g geti fullyrt \u00fea\u00f0.<\/p>\n

\u00c9g s\u00e9 ekki betur en allar hugsanlegar myndir veikrar beygingar af \u00fdmis<\/em> komi fyrir \u2013 \u00ed \u00feremur kynjum, tveimur t\u00f6lum og fj\u00f3rum f\u00f6llum. Eintalan er vissulega margfalt sjaldg\u00e6fari en fleirtalan en \u00fea\u00f0 eru \u00fe\u00f3 h\u00e1tt \u00ed 500 d\u00e6mi um hana, svo sem \u201eS\u00f6mulei\u00f0is a\u00f0 hinn \u00fdmsi litur jurta og bl\u00f3ma, stafi fr\u00e1 \u00e1hrifum s\u00f3larlj\u00f3ssins \u00e1 jurtal\u00edfi\u00f0\u201c \u00ed Dagskr\u00e1 <\/em>1897, \u201eSk\u00f3lar, verksmi\u00f0jur og hin \u00fdmsa starfsemi gengur n\u00fa sinn vana gang\u201c \u00ed V\u00edsi<\/em> 1977 og \u201e\u00c1st\u00e6\u00f0an fyrir lyktinni er s\u00fa a\u00f0 kj\u00f6tvinnslan Kjarnaf\u00e6\u00f0i, sem er \u00ed n\u00e6sta h\u00fasi vi\u00f0 R\u00favak, hefur veri\u00f0 dugleg vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 reykja hi\u00f0 \u00fdmsa kj\u00f6tmeti\u201c \u00ed Degi <\/em>1987. \u00dea\u00f0 er r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 hafa \u00ed huga a\u00f0 hi\u00f0 sama gildir um hina \u201ehef\u00f0bundnu\u201c sterku beygingu or\u00f0sins, a\u00f0 eintalan er \u00fear margfalt sjaldg\u00e6fari en fleirtalan, sem er skiljanlegt \u00fat fr\u00e1 merkingu or\u00f0sins.<\/p>\n

Flest h\u00f6fum vi\u00f0 v\u00e6ntanlega l\u00e6rt a\u00f0 \u00fdmis<\/em> s\u00e9 \u00f3\u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 fornafn, og \u00ed M\u00e1lfarsbankanum<\/em> segir<\/a>: \u201eOr\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00fdmis<\/strong> er a\u00f0 uppruna fornafn og \u00fev\u00ed er ekki tali\u00f0 \u00e6skilegt a\u00f0 segja \u201ehinir \u00fdmsu menn\u201c e\u00f0a \u201ehinir \u00fdmsustu a\u00f0ilar\u201c enda er \u00fdmis<\/strong> \u00fe\u00e1 sett \u00ed st\u00f6\u00f0u l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0s. Fremur: \u00fdmsir menn, alls konar f\u00f3lk, mismunandi a\u00f0ilar<\/em> o.s.frv.\u201c En \u00fdmis<\/em> er reyndar greint sem l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0<\/strong> \u00ed flestum uppflettiritum um fornm\u00e1li\u00f0, t.d. or\u00f0ab\u00f3k Fritzners<\/a>, Norr\u00f8n grammatikk<\/em> eftir Iversen, fornm\u00e1lsor\u00f0ab\u00f3kinni<\/a> \u00ed Kaupmannah\u00f6fn o.v. Sigf\u00fas Bl\u00f6ndal greinir or\u00f0i\u00f0 l\u00edka \u00feannig \u00ed \u00cdslensk-danskri or\u00f0ab\u00f3k<\/a>. Vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 b\u00e6tist svo tilhneiging or\u00f0sins til a\u00f0 stigbreytast, hinir \u00fdmsustu<\/em>, en v\u00e6ntanlega er \u00fear samt ekki um raunverulega stigbreytingu a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a eins og \u00e9g hef \u00e1\u00f0ur skrifa\u00f0<\/a> um.<\/p>\n

Andsta\u00f0an vi\u00f0 \u00feetta or\u00f0alag vir\u00f0ist byggjast \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 sem fornafn \u201eeigi\u201c \u00fea\u00f0 ekki a\u00f0 hafa \u00feessa beygingu e\u00f0a setningarst\u00f6\u00f0u \u2013 \u201egreinir ver\u00f0ur ekki nota\u00f0ur svo \u00ed g\u00f3\u00f0ri \u00edslenzku\u201c\u00a0segir<\/a> Bjarni Vilhj\u00e1lmsson \u00ed Syrpu <\/em>1947. En \u00fea\u00f0 er au\u00f0vita\u00f0 fr\u00e1leitt a\u00f0 halda \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 eitthva\u00f0 s\u00e9 athugavert vi\u00f0 or\u00f0alag sem \u00e1 s\u00e9r 170 \u00e1ra s\u00f6gu \u00ed m\u00e1linu og n\u00e6rri 160 \u00fe\u00fasund d\u00e6mi eru um \u00e1 t\u00edmarit.is<\/em>, og r\u00fam 40 \u00fe\u00fasund \u00ed Risam\u00e1lheildinni<\/em>. \u00cd lj\u00f3si \u00feess a\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 hefur komi\u00f0 s\u00e9r upp fullkominni veikri beygingu, og er nota\u00f0 \u00ed d\u00e6miger\u00f0ri setningarst\u00f6\u00f0u l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0a, finnst m\u00e9r einbo\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 breyta greiningunni og skilgreina \u00fdmis<\/em> framvegis sem l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0 sem hafi sterka og veika beygingu eins og \u00f6nnur or\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feeim flokki \u2013 og taka or\u00f0alagi\u00f0 hin \u00fdmsu<\/em> \u00ed s\u00e1tt.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00cdslensk l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0 hafa b\u00e6\u00f0i svokalla\u00f0a sterka beygingu (g\u00f3\u00f0ur \/ g\u00f3\u00f0 \/ gott) og veika ((hinn) g\u00f3\u00f0i\/ (hin) g\u00f3\u00f0a \/ (hi\u00f0) g\u00f3\u00f0a). Meginreglan er s\u00fa a\u00f0 sterka beygingin er notu\u00f0 \u00feegar l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0in standa sj\u00e1lfst\u00e6\u00f0 e\u00f0a me\u00f0 \u00f3\u00e1kve\u00f0num nafnor\u00f0um (\u00e1n greinis) \u2013 hann er g\u00f3\u00f0ur, g\u00f3\u00f0 b\u00f3k. Veika beygingin er notu\u00f0 \u00feegar l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0in standa me\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0num nafnor\u00f0um […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4215","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4215","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4215"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4215\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6938,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4215\/revisions\/6938"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4215"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4215"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4215"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}