{"id":4598,"date":"2020-10-17T08:00:07","date_gmt":"2020-10-17T08:00:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=4598"},"modified":"2022-10-09T13:51:03","modified_gmt":"2022-10-09T13:51:03","slug":"frumlagsfall","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2020\/10\/17\/frumlagsfall\/","title":{"rendered":"Frumlagsfall"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Flest sagnor\u00f0 taka me\u00f0 s\u00e9r nafnor\u00f0 e\u00f0a forn\u00f6fn, eitt e\u00f0a fleiri, til a\u00f0 t\u00e1kna \u00fe\u00e1tttakendur \u00ed \u00feeirri ath\u00f6fn, atbur\u00f0i e\u00f0a a\u00f0ger\u00f0 sem s\u00f6gnin l\u00fdsir. Mj\u00f6g oft stendur eitt \u00feessara nafnor\u00f0a e\u00f0a fornafna fyrir \u00feann e\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e1 sem framkv\u00e6mir \u00fea\u00f0 sem \u00ed s\u00f6gninni felst, og kemur \u00fe\u00e1 oftast \u00e1 undan s\u00f6gninni. \u00cd setningunni <em>Gu\u00f0r\u00fan las b\u00f3kina <\/em>er \u00fea\u00f0 Gu\u00f0r\u00fan sem framkv\u00e6mir \u00fe\u00e1 ath\u00f6fn a\u00f0 lesa, og \u00ed setningunni <em>Sveinn brosti<\/em> er \u00fea\u00f0 Sveinn sem framkv\u00e6mir \u00fe\u00e1 ath\u00f6fn a\u00f0 brosa. \u00deess vegna er tala\u00f0 um nafnor\u00f0i\u00f0 e\u00f0a fornafni\u00f0 sem <strong>geranda<\/strong> \u00ed sl\u00edkum setningum. Hver s\u00f6gn tekur a\u00f0eins me\u00f0 s\u00e9r einn geranda og \u00f6nnur nafnor\u00f0 e\u00f0a forn\u00f6fn \u00ed setningunni hafa \u00fev\u00ed \u00f6nnur merkingarleg hlutverk (eru t.d. \u00feolendur, \u00feiggjendur o.fl.).<\/p>\n<p>En \u00fdmsar sagnir taka ekki me\u00f0 s\u00e9r geranda vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r l\u00fdsa ekki ath\u00f6fn e\u00f0a a\u00f0ger\u00f0, heldur tilfinningu, skynjun, upplifun e\u00f0a einhverju sl\u00edku. \u00deannig er t.d. me\u00f0 sagnir eins og <em>kv\u00ed\u00f0a<\/em>, <em>langa<\/em> og <em>finnast<\/em>. \u00deessar sagnir taka allar me\u00f0 s\u00e9r nafnor\u00f0 e\u00f0a fornafn sem t\u00e1knar \u00feann e\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e1 sem f\u00e6r \u00fe\u00e1 tilfinningu e\u00f0a upplifir \u00fe\u00e1 skynjun sem \u00ed s\u00f6gninni felst. \u00cd setningunni <em>\u00de\u00f3r kv\u00ed\u00f0ir fyrir pr\u00f3finu<\/em> er \u00fea\u00f0 \u00de\u00f3r sem f\u00e6r kv\u00ed\u00f0atilfinningu, \u00ed setningunni <em>Sigr\u00ed\u00f0i langar \u00ed s\u00fakkula\u00f0i <\/em>er \u00fea\u00f0 Sigr\u00ed\u00f0ur sem fyllist s\u00fakkula\u00f0il\u00f6ngun, og \u00ed setningunni <em>Sigr\u00fanu finnst maturinn g\u00f3\u00f0ur<\/em> er \u00fea\u00f0 Sigr\u00fan sem upplifir tiltekna skynjun \u00e1 matnum (gott brag\u00f0). \u00de\u00f3r, Sigr\u00ed\u00f0ur og Sigr\u00fan eru ekki gerendur \u00ed \u00feessum setningum vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00feau a\u00f0hafast ekkert, framkv\u00e6ma enga ath\u00f6fn e\u00f0a a\u00f0ger\u00f0. \u00dea\u00f0 m\u00e6tti fremur kalla \u00feau <strong>skynjendur.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Gerandi er \u00e6vinlega \u00ed nefnifalli, en nafnor\u00f0 og forn\u00f6fn sem gegna \u00f6\u00f0rum merkingarlegum hlutverkum en gerandahlutverkinu f\u00e1 mismunandi f\u00f6ll eftir \u00fev\u00ed me\u00f0 hva\u00f0a s\u00f6gn \u00feau standa. Engar einfaldar reglur gilda um \u00fea\u00f0 hva\u00f0a sagnir af \u00feessu tagi taka hva\u00f0a fall. \u00deannig tekur <em>kv\u00ed\u00f0a<\/em> nefnifall \u2013 <strong><em>\u00c9g<\/em><\/strong><em> kv\u00ed\u00f0i fyrir pr\u00f3finu<\/em> \u2013 en <em>langa <\/em>tekur \u00feolfall \u2013 <strong><em>Mig<\/em><\/strong><em> langar \u00ed s\u00fakkula\u00f0i<\/em>. Langalgengast er \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 sagnir sem t\u00e1kna tilfinningu, skynjun e\u00f0a upplifun taki me\u00f0 s\u00e9r nafnor\u00f0 e\u00f0a fornafn \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gufalli \u2013 <strong><em>M\u00e9r<\/em><\/strong><em> finnst maturinn g\u00f3\u00f0ur<\/em>, <strong><em>Honum<\/em><\/strong><em> lei\u00f0ist \u00ed sk\u00f3lanum<\/em>, <strong><em>Henni<\/em><\/strong><em> l\u00edkar vi\u00f0 alla<\/em>, o.s.frv. \u00deetta lei\u00f0ir til \u00feess a\u00f0 \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1li er sterk tilhneiging til a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r sagnir af \u00feessu tagi sem hafa teki\u00f0 me\u00f0 s\u00e9r nefnifall e\u00f0a \u00feolfall taki \u00fe\u00e1gufall \u00ed sta\u00f0inn. \u00deannig er algengt a\u00f0 sagt s\u00e9 <strong><em>M\u00e9r<\/em><\/strong><em> kv\u00ed\u00f0ir fyrir pr\u00f3finu<\/em>, <strong><em>\u00deeim<\/em><\/strong><em> hlakkar til j\u00f3lanna<\/em>, <strong><em>Honum<\/em><\/strong><em> langar \u00ed s\u00fakkula\u00f0i<\/em>, <strong><em>Henni<\/em><\/strong><em> dreymdi illa<\/em>, o.s.frv.<\/p>\n<p>\u00deessi breyting, sem hefur veri\u00f0 k\u00f6llu\u00f0 \u201e\u00fe\u00e1gufallss\u00fdki\u201c e\u00f0a \u201e\u00fe\u00e1gufallshneig\u00f0\u201c, er ekki n\u00fd af n\u00e1linni \u2013 r\u00e6tur hennar m\u00e1 rekja a.m.k. til 19. aldar og jafnvel lengra aftur. N\u00fdlegar ranns\u00f3knir s\u00fdna a\u00f0 notkun \u00fe\u00e1gufalls \u00ed sta\u00f0 nefnifalls e\u00f0a \u00feolfalls me\u00f0 s\u00f6gunum af \u00feessu tagi er mj\u00f6g algeng um allt land og brei\u00f0ist sm\u00e1tt og sm\u00e1tt \u00fat. \u00dea\u00f0 m\u00e1 f\u00e6ra r\u00f6k a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00feetta s\u00e9 skiljanleg og \u201ee\u00f0lileg\u201c m\u00e1lbreyting \u2013 vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 yfirgn\u00e6fandi meirihluti sagna sem t\u00e1kna tilfinningu, skynjun e\u00f0a upplifun tekur me\u00f0 s\u00e9r \u00fe\u00e1gufall er hvorki \u00f3v\u00e6nt n\u00e9 \u00f3e\u00f0lilegt a\u00f0 \u00feessar sagnir hafi \u00e1hrif \u00e1 hinar sem taka nefnifall e\u00f0a \u00feolfall og eru miklu f\u00e6rri. \u00der\u00e1tt fyrir \u00fea\u00f0 er \u00feessi m\u00e1lnotkun (\u201e\u00fe\u00e1gufallss\u00fdki\u201c e\u00f0a \u201e\u00fe\u00e1gufallshneig\u00f0\u201c) ekki vi\u00f0urkennd sem \u201er\u00e9tt m\u00e1l\u201c \u00ed hinum \u00f3opinbera \u00edslenska m\u00e1lsta\u00f0li.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Flest sagnor\u00f0 taka me\u00f0 s\u00e9r nafnor\u00f0 e\u00f0a forn\u00f6fn, eitt e\u00f0a fleiri, til a\u00f0 t\u00e1kna \u00fe\u00e1tttakendur \u00ed \u00feeirri ath\u00f6fn, atbur\u00f0i e\u00f0a a\u00f0ger\u00f0 sem s\u00f6gnin l\u00fdsir. Mj\u00f6g oft stendur eitt \u00feessara nafnor\u00f0a e\u00f0a fornafna fyrir \u00feann e\u00f0a \u00fe\u00e1 sem framkv\u00e6mir \u00fea\u00f0 sem \u00ed s\u00f6gninni felst, og kemur \u00fe\u00e1 oftast \u00e1 undan s\u00f6gninni. \u00cd setningunni Gu\u00f0r\u00fan las b\u00f3kina [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4598","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4598","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4598"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4598\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4599,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4598\/revisions\/4599"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4598"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4598"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4598"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}