{"id":4758,"date":"2022-12-13T23:02:08","date_gmt":"2022-12-13T23:02:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=4758"},"modified":"2022-12-14T10:30:28","modified_gmt":"2022-12-14T10:30:28","slug":"hvernig-beygist-fjorir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2022\/12\/13\/hvernig-beygist-fjorir\/","title":{"rendered":"Hvernig beygist fj\u00f3rir?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Beyging t\u00f6luor\u00f0sins fj\u00f3rir<\/em> er \u00ed nokku\u00f0 f\u00f6stum skor\u00f0um en \u00fe\u00f3 m\u00e1 finna \u00fdmis d\u00e6mi um tilbrig\u00f0i \u00ed henni. Stundum er tala\u00f0 um<\/a>\u00a0fj\u00f3ran og h\u00e1lfan vinning <\/em> og \u00fe\u00f3tt or\u00f0i\u00f0 beygist venjulega a\u00f0eins sterkt kemur fyrir a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 beygt veikt, hinir fj\u00f3ru st\u00f3ru<\/em>. En helstu tilbrig\u00f0in eru \u00ed \u00feeim myndum sem hafa stofninn fj\u00f6gur-<\/em>, \u00fe.e. nefnifalli og \u00feolfalli \u00ed hvorugkyni og svo eignarfalli allra kynja. \u00cd Beygingarl\u00fdsingu \u00edslensks n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1ls<\/em> er eignarfalli\u00f0 sagt<\/a> vera anna\u00f0hvort fj\u00f6gurra<\/em> e\u00f0a fj\u00f6gra<\/em>. \u00cd fornu m\u00e1li var eignarfalli\u00f0 fj\u00f6gurra <\/em>(e\u00f0a fiogurra<\/em>) en myndin fj\u00f6gra<\/em> er komin til \u00feegar \u00e1 fimmt\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld og ver\u00f0ur s\u00ed\u00f0ar yfirgn\u00e6fandi \u2013 \u00ed \u00cdslenzkri m\u00e1lmyndal\u00fdsingu<\/em> Halld\u00f3rs Kr. Fri\u00f0rikssonar fr\u00e1 1861 er h\u00fan ein gefin en myndin fj\u00f6gurra<\/em> ekki nefnd.<\/p>\n

\u00deetta breytist \u00e1 20. \u00f6ld. \u00cd Islandsk Grammatik<\/em> Valt\u00fds Gu\u00f0mundssonar fr\u00e1 1922 er eignarfallsmyndin fj\u00f6gra<\/em> talin fyrst og s\u00ed\u00f0an fj\u00f6gurra<\/em>, en fjegra<\/em> haft \u00ed sviga. Samkv\u00e6mt t\u00edmarit.is <\/em>er fj\u00f6gra<\/em> mun algengari mynd framan af en \u00e1ri\u00f0 1942 er fj\u00f6gurra<\/em> or\u00f0in algengari og s\u00ed\u00f0an hefur s\u00edfellt dregi\u00f0 sundur me\u00f0 myndunum, og fj\u00f6gra<\/em> er n\u00fa or\u00f0in s\u00e1rasjaldg\u00e6f. Ekki er gott a\u00f0 \u00e1tta sig \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hvers vegna \u00feessi breyting ver\u00f0ur en e.t.v. hefur veri\u00f0 unni\u00f0 gegn myndinni fj\u00f6gra<\/em> \u00ed kennslu. Til \u00feess g\u00e6ti bent a\u00f0 \u00ed M\u00e1lfarsbankanum<\/em> segir<\/a>: \u201eEignarfallsmyndin fj\u00f6gra \u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ur vi\u00f0 \u00ed ritm\u00e1li.\u201c Ekki er lj\u00f3st \u00e1 hverju \u00fea\u00f0 gildismat byggist, og b\u00e1\u00f0ar myndirnar eru gefnar athugasemdalaust \u00ed \u00cdslenskri m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0i <\/em>Bj\u00f6rns Gu\u00f0finnssonar.<\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00cdslenzkri m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0i <\/em>Jakobs J\u00f3h. Sm\u00e1ra fr\u00e1 1932 er myndin fj\u00f6gurra <\/em>h\u00f6f\u00f0 fyrst og svo fj\u00f6gra<\/em>, en s\u00ed\u00f0an segir a\u00f0 eignarfalli\u00f0 s\u00e9 \u201en\u00fa oft fjegra<\/em> e\u00f0a jafnvel fjagra<\/em> (\u00ed tali), sem er mynda\u00f0 eftir \u201esp\u00f6k \u2013 spakra\u201c. \u00cd Beygingarl\u00fdsingu \u00edslensks n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1ls<\/em> er sagt a\u00f0 ritmyndinni fjagra<\/em> breg\u00f0i fyrir \u201e\u00ed n\u00fdlegum textum\u201c. Elsta d\u00e6mi um hana \u00e1 t\u00edmarit.is <\/em>er \u00fe\u00f3 fr\u00e1 1909 og d\u00e6mi eru um hana fr\u00e1 \u00f6llum \u00e1ratugum 20. aldar, alls um 80, en sennilega hefur h\u00fan lengi veri\u00f0 mun \u00fatbreiddari \u00ed talm\u00e1li eins og or\u00f0 Jakobs J\u00f3h. Sm\u00e1ra benda til, \u00fe\u00f3tt h\u00fan hafi l\u00edti\u00f0 komist \u00e1 prent. Til \u00feess bendir einnig \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 af 490 d\u00e6mum um hana \u00ed Risam\u00e1lheildinni <\/em>eru 450 af samf\u00e9lagsmi\u00f0lum \u00fear sem m\u00e1lsni\u00f0i\u00f0 er mun \u00f3formlegra og n\u00e6r t\u00f6lu\u00f0u m\u00e1li.<\/p>\n

Myndin fjagra <\/em>er \u00ed sj\u00e1lfu s\u00e9r mj\u00f6g e\u00f0lileg. Upphaflega hlj\u00f3\u00f0i\u00f0 er \u00fearna e<\/em> en \u00f6<\/em>-i\u00f0 \u00ed fj\u00f6gurra<\/em> er tilkomi\u00f0 fyrir \u00e1hrif u <\/em>\u00ed n\u00e6sta atkv\u00e6\u00f0i (hlj\u00f3\u00f0breyting sem nefnist klofning). \u00deegar \u00feetta u<\/em> fellur brott \u00ed styttri myndinni fj\u00f6gra<\/em> er upphaflega forsendan fyrir \u00f6<\/em>-inu ekki lengur fyrir hendi og myndin fjagra<\/em> liggur beint vi\u00f0, og sty\u00f0st auk \u00feess vi\u00f0 beygingu l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0a eins og Jakob J\u00f3h. Sm\u00e1ri benti \u00e1. \u00cd Beygingarl\u00fdsingu \u00edslensks n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1ls <\/em>segir<\/a> a\u00f0 ritmyndirnar fjegra<\/em> og f\u00e9gra<\/em> komi fyrir \u00ed eignarfalli en s\u00e9u \u201en\u00fa mj\u00f6g f\u00e1g\u00e6tar\u201c. \u00dea\u00f0 hafa \u00fe\u00e6r reyndar alltaf veri\u00f0 \u2013 a\u00f0 vi\u00f0b\u00e6ttri myndinni fjegurra<\/em> eru innan vi\u00f0 30 d\u00e6mi um \u00fe\u00e6r \u00e1 t\u00edmarit.is<\/em>, og a\u00f0eins sex \u00ed Risam\u00e1lheildinni<\/em>. \u00de\u00e6r myndir eru \u00fev\u00ed eiginlega horfnar, en fjagra <\/em>sprelllifandi.<\/p>\n

Nefnifall og \u00feolfall \u00ed hvorugkyni var fj\u00f6gur<\/em> \u00ed fornu m\u00e1li og er \u00fea\u00f0 oftast enn, en myndinni f\u00e9gur<\/em> (e\u00f0a fjegur<\/em>) breg\u00f0ur \u00fe\u00f3 fyrir. H\u00fan kom til<\/a> um 1600 vi\u00f0 afkringingu \u00f6<\/em> sem var\u00f0 e<\/em> \u00e1 eftir j<\/em> \u00ed \u00fdmsum or\u00f0um eins og mj\u00f6l <\/em>> m\u00e9l<\/em>, smj\u00f6r<\/em> > sm\u00e9r<\/em>, kj\u00f6t<\/em> > ket<\/em> o.fl. \u00cd Sk\u00edrni <\/em>1923 segir<\/a> J\u00f3hannes L.L. J\u00f3hannsson \u201emyndirnar fjegur<\/em>, mjel<\/em> o.fl. enn me\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0u l\u00edfi [\u2026]. Eg er ekki s\u00e1 m\u00e1lhreinsill a\u00f0 eg amist vi\u00f0, a\u00f0 tala\u00f0 s\u00e9 um or\u00f0myndir, sem illa \u00feykja rith\u00e6far, ef \u00fe\u00e6r \u00ed sannleika fyrirfinnast \u00ed talm\u00e1li.\u201c \u00cd \u00cdslandi<\/em> 1929 segir<\/a> aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti a\u00f0 \u00feessar myndir s\u00e9u \u201elj\u00f3tar og hafa allt af \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00f3rith\u00e6far\u201c, og \u00ed Al\u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ubla\u00f0inu<\/em> 1967 segir<\/a>: \u201eEn ekki hef \u00e9g vita\u00f0 fyrr a\u00f0 t\u00ed\u00f0ka\u00f0ist a\u00f0 skrifa \u201efjegur\u201c fyrir \u201efj\u00f6gur\u201c \u00fe\u00f3tt s\u00e1 frambur\u00f0ur s\u00e9 algengur.\u201c<\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0viljanum <\/em>1960 sag\u00f0i<\/a> \u00c1rni B\u00f6\u00f0varsson: \u201eKet<\/strong> og kj\u00f6t<\/strong>, sm\u00e9r<\/strong> og smj\u00f6r<\/strong>, m\u00e9l<\/strong> og mj\u00f6l<\/strong> eru allt jafnr\u00e9tt or\u00f0. [\u2026] Sama er a\u00f0 segja um f\u00e9gur<\/strong> og fj\u00f6gur<\/strong> [\u2026]. Myndirn[ar] me\u00f0 \u00e9<\/strong> eru miklu f\u00e1t\u00ed\u00f0ari \u00ed tali en engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur fullgott ritm\u00e1l.\u201c \u00cd gildandi Ritreglum<\/em> segir:<\/a> \u201eValfrj\u00e1lst er hvort rita\u00f0 er sm\u00e9r<\/em>, f\u00e9gur<\/em> e\u00f0a smjer<\/em> og fjegur<\/em>. Rith\u00e1ttur me\u00f0 je<\/em> endur\u00adspeglar a\u00f0 \u00ed \u00feessum or\u00f0um hefur gamalt j\u00f6<\/em> or\u00f0i\u00f0 je<\/em> (sbr. smj\u00f6r<\/em>, fj\u00f6gur<\/em>). Rith\u00e1ttur me\u00f0 \u00e9<\/em> er hins vegar \u00ed samr\u00e6mi vi\u00f0 almenna reglu um t\u00e1knun hlj\u00f3\u00f0asambandsins je<\/em>.\u201c \u00c1 t\u00edmarit.is<\/em> eru um 130 d\u00e6mi um fjegur<\/em>\/f\u00e9gur<\/em> en um 40 \u00feeirra eru \u00far v\u00edsum \u00fear sem or\u00f0myndin er r\u00edmbundin og allnokkur \u00far m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegri umfj\u00f6llun um hana. \u00cd Risam\u00e1lheildinni <\/em>eru a\u00f0eins um 30 d\u00e6mi um or\u00f0myndina.<\/p>\n

Auk algengustu beygingarmynda t\u00f6luor\u00f0sins fj\u00f3rir <\/em>hafa h\u00e9r veri\u00f0 nefndar fleirt\u00f6lumyndirnar f\u00e9gur<\/em>\/fjegur<\/em> og eignarfallsmyndirnar fj\u00f6gra<\/em>, f\u00e9gra<\/em>\/fjegra<\/em>, fjegurra <\/em>og fjagra<\/em>. Af \u00feessum myndum vir\u00f0ist f\u00e9gur<\/em>\/fjegur<\/em> vera vi\u00f0urkennd, \u00fear e\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r myndir eru nefndar \u00ed Ritreglum<\/em> og<\/a> \u00cdslenskri stafsetningaror\u00f0ab\u00f3k<\/em>, og einnig fj\u00f6gra<\/em>, \u00fe\u00f3tt s\u00fa mynd \u00feyki s\u00ed\u00f0ri en fj\u00f6gurra<\/em> samkv\u00e6mt M\u00e1lfarsbankanum<\/em>. Myndin fjagra<\/em> er hins vegar hvergi nefnd sem vi\u00f0urkennd mynd \u00ed or\u00f0ab\u00f3kum e\u00f0a m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ib\u00f3kum, svo a\u00f0 \u00e9g viti. En \u00ed lj\u00f3si aldurs hennar og t\u00ed\u00f0ni, og \u00feess a\u00f0 h\u00fan er \u00ed raun alveg regluleg og au\u00f0sk\u00fdranleg, finnst m\u00e9r engin \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a til annars en telja \u00feetta fullgilda eignarfallsmynd t\u00f6luor\u00f0sins fj\u00f3rir<\/em>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Beyging t\u00f6luor\u00f0sins fj\u00f3rir er \u00ed nokku\u00f0 f\u00f6stum skor\u00f0um en \u00fe\u00f3 m\u00e1 finna \u00fdmis d\u00e6mi um tilbrig\u00f0i \u00ed henni. Stundum er tala\u00f0 um\u00a0fj\u00f3ran og h\u00e1lfan vinning og \u00fe\u00f3tt or\u00f0i\u00f0 beygist venjulega a\u00f0eins sterkt kemur fyrir a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 beygt veikt, hinir fj\u00f3ru st\u00f3ru. En helstu tilbrig\u00f0in eru \u00ed \u00feeim myndum sem hafa stofninn fj\u00f6gur-, \u00fe.e. nefnifalli […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4758","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4758","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4758"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4758\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4762,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4758\/revisions\/4762"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4758"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4758"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4758"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}