{"id":5090,"date":"2023-04-18T13:29:54","date_gmt":"2023-04-18T13:29:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=5090"},"modified":"2023-04-18T13:29:54","modified_gmt":"2023-04-18T13:29:54","slug":"um-griplimi-og-leghafa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2023\/04\/18\/um-griplimi-og-leghafa\/","title":{"rendered":"Um griplimi og leghafa"},"content":{"rendered":"

Or\u00f0i\u00f0 griplimur <\/em>var um t\u00edma nota\u00f0 sem \u00ed\u00f0or\u00f0 \u00ed merkingunni \u02bbhandleggur og h\u00f6nd\u02bc en svo miki\u00f0 var h\u00e6\u00f0st a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 f\u00e9ll \u00far notkun. Or\u00f0in leghafi<\/em> og legberi<\/em> hafa m\u00e1tt s\u00e6ta svipa\u00f0ri me\u00f0fer\u00f0. Mikilv\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 \u00e1tta sig \u00e1 \u00feeim grundvallarmun sem er \u00e1 \u00ed\u00f0or\u00f0um sem einkum eru \u00e6tlu\u00f0 til nota \u00ed s\u00e9rh\u00e6f\u00f0u samhengi og almennum or\u00f0um daglegs m\u00e1ls.<\/p>\n

Griplimur<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Vi\u00f0 vitum a\u00f0 sj\u00e1lfs\u00f6g\u00f0u \u00f6ll hva\u00f0 or\u00f0in h\u00f6nd<\/em> og handleggur<\/em> merkja, en \u00fe\u00f3tt sk\u00fdr munur s\u00e9 \u00e1 merk\u00adingu \u00feeirra er anna\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 i\u00f0ulega nota\u00f0 \u00ed merkingu beggja \u00ed dag\u00adlegu tali \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 nokkr\u00adum finnist \u00fea\u00f0 athugavert. Vi\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0nar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur skiptir samt m\u00e1li a\u00f0 hafa eitt or\u00f0 sem v\u00edsar sam\u00adeiginlega til handar og handleggs og hefur alveg sk\u00fdra og \u00f3tv\u00edr\u00e6\u00f0a merkingu. \u00deetta \u00e1 eink\u00adum vi\u00f0 \u00ed l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu samhengi og \u00ed \u00cd\u00f0or\u00f0asafni l\u00e6kna<\/em> \u00ed \u00cd\u00f0or\u00f0abanka <\/em>\u00c1rna<\/em>\u00adstofn<\/em>\u00adunar<\/em> eru gefin tv\u00f6 \u00ed\u00f0or\u00f0<\/strong><\/a>, samheiti, sem \u00fej\u00f3na \u00feessum tilgangi \u2013 or\u00f0i\u00f0 axlarlimur <\/em>og or\u00f0a\u00adsam\u00adbandi\u00f0 efri \u00fat<\/em>\u00adlimur<\/em> sem er skilgreint<\/a> sem \u02bbEfri limur l\u00edkamans, innifelur \u00f6xl, upphandlegg, oln\u00adboga, fram\u00adhand\u00adlegg, \u00falnli\u00f0, h\u00f6nd og fingur\u02bc. \u00cd daglegu tali skiptir svo n\u00e1kv\u00e6m skilgreining engu.<\/p>\n

En um \u00ed\u00f0or\u00f0 gilda a\u00f0 \u00fdmsu leyti a\u00f0rar reglur en um or\u00f0 \u00ed almennu m\u00e1li. \u00dea\u00f0 er t.d. algert aukaatri\u00f0i hvort \u00ed\u00f0or\u00f0 eru falleg (hvernig sem \u00e1 a\u00f0 meta \u00fea\u00f0) \u00fe\u00f3tt fegur\u00f0 spilli vitanlega aldrei. \u00dea\u00f0 er ekki heldur a\u00f0alatri\u00f0i a\u00f0 \u00ed\u00f0or\u00f0 s\u00e9u stutt e\u00f0a lipur \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 vissulega til b\u00f3ta. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00e6skilegt a\u00f0 \u00ed\u00f0or\u00f0 s\u00e9u gagns\u00e6 en ekki nau\u00f0synlegt. En \u00ed\u00f0or\u00f0 \u00feurfa a\u00f0 vera myndu\u00f0 samkv\u00e6mt al\u00admennum or\u00f0myndunarreglum m\u00e1lsins, og ef \u00feau eru hluti af \u00e1kve\u00f0nu kerfi \u00feurfa \u00feau a\u00f0 vera mynd\u00adu\u00f0 \u00e1 sama h\u00e1tt og \u00f6nnur samb\u00e6rileg or\u00f0 innan kerfisins (or\u00f0 sem t\u00e1kna lagar\u00adm\u00e1l enda t.d. \u00f6ll \u00e1 -l\u00edtri<\/em> og or\u00f0 yfir lengdarm\u00e1l enda \u00e1 -metri<\/em>). Meginatri\u00f0i\u00f0 er \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 \u00feau \u00feurfa a\u00f0 hafa sk\u00fdra, \u00f3tv\u00edr\u00e6\u00f0a og vel skil\u00adgreinda merkingu \u2013 eins og efri \u00fatlimur<\/em> \/ axlarlimur<\/em> h\u00e9r a\u00f0 framan.<\/p>\n

\u00c9g geri t\u00e6past r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 m\u00f6rg ykkar \u00feekki or\u00f0i\u00f0 axlarlimur<\/em> enda er \u00fea\u00f0 ekki a\u00f0 finna \u00ed neinum almennum or\u00f0ab\u00f3kum. \u00cd\u00f0or\u00f0 eru nefnilega bundin vi\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 samhengi og oft l\u00edti\u00f0 sem ekkert notu\u00f0 \u00ed almennu m\u00e1li, og \u00fear af lei\u00f0andi i\u00f0ulega l\u00edti\u00f0 \u00feekkt me\u00f0al almennings \u2013 axlarlimur <\/em>kemur t.d. a\u00f0eins fyrir \u00ed \u00feremur d\u00e6mum<\/a> \u00e1 t\u00edmarit.is<\/em>, og alls ekki<\/a> \u00ed Risa<\/em>\u00adm\u00e1l<\/em>\u00adheild<\/em>\u00adinni<\/em>. En \u00feetta er ekki eina or\u00f0i\u00f0 sem stungi\u00f0 hefur veri\u00f0 upp \u00e1 \u00ed \u00feessari merkingu. Um t\u00edma var or\u00f0i\u00f0 griplimur<\/em> nota\u00f0 \u00ed l\u00e6knis\u00adfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu samhengi og \u00e1 t\u00edmarit.is<\/em> m\u00e1 finna allnokkur d\u00e6mi um \u00fea\u00f0 fr\u00e1 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu 40 \u00e1rum, lang\u00adflest \u00far L\u00e6knabla\u00f0inu <\/em>og \u00f6\u00f0rum ritum \u00e1 heilbrig\u00f0issvi\u00f0i. \u00deetta er gagns\u00e6tt or\u00f0 og gott sem sl\u00edkt, en \u00fea\u00f0 komst \u00e1 flakk og \u00fe\u00f3tti f\u00e1r\u00e1nlegt og \u00fea\u00f0 var \u00f3spart gert gys a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u00deetta kemur gl\u00f6ggt fram \u00ed grein sem forma\u00f0ur or\u00f0anefndar L\u00e6kna\u00adf\u00e9lagsins skrifa\u00f0i<\/a> \u00ed L\u00e6kna<\/em>\u00adbla\u00f0i\u00f0 <\/em>1997: \u201eUndirrita\u00f0ur hefur einungis \u00f3lj\u00f3sa minningu um \u00fea\u00f0 hven\u00e6r hann komst fyrst \u00ed kynni vi\u00f0 heiti\u00f0 griplimur<\/strong>, en and\u00fa\u00f0in sem \u00fea\u00f0 vakti er enn n\u00e1nast \u00e1\u00fereifanleg. Apar og \u00f3\u00e6\u00f0ri d\u00fdr m\u00e1ttu svo sem hanga \u00e1 griplimum s\u00ednum \u00ed trj\u00e1num, en menn<\/strong> r\u00e9ttu ekki hver \u00f6\u00f0rum grip\u00adlimina! \u00de\u00f3 er heiti\u00f0 sem sl\u00edkt \u00e1g\u00e6tt sem kerfisheiti til a\u00f0 nota um \u00fatlim (L: extremitas) sem get\u00adur gripi\u00f0, \u00e1 sama h\u00e1tt og heiti\u00f0 ganglimur<\/strong> l\u00fdsir \u00fatlim sem nota m\u00e1 til gangs.\u201c Or\u00f0i\u00f0 grip<\/em>\u00adlim<\/em>\u00adur<\/em> er ekki lengur<\/a> \u00ed \u00cd\u00f0or\u00f0asafni l\u00e6kna<\/em> \u00fe\u00f3tt l\u00e6knar noti \u00fea\u00f0 eitthva\u00f0 enn ef marka m\u00e1 greinar \u00ed L\u00e6knabla\u00f0inu<\/em>. \u00dea\u00f0 var\u00f0 sem s\u00e9 f\u00f3rnarlamb \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0ulauss moldvi\u00f0ris \u2013 eins og<\/a> fiskari <\/em>n\u00fdlega.<\/p>\n

Leghafi<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00edkur n\u00fa s\u00f6gunni a\u00f0 or\u00f0i sem \u00ed flj\u00f3tu brag\u00f0i vir\u00f0ist kannski alls \u00f3skylt griplim<\/em> \u2013 nafnor\u00f0inu leg<\/em>\u00adhafi<\/em>. \u00deetta er n\u00fdlegt or\u00f0 \u00ed m\u00e1linu \u2013 elsta d\u00e6mi sem \u00e9g finn um \u00fea\u00f0 er fr\u00e1 2012 en \u00fea\u00f0 komst \u00fe\u00f3 fyrst inn \u00ed umr\u00e6\u00f0una fyrir tveimur \u00e1rum e\u00f0a svo. Anna\u00f0 or\u00f0 sem stundum er nota\u00f0 \u00ed s\u00f6mu merkingu er legberi<\/em>, og einnig er hefur or\u00f0i\u00f0 leghafandi<\/em> veri\u00f0 nota\u00f0, \u00fdmist sem nafnor\u00f0 e\u00f0a l\u00fds\u00adingaror\u00f0 (leghafandi f\u00f3lk<\/em>), m.a. \u00ed umr\u00e6\u00f0um<\/a> \u00e1 Al\u00feingi \u00e1ri\u00f0 2021. M\u00f6rgum finnst leghafi<\/em> lj\u00f3tt or\u00f0 og um \u00fea\u00f0 er vitan\u00adlega \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingarlaust a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a, a\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0ru leyti en \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 minna \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 tekur yfirleitt alltaf nokkurn t\u00edma a\u00f0 venjast n\u00fdjum or\u00f0um. En \u00feetta or\u00f0 er a.m.k. r\u00e9tt mynda\u00f0 og gagn\u00ads\u00e6tt \u2013 -hafi<\/em> merkir yfirleitt \u02bbsem hefur eitthva\u00f0\u02bc og leghafi<\/em> v\u00edsar \u00fev\u00ed til f\u00f3lks sem hefur leg.<\/p>\n

S\u00e1 misskilningur<\/a> (e\u00f0a \u00fat\u00farsn\u00faningur) hefur veri\u00f0 \u00e1berandi \u00ed umr\u00e6\u00f0unni a\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 leghafi<\/em> s\u00e9 sam\u00adheiti vi\u00f0 kona<\/em> og eigi jafnvel a\u00f0 leysa \u00fea\u00f0 or\u00f0 af h\u00f3lmi vegna einhvers p\u00f3lit\u00edsks r\u00e9tttr\u00fana\u00f0ar. En \u00fea\u00f0 er fjarri sanni. \u00dea\u00f0 eru ekki allar konur me\u00f0 leg. Sumar hafa undirgengist legn\u00e1m og a\u00f0rar eru f\u00e6ddar \u00e1n legs, \u00fe. \u00e1 m. trans konur. Hins vegar er til f\u00f3lk sem skilgreinir sig ekki sem konur en er samt me\u00f0 leg. \u00dea\u00f0 getur veri\u00f0 kynsegin f\u00f3lk sem skilgreinir sig hvorki sem karl n\u00e9 konu, og einnig trans karlar sem ekki hafa fari\u00f0 \u00ed legn\u00e1m. \u00dev\u00ed er lj\u00f3st a\u00f0 leghafar<\/em> geta veri\u00f0 kven\u00adkyns, karlkyns og hvorugt, \u00fe.e. skilgreint sig utan kynjatv\u00edhyggju. Af \u00feeirri \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0u er fr\u00e1\u00adleitt a\u00f0 halda \u00fev\u00ed fram a\u00f0 \u00feetta or\u00f0 geti komi\u00f0, e\u00f0a \u00fev\u00ed s\u00e9 \u00e6tla\u00f0 a\u00f0 koma, \u00ed sta\u00f0 or\u00f0sins kona<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Or\u00f0i\u00f0 leghafi<\/em> er nefnilega \u00ed\u00f0or\u00f0<\/strong>, einkum \u00e6tla\u00f0 til nota \u00ed l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegu samhengi en sjaldan nau\u00f0synlegt \u00ed almennu m\u00e1li. Or\u00f0i\u00f0 var t.d. nota\u00f0 \u00ed fyrravetur \u00ed tengslum vi\u00f0 frumvarp<\/a> heil\u00adbrig\u00f0is\u00adr\u00e1\u00f0herra um skimunarskr\u00e1 \u00fear sem m.a. er fjalla\u00f0 um skimanir fyrir legh\u00e1lskrabbameini. \u00dea\u00f0 segir sig sj\u00e1lft a\u00f0 sl\u00edk skimun \u00fearf a\u00f0 taka til f\u00f3lks me\u00f0 leg, \u00f3h\u00e1\u00f0 kyni. \u00deetta er \u00fev\u00ed gagnlegt or\u00f0, en einungis \u00ed \u00e1kve\u00f0nu og \u00fer\u00f6ngu samhengi og yfirleitt um h\u00f3p, sjaldnast um einstaklinga. En af einhverjum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0\u00adum vir\u00f0ist sumt f\u00f3lk ekki skilja \u00feetta, e\u00f0a ekki vilja skilja \u00fea\u00f0. \u00deess \u00ed sta\u00f0 hafa or\u00f0i\u00f0 til langir \u00fer\u00e6\u00f0ir af hneykslun \u00fear sem f\u00f3lk talar um hva\u00f0 \u00feetta s\u00e9 \u00f3\u00fearft og f\u00e1r\u00e1nlegt or\u00f0, og margar kon\u00adur segja a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e6r vilji alls ekki nota \u00fea\u00f0 \u2013 e\u00f0a l\u00e1ta nota \u00fea\u00f0 um sig.<\/p>\n

Vitanlega r\u00e6\u00f0ur f\u00f3lk sj\u00e1lft hva\u00f0a or\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 notar en h\u00e6pi\u00f0 er a\u00f0 f\u00f3lk geti hafna\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 um \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9u notu\u00f0 tiltekin \u00ed\u00f0or\u00f0 sem ekki eru anna\u00f0 en l\u00edff\u00e6rafr\u00e6\u00f0ileg skilgreining. \u00cd umr\u00e6\u00f0unni hefur l\u00edka veri\u00f0 spurt hvers vegna ekki s\u00e9u notu\u00f0 samb\u00e6rileg or\u00f0 um karlmenn \u2013 nefnd hafa veri\u00f0 or\u00f0 eins og punghafi<\/em>, eistnaberi<\/em>, eistna<\/em>\u00adhafi<\/em>, tittlingshafi<\/em>, bl\u00f6\u00f0ruh\u00e1lskirtilshafi<\/em> og fleiri. Vi\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed er \u00fea\u00f0 a\u00f0 segja a\u00f0 v\u00e6ntanlega hefur ekki veri\u00f0 \u00fe\u00f6rf \u00e1 \u00feessum or\u00f0um hinga\u00f0 til, en au\u00f0vita\u00f0 er ekkert \u00fev\u00ed til fyrir\u00adst\u00f6\u00f0u a\u00f0 nota \u00feau ef \u00fe\u00f6rf krefur. \u00deau eiga \u00fea\u00f0 sameiginlegt me\u00f0 leghafi<\/em> a\u00f0 \u00feau v\u00edsa til tiltekinna l\u00edff\u00e6ra en ekki til f\u00f3lks af tilteknu kyni. Ef teknar v\u00e6ru upp skimanir fyrir eistnakrabbameini e\u00f0a krabba\u00admeini \u00ed bl\u00f6\u00f0ruh\u00e1lskirtli v\u00e6ru vi\u00f0komandi or\u00f0 sannarlega gagnleg.<\/p>\n

\u00cd\u00f0or\u00f0 og almennt m\u00e1l<\/strong><\/p>\n

Or\u00f0i\u00f0 griplimur <\/em>er gott d\u00e6mi um \u00fea\u00f0 hvernig h\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 ey\u00f0ileggja or\u00f0 sem \u00fej\u00f3na \u00e1g\u00e6tlega \u00feeim tilgangi sem \u00feeim var \u00e6tla\u00f0ur me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 sl\u00edta \u00feau \u00far samhengi, rangt\u00falka \u00feau og gera gys a\u00f0 \u00feeim. \u00dea\u00f0 var aldrei \u00e6tla\u00f0 til notkunar \u00ed almennu m\u00e1li en me\u00f0 \u00feessu var komi\u00f0 sl\u00edku \u00f3or\u00f0i \u00e1 \u00feetta gagns\u00e6ja or\u00f0 a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 var ekki lengur noth\u00e6ft sem \u00ed\u00f0or\u00f0. Or\u00f0in leghafi<\/em> og legberi<\/em> hafa veri\u00f0 notu\u00f0 \u00ed greinum \u00fear sem r\u00e1\u00f0ist<\/a> er \u00e1 trans f\u00f3lk e\u00f0a h\u00e6\u00f0st<\/a> a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed, og merking \u00feeirra og notk\u00adun skrumsk\u00e6ld. \u00deau sem ford\u00e6ma or\u00f0in eru me\u00f0vita\u00f0 e\u00f0a \u00f3me\u00f0vita\u00f0 a\u00f0 leggja l\u00f3\u00f0 \u00e1 vogar\u00adsk\u00e1lar \u00feeirr\u00adar transf\u00f3b\u00edu sem \u00fev\u00ed mi\u00f0ur vir\u00f0ist fara vaxandi. L\u00e1tum or\u00f0in ekki f\u00e1 s\u00f6mu \u00f6rl\u00f6g og grip<\/em>\u00adlimur<\/em> heldur gefum \u00feeim \u00feegnr\u00e9tt \u00ed m\u00e1linu \u2013 \u00feau hvorki spilla \u00edslenskunni n\u00e9 sm\u00e6tta konur.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Or\u00f0i\u00f0 griplimur var um t\u00edma nota\u00f0 sem \u00ed\u00f0or\u00f0 \u00ed merkingunni \u02bbhandleggur og h\u00f6nd\u02bc en svo miki\u00f0 var h\u00e6\u00f0st a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 f\u00e9ll \u00far notkun. Or\u00f0in leghafi og legberi hafa m\u00e1tt s\u00e6ta svipa\u00f0ri me\u00f0fer\u00f0. Mikilv\u00e6gt er a\u00f0 \u00e1tta sig \u00e1 \u00feeim grundvallarmun sem er \u00e1 \u00ed\u00f0or\u00f0um sem einkum eru \u00e6tlu\u00f0 til nota \u00ed s\u00e9rh\u00e6f\u00f0u samhengi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5090","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5090","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5090"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5090\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5091,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5090\/revisions\/5091"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5090"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5090"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5090"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}