{"id":5280,"date":"2023-07-22T21:07:22","date_gmt":"2023-07-22T21:07:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=5280"},"modified":"2023-07-22T21:07:22","modified_gmt":"2023-07-22T21:07:22","slug":"unnid-ad-jardgangnagreftri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2023\/07\/22\/unnid-ad-jardgangnagreftri\/","title":{"rendered":"Unni\u00f0 a\u00f0 jar\u00f0gangnagreftri"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00c9g b\u00fdst vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 einhverjum \u00feyki fyrirs\u00f6gn \u00feessa pistils stinga \u00ed st\u00faf vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sem lengi hefur veri\u00f0 bo\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00ed kennslu og m\u00e1lfars\u00fe\u00e1ttum. \u00cd <em>M\u00e1lfarsbankanum <\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/malfar.arnastofnun.is\/grein\/66219\">segir<\/a> t.d.: \u201e<strong>Gr\u00f6ftur<\/strong>: \u00fegf. grefti, ef. graftar. \u00cd \u00fe\u00e1gufalli v\u00e6ri s\u00ed\u00f0ri kostur \u201egreftri\u201c og \u00ed eignarfalli \u201egraftrar\u201c.\u201c \u00cd <em>\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0viljanum <\/em>1955 <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/2769777?iabr=on#page\/n1\/mode\/1up\/\">segir<\/a>: \u201e\u00c1 sama h\u00e1tt ber a\u00f0 segja grefti \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gufalli, en ekki greftri. Og v\u00e6ri gaman ef r\u00e9tta or\u00f0myndin g\u00e6ti sigra\u00f0 \u00ed flj\u00f3theitum.\u201c \u00cd <em>Morgunbla\u00f0inu <\/em>2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/6297785?iabr=on#page\/n28\/mode\/1up\/\">segir<\/a>: \u201e\u00de\u00e1 er tvennt til: fr\u00e1 <strong>grefti<\/strong> og fr\u00e1 <strong>greftri<\/strong>, til <strong>graftar<\/strong> og til <strong>graftrar<\/strong>. M\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar m\u00e6la me\u00f0 <strong>fyrri kostinum<\/strong> en sumum \u00feykir hinn flottari.\u201c B\u00e1\u00f0ar beygingarnar eru gefnar upp \u00ed <em>Beygingarl\u00fdsingu \u00edslensks n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1ls<\/em> en bent \u00e1 a\u00f0 <em>greftri<\/em> og <em>graftar<\/em> s\u00e9u mun algengari myndir en <em>grefti <\/em>og <em>graftrar<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Einnig eru oft ger\u00f0ar athugasemdir vi\u00f0 eignarfalli\u00f0 (<em>jar\u00f0<\/em>)<em>gangna<\/em>. \u00cd kverinu <em>G\u00e6tum tungunnar<\/em> fr\u00e1 1984 <a href=\"https:\/\/timarit.is\/page\/1584906?iabr=on#page\/n44\/mode\/1up\/\">segir<\/a>: \u201e<strong>Sagt var<\/strong>: Hafin er vinna vegna jar\u00f0gangna. <strong>R\u00e9tt v\u00e6ri<\/strong>: ... vegna <strong>jar\u00f0ganga<\/strong>. (Eignarfall af g\u00f6ng er <strong>ganga<\/strong>, en gangna er eignarfall af <strong>g\u00f6ngur<\/strong>.)\u201c G\u00edsli J\u00f3nsson sag\u00f0i \u00ed \u00fe\u00e6ttinum \u201e\u00cdslenskt m\u00e1l\u201c \u00ed <em>Morgunbla\u00f0inu<\/em> 1987: \u201eEnn er \u00f3tr\u00falega algengt \u00ed fr\u00e9ttum, \u00e9g held \u00e9g megi segja r\u00e1\u00f0andi, a\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 <strong>g\u00f6ng<\/strong> s\u00e9 ranglega beygt. \u00c9g hef einkum teki\u00f0 eftir \u00feessu \u00ed samsetningunni <strong>jar\u00f0g\u00f6ng<\/strong>. Eignarfalli\u00f0 er <strong>jar\u00f0ganga<\/strong>, ekki jar\u00f0gangna. Aftur \u00e1 m\u00f3ti er kvenkynsor\u00f0i\u00f0 <strong>ganga <\/strong>\u00ed eignarfalli fleirt\u00f6lu <strong>gangna<\/strong>.\u201c Einnig er hnykkt \u00e1 \u00feessu \u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mr.is\/docs\/OlOGottm.pdf\">kverinu<\/a> <em>Gott m\u00e1l<\/em> eftir \u00d3laf Oddsson fr\u00e1 2004 og klykkt \u00fat me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 segja: \u201e\u00deetta \u00e6tti \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 vera einfalt.\u201c<\/p>\n<p>En er \u00feetta svo einfalt? Tv\u00f6 elstu d\u00e6mi um myndina <em>jar\u00f0gang<strong>n<\/strong>a <\/em>\u00e1 <em>t\u00edmarit.is<\/em> eru fr\u00e1 1888 og 1889, en elsta d\u00e6mi\u00f0 um <em>n<\/em>-lausu myndina <em>jar\u00f0ganga <\/em>er nokkrum \u00e1rum yngra, fr\u00e1 1896. \u00d6ll \u00feessi d\u00e6mi eru \u00far vestur\u00edslensku bl\u00f6\u00f0unum enda l\u00edtil umr\u00e6\u00f0a um jar\u00f0g\u00f6ng \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00e1 \u00feessum t\u00edma. Allt fram til 1980 er <em>jar\u00f0gang<strong>n<\/strong>a <\/em>algengari mynd \u2013 samtals 141 d\u00e6mi um <em>jar\u00f0ganga<\/em> en 149 um <em>jar\u00f0gang<strong>n<\/strong>a<\/em>. En eftir 1980 siglir <em>jar\u00f0ganga <\/em>hratt fram \u00far og fram til 2023 eru 3000 d\u00e6mi um <em>jar\u00f0ganga <\/em>\u00e1 <em>t\u00edmarit.is <\/em>en a\u00f0eins 375 um <em>jar\u00f0gang<strong>n<\/strong>a<\/em>. \u00cd <em>Risam\u00e1lheildinni <\/em>er munurinn enn meiri \u2013 2833 d\u00e6mi um <em>jar\u00f0ganga<\/em> en a\u00f0eins 125 um <em>jar\u00f0gang<strong>n<\/strong>a<\/em>. Ekki er \u00f3tr\u00falegt a\u00f0 hnignun myndarinnar <em>jar\u00f0gang<strong>n<\/strong>a <\/em>stafi a\u00f0 einhverju leyti af kennslu og lei\u00f0r\u00e9ttingum.<\/p>\n<p>Ekki er m\u00e1li\u00f0 einfaldara \u00ed or\u00f0inu <em>gr\u00f6ftur<\/em>. Elsta d\u00e6mi um <em>-r<\/em>-lausu \u00fe\u00e1gufallsmyndina <em>grefti<\/em> er fr\u00e1 1784 en \u00fea\u00f0 elsta um <em>greftri<\/em> hundra\u00f0 \u00e1rum yngra, fr\u00e1 1884. En allt fr\u00e1 aldam\u00f3tunum 1900 er <em>greftri<\/em> algengari mynd \u2013 samtals 1969 d\u00e6mi en 718 um <em>grefti<\/em>. \u00cd <em>Risam\u00e1lheildinni <\/em>eru d\u00e6min 618 \u00e1 m\u00f3ti 107. Elstu d\u00e6mi um eignarfallsmyndirnar <em>graftar <\/em>og <em>graftrar<\/em> eru \u00e1l\u00edka gamlar, en <em>-r<\/em>-myndin \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0eins eldri, fr\u00e1 1790 \u2013 <em>-r<\/em>-lausa myndin fr\u00e1 1797. Alla t\u00ed\u00f0 hefur <em>graftar <\/em>\u00fe\u00f3 veri\u00f0 mun algengari en <em>graft<strong>r<\/strong>ar <\/em>\u2013 537 d\u00e6mi \u00e1 m\u00f3ti 164 en \u00ed <em>Risam\u00e1lheildinni <\/em>eru d\u00e6min 74 \u00e1 m\u00f3ti 8. \u00cd <em>\u00dej\u00f3\u00f0viljanum <\/em>1955 segir: \u201eMargir nota or\u00f0i\u00f0 greftrun og greftra. \u00deetta mun vera rangt \u2013segja ber greftun og grefta.\u201c En <em>greftun <\/em>er ekki \u00ed neinni or\u00f0ab\u00f3k, og s\u00e1raf\u00e1 d\u00e6mi til um \u00fea\u00f0.<\/p>\n<p>Vitanlega er \u00fea\u00f0 r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 myndirnar <em>ganga<\/em>, <em>jar\u00f0ganga<\/em>, <em>grefti<\/em>, <em>graftar<\/em> og <em>greftun<\/em> eru \u00fea\u00f0 sem vi\u00f0 v\u00e6ri a\u00f0 b\u00faast \u00fat fr\u00e1 m\u00e1lkerfinu. \u00dea\u00f0 eru bara veik kvenkynsor\u00f0 (\u00feau sem enda \u00e1 <em>-a<\/em> \u00ed nefnifalli eint\u00f6lu) sem \u201eeiga a\u00f0\u201c f\u00e1 <em>-n<\/em>- \u00ed eignarfalli fleirt\u00f6lu, og -<em>r<\/em>- er ekki stofnl\u00e6gt \u00ed or\u00f0inu <em>gr\u00f6ftur <\/em>eins og s\u00e9st \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00feolfalli\u00f0 er <em>gr\u00f6ft<\/em>, og \u00feess vegna \u201e\u00e6tti\u201c <em>-r<\/em>- ekki a\u00f0 koma fram \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gufalli og eignarfalli n\u00e9 heldur \u00ed afleidda or\u00f0inu <em>greftrun<\/em>. En \u00fea\u00f0 breytir \u00fev\u00ed ekki a\u00f0 m\u00e1lnotendum finnst \u00feessar \u201er\u00f6ngu\u201c myndir greinlega e\u00f0lilegar, og \u00fe\u00e6r eru allar gamlar og algengar \u00ed m\u00e1linu. \u00deess vegna er engin \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a til a\u00f0 amast vi\u00f0 \u00feeim. \u00dea\u00f0 er nefnilega misskilningur a\u00f0 tungum\u00e1li\u00f0 s\u00e9, eigi a\u00f0 vera e\u00f0a \u00feurfi a\u00f0 vera fullkomlega reglulegt. \u00d3regluleg beyging er alveg e\u00f0lileg.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00c9g b\u00fdst vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 einhverjum \u00feyki fyrirs\u00f6gn \u00feessa pistils stinga \u00ed st\u00faf vi\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 sem lengi hefur veri\u00f0 bo\u00f0a\u00f0 \u00ed kennslu og m\u00e1lfars\u00fe\u00e1ttum. \u00cd M\u00e1lfarsbankanum segir t.d.: \u201eGr\u00f6ftur: \u00fegf. grefti, ef. graftar. \u00cd \u00fe\u00e1gufalli v\u00e6ri s\u00ed\u00f0ri kostur \u201egreftri\u201c og \u00ed eignarfalli \u201egraftrar\u201c.\u201c \u00cd \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0viljanum 1955 segir: \u201e\u00c1 sama h\u00e1tt ber a\u00f0 segja grefti \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1gufalli, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5280","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5280","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5280"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5280\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5281,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5280\/revisions\/5281"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5280"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5280"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5280"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}