{"id":6328,"date":"2024-05-08T17:33:05","date_gmt":"2024-05-08T17:33:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=6328"},"modified":"2024-05-08T18:34:08","modified_gmt":"2024-05-08T18:34:08","slug":"kynjamal-valdid-yfir-tungumalinu-og-madur","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2024\/05\/08\/kynjamal-valdid-yfir-tungumalinu-og-madur\/","title":{"rendered":"Kynjam\u00e1l, valdi\u00f0 yfir tungum\u00e1linu \u2013 og ma\u00f0ur"},"content":{"rendered":"

V\u00ed\u00f0a erlendis hafa \u00e1t\u00f6k um vald yfir tungum\u00e1linu sett svip \u00e1 bar\u00e1ttu kvenna og hinsegin f\u00f3lks \u00e1 undanf\u00f6rnum \u00e1rum. \u00deessara \u00e1taka hefur l\u00edka g\u00e6tt \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u2013 jafnvel minni h\u00e1ttar tilbur\u00f0ir \u00ed \u00e1tt til kynhlutleysis \u00ed m\u00e1li eins og<\/a> a\u00f0 skipta or\u00f0inu fiskima\u00f0ur<\/em> \u00fat fyrir fiskari <\/em>\u00ed lagagrein, e\u00f0a<\/a> tala um starfsf\u00f3lksfund <\/em>\u00ed sta\u00f0inn fyrir starfsmannafund<\/em>, e\u00f0a<\/a> nota \u00f6ll velkomin <\/em>\u00ed augl\u00fdsingum frekar en allir velkomnir<\/em>, e\u00f0a<\/a> b\u00faa til s\u00e9rstakt \u00ed\u00f0or\u00f0 (leghafi<\/em>) til a\u00f0 h\u00e6gt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 v\u00edsa til allra sem eru me\u00f0 leg, e\u00f0a<\/a> \u00f3ska eftir hugmyndum a\u00f0 kynhlutlausu or\u00f0i um foreldri foreldra, hafa m\u00e6tt mikilli andst\u00f6\u00f0u sem auglj\u00f3slega \u00e1 s\u00e9r oft fremur kynjap\u00f3lit\u00edskar r\u00e6tur en m\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0ilegar. Einn \u00fe\u00e1ttur \u00feessara \u00e1taka sn\u00fdst um merkingu og notkun or\u00f0sins ma\u00f0ur <\/em>og samsetninga af \u00fev\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Or\u00f0i\u00f0 ma\u00f0ur<\/em> er langalgengasta nafnor\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00ed \u00edslensku b\u00e6\u00f0i a\u00f0 fornu og n\u00fdju, og merking \u00feess er mj\u00f6g fj\u00f6lbreytt. \u00cd \u00cdslenskri n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1lsor\u00f0ab\u00f3k<\/em> eru gefnar<\/a> \u00ferj\u00e1r merkingar or\u00f0sins: (1) \u201ekarl e\u00f0a kona, manneskja\u201c (d\u00e6mi: \u00fer\u00f3un mannsins<\/em>); (2) \u201ekarlma\u00f0ur\u201c (d\u00e6mi: h\u00fan s\u00e1 mann ganga yfir g\u00f6tuna<\/em>); og (3) \u201eeiginma\u00f0ur\u201c (d\u00e6mi: ma\u00f0urinn hennar er l\u00e6knir<\/em>). Auk \u00feess er ma\u00f0ur<\/em> sem \u00f3\u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 fornafn s\u00e9rstakt flettior\u00f0<\/a>, \u00ed merkingunni \u201e\u00f3tilgreind pers\u00f3na, einhver; oft nota\u00f0 sem \u00f3pers\u00f3nuleg tilv\u00edsun til \u00feess sem talar\u201c. \u00cd \u00cdslenskri or\u00f0ab\u00f3k<\/em> er merkingu nafnor\u00f0sins ma\u00f0ur<\/em> l\u00fdst \u00ed \u00e1tta li\u00f0um, auk \u00feess sem fleirtalan menn<\/em> og eignarfall eint\u00f6lu manns<\/em> eru s\u00e9rstakar flettur. Einnig er ma\u00f0ur<\/em> gefi\u00f0 upp sem \u00f3\u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 fornafn eins og \u00ed \u00cdslenskri n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1lsor\u00f0ab\u00f3k<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u00cd fornu m\u00e1li gat ma\u00f0ur<\/em> b\u00e6\u00f0i haft almenna og kynhlutlausa merkingu, \u201eMenneske uden hensyn til Kj\u00f8n\u201c, og einnig v\u00edsa\u00f0 til karlmanna eing\u00f6ngu, \u201eMand, Mandsperson, mods. kona\u201c, eins og segir<\/a> \u00ed or\u00f0ab\u00f3k Fritzners. Fyrri merkingin er einkum algeng \u00ed lagam\u00e1li \u00fe\u00f3tt h\u00fan komi vissulega fyrir v\u00ed\u00f0ar. \u00deegar \u00ed fornu m\u00e1li eru \u00fe\u00f3 d\u00e6mi<\/a> um a\u00f0 ma\u00f0ur<\/em> s\u00e9 nota\u00f0 sem andst\u00e6\u00f0a vi\u00f0 kona<\/em> og \u00feeim d\u00e6mum fer fj\u00f6lgandi \u00e1 seinni \u00f6ldum. \u00c1 19. og 20. \u00f6ld er greinilegt<\/a> a\u00f0 hinn e\u00f0lilegi og sj\u00e1lfgefni skilningur \u00e1 or\u00f0inu ma\u00f0ur<\/em> \u00ed v\u00edsun til tiltekinnar mannveru er \u02bbkarlma\u00f0ur\u02bc. \u00de\u00f3tt almenna merkingin haldist enn vi\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0nar a\u00f0st\u00e6\u00f0ur, svo sem \u00ed lagam\u00e1li, vir\u00f0ist h\u00fan vera \u00e1 undanhaldi, b\u00e6\u00f0i vegna samf\u00e9lagsbreytinga og me\u00f0vita\u00f0rar m\u00e1lst\u00fdringar.<\/p>\n

\u00dea\u00f0 tv\u00ede\u00f0li or\u00f0sins ma\u00f0ur<\/em> a\u00f0 vera tegundarheiti en vera jafnframt mj\u00f6g oft nota\u00f0 \u00ed v\u00edsun til karlmanna eing\u00f6ngu hefur lengi veri\u00f0 \u00feyrnir \u00ed augum margra sem berjast fyrir jafnr\u00e9tti kynjanna, enda l\u00edta \u00feau \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 sem \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed karll\u00e6gni tungum\u00e1lsins sem liti vi\u00f0horf okkar til kynjanna. \u00cd bar\u00e1ttu<\/a> Rau\u00f0sokkahreyfingarinnar upp \u00far 1970 var leitast vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 draga \u00far henni me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 leggja a\u00f0al\u00e1herslu \u00e1 almennu merkinguna, og eitt helsta kj\u00f6ror\u00f0i\u00f0 var konur eru <\/em>(l\u00edka<\/em>) menn<\/em>. \u00deessi bar\u00e1tta vir\u00f0ist \u00fe\u00f3 ekki hafa haft mikil \u00e1hrif \u00e1 m\u00e1l\u00adnotkun og m\u00e1ltilfinningu almennings og undir 1990 t\u00f3ku<\/a> Kvennalistakonur upp n\u00fdja stefnu \u2013 vildu fremur leggja \u00e1herslu \u00e1 s\u00e9rst\u00f6\u00f0u kynjanna og \u00fear me\u00f0 merkinguna \u02bbkarlma\u00f0ur\u02bc, og tala um menn og konur<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u00de\u00f3tt umr\u00e6\u00f0a<\/a> um karll\u00e6gni tungum\u00e1la og tilraunir til a\u00f0 draga \u00far henni hafi veri\u00f0 \u00e1berandi v\u00ed\u00f0a erlendis undanfarin \u00e1r er deilan um or\u00f0i\u00f0 ma\u00f0ur<\/em> a\u00f0 miklu leyti s\u00e9r\u00edslensk og \u00fev\u00ed einkar forvitnileg. \u00deetta stafar af \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 flest skyld tungum\u00e1l, sem vi\u00f0 \u00feekkjum best og vitnum helst til, hafa mismunandi or\u00f0 fyrir \u00feau \u00f3l\u00edku hlutverk sem or\u00f0i\u00f0 ma\u00f0ur <\/em>gegnir \u00ed \u00edslensku. \u00cd ensku merkir man<\/em> yfirleitt \u02bbkarlma\u00f0ur\u02bc, en \u00ed almennu merkingunni er nota\u00f0 human <\/em>(being<\/em>), og one <\/em>sem \u00f3\u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 fornafn. \u00cd d\u00f6nsku merkir mand <\/em>venjulega \u02bbkarlma\u00f0ur\u02bc en \u00ed almennu merkingunni er nota\u00f0 menneske<\/em>, og man<\/em> e\u00f0a \u00e9n<\/em> sem \u00f3\u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 fornafn. \u00cd \u00fe\u00fdsku er Mann <\/em>\u02bbkarlma\u00f0ur\u02bc en Mensch <\/em>er nota\u00f0 \u00ed almennri merkingu, og sem \u00f3\u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 fornafn er nota\u00f0 man <\/em>e\u00f0a ein<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u00cd f\u00e6reysku merkir ma\u00f0ur <\/em>bara \u02bbkarlma\u00f0ur\u02bc en \u00ed almennri merkingu er nota\u00f0 menniskja<\/em> og mann <\/em>e\u00f0a ein <\/em>sem \u00f3\u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 fornafn. \u00dear eru samsetningar me\u00f0 -ma\u00f0ur <\/em>algengar eins og \u00ed \u00edslensku og m\u00f6rgum hafa \u00fe\u00f3tt \u00fe\u00e6r \u00f3heppilegar vegna merkingar or\u00f0sins ma\u00f0ur<\/em>. F\u00e6reyska l\u00f6g\u00feingi\u00f0 sam\u00feykkti<\/a> \u00fev\u00ed vori\u00f0 2023 breytingar \u00e1 \u201est\u00fdrisskipan\u201c F\u00e6reyja sem h\u00f6f\u00f0u veri\u00f0 til umr\u00e6\u00f0u \u00ed nokkur \u00e1r og gera r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir a\u00f0 -kvinna <\/em>komi \u00ed sta\u00f0 -ma\u00f0ur <\/em>\u00ed starfsheitum \u00ed stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslunni \u00feegar konur gegna st\u00f6rfunum \u2013 landsst\u00fdriskvinna<\/em>, l\u00f8gkvinna<\/em>, l\u00f8gtingsforkvinna<\/em> og fleira. \u00cd umr\u00e6\u00f0u um \u00feetta hefur m.a. veri\u00f0 nefnt a\u00f0 \u00edslenska s\u00e9 \u00f6\u00f0ruv\u00edsi en f\u00e6reyska \u00ed \u00feessu tilliti. P\u00e1ll \u00e1 Reynat\u00fagvu, l\u00f8gtingsforma\u00f0ur, segir<\/a> \u201eat \u00e1 hesum \u00f8ki eru \u00edslendingar p\u00fara avgj\u00f8rdir, t\u00ed har siga tey, at \u00bbma\u00f0ur\u00ab er eitt heiti, sama um talan er um eina kvinnu ella um ein mann\u201c.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u00ed\u00f0a erlendis hafa \u00e1t\u00f6k um vald yfir tungum\u00e1linu sett svip \u00e1 bar\u00e1ttu kvenna og hinsegin f\u00f3lks \u00e1 undanf\u00f6rnum \u00e1rum. \u00deessara \u00e1taka hefur l\u00edka g\u00e6tt \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u2013 jafnvel minni h\u00e1ttar tilbur\u00f0ir \u00ed \u00e1tt til kynhlutleysis \u00ed m\u00e1li eins og a\u00f0 skipta or\u00f0inu fiskima\u00f0ur \u00fat fyrir fiskari \u00ed lagagrein, e\u00f0a tala um starfsf\u00f3lksfund \u00ed sta\u00f0inn fyrir […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6328","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6328","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6328"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6328\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6330,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6328\/revisions\/6330"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6328"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6328"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6328"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}