{"id":6557,"date":"2024-07-11T16:40:38","date_gmt":"2024-07-11T16:40:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=6557"},"modified":"2024-07-11T16:40:38","modified_gmt":"2024-07-11T16:40:38","slug":"ad-vera-buinn","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2024\/07\/11\/ad-vera-buinn\/","title":{"rendered":"A\u00f0 vera b\u00fainn"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sambandi\u00f0 vera b\u00fainn a\u00f0<\/em> \u00ed merkingunni 'hafa loki\u00f0 einhverju' er mj\u00f6g algengt \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1li \u2013 \u00e9g er b\u00fainn a\u00f0 lesa b\u00f3kina<\/em>, \u00e9g er b\u00fainn a\u00f0 sl\u00e1 gar\u00f0inn<\/em> o.s.frv. \u00deetta samband er l\u00edka til \u00ed fornu m\u00e1li en merkir \u00fear 'rei\u00f0ub\u00fainn, tilb\u00fainn'. \u00dea\u00f0 er stundum auglj\u00f3st eins og \u00ed setningunni \u201e\u00de\u00fa hefir og enn fyrr teki\u00f0 mig me\u00f0 valdi og varst \u00fe\u00e1 b\u00fainn a\u00f0 veita m\u00e9r bana\u201c \u00ed Hallfre\u00f0ar s\u00f6gu <\/em>\u2013 \u00fearna er \u00f3hugsandi af merkingarlegum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um a\u00f0 b\u00fainn <\/em>s\u00e9 \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edmamerkingu. En \u00ed setningum eins og \u201eEn er Haraldur konungur var b\u00fainn a\u00f0 st\u00edga \u00e1 hest sinn \u00fe\u00e1 ba\u00f0 hann kalla til s\u00edna \u00c1ka b\u00faanda\u201c \u00ed Heimskringlu <\/em>er \u00feetta ekki auglj\u00f3st \u2013 \u00fearna g\u00e6ti n\u00fat\u00edmalesandi skili\u00f0 \u201eb\u00fainn a\u00f0 st\u00edga \u00e1 hest sinn\u201c sem 'kominn \u00e1 bak' en r\u00e9tta merkingin er 'tilb\u00fainn a\u00f0 st\u00edga \u00e1 bak'.<\/p>\n

Ef vi\u00f0 vitum a\u00f0 um er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a texta fr\u00e1 16. \u00f6ld e\u00f0a fyrr leikur \u00fe\u00f3 \u00ed raun enginn vafi \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 um merkinguna 'rei\u00f0ub\u00fainn, tilb\u00fainn' er a\u00f0 r\u00e6\u00f0a. N\u00fat\u00edmamerkingin kom fyrst fram \u00ed lok 16. aldar en eins og venja er um m\u00e1lbreytingar t\u00f3k \u00fea\u00f0 hana t\u00f6luver\u00f0an t\u00edma a\u00f0 ganga yfir og \u00feess vegna getur stundum leiki\u00f0 vafi \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed hvor merkingin \u00e1 vi\u00f0 \u00ed 17. aldar textum, en fr\u00e1 og me\u00f0 18. \u00f6ld er v\u00e6ntanlega \u00f3h\u00e6tt a\u00f0 gera r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir n\u00fat\u00edmamerkingunni. Um \u00feetta hefur t\u00f6luvert veri\u00f0 skrifa\u00f0 \u2013 m.a. ger\u00f0i M\u00f6r\u00f0ur \u00c1rnason \u00feessari breytingu skil \u00ed BA-ritger\u00f0 sinni, \u201eB\u00fainn er n\u00fa a\u00f0 str\u00ed\u00f0a\u201c en heiti ritger\u00f0arinnar er tilvitnun \u00ed Pass\u00edus\u00e1lma <\/em>Hallgr\u00edms P\u00e9turssonar \u00fear sem n\u00fdja merkingin kemur fram: \u201eFyrir bl\u00f3\u00f0 lambsins bl\u00ed\u00f0a \/ b\u00fainn er n\u00fa a\u00f0 str\u00ed\u00f0a \/ og s\u00e6lan sigur vann.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Samspili\u00f0 milli sambandanna vera b\u00fainn a\u00f0 <\/em>(gera eitthva\u00f0<\/em>) og hafa <\/em>(gert eitthva\u00f0<\/em>) er mj\u00f6g margbroti\u00f0 \u2013 stundum er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 nota b\u00e6\u00f0i samb\u00f6ndin \u00ed u.\u00fe.b. s\u00f6mu merkingu, stundum er h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 nota \u00feau b\u00e6\u00f0i en me\u00f0 einhverjum merkingarmun, og stundum gengur bara anna\u00f0 sambandi\u00f0. Vi\u00f0 \u00feetta b\u00e6tist a\u00f0 tilfinning m\u00e1lnotenda fyrir \u00feessum samb\u00f6ndum, merkingu \u00feeirra og notkun, vir\u00f0ist vera talsvert mismunandi og g\u00e6ti veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 breytast. \u00de\u00f3tt sambandi\u00f0 s\u00e9 fj\u00f6gur hundru\u00f0 \u00e1ra gamalt \u00ed m\u00e1linu og hafi lengi veri\u00f0 mj\u00f6g algengt er i\u00f0ulega er hn\u00fdtt \u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 og \u00fea\u00f0 tali\u00f0 ofnota\u00f0 og fremur tilheyra \u00f3formlegu m\u00e1lsni\u00f0i. Um \u00feetta hefur heilmiki\u00f0 veri\u00f0 skrifa\u00f0 og ekki stendur til a\u00f0 reyna a\u00f0 gera \u00feessu m\u00e1li skil h\u00e9r \u2013 a\u00f0eins nefna \u00f6rf\u00e1 atri\u00f0i.<\/p>\n

J\u00f3n G. Fri\u00f0j\u00f3nsson segir<\/a> a\u00f0 vera b\u00fainn a\u00f0 <\/em>s\u00e9 \u201ejafnan nota\u00f0 me\u00f0 lifandi frumlagi (ekki hlutum)\u201c. \u00dea\u00f0 m\u00e1 \u00fe\u00f3 finna fj\u00f6lm\u00f6rg d\u00e6mi fr\u00e1 \u00fdmsum t\u00edmum um a\u00f0 frumlag s\u00e9 ekki lifandi vera. \u00cd \u00cdslendingi <\/em>1862 segir: \u201eh\u00e1sk\u00f3li vor er b\u00fainn a\u00f0 standa \u00ed h\u00e1lfa \u00f6ld.\u201c \u00cd \u00cdslendingi <\/em>1875 segir: \u201eHann er n\u00fa einn, sem vjer \u00e1l\u00edtum a\u00f0 seint muni l\u00e6kna kindur s\u00ednar fyrri en stj\u00f3rnin er b\u00fainn a\u00f0 l\u00e6kna hann sj\u00e1lfan.\u201c \u00cd Nor\u00f0anfara <\/em>1878 segir: \u201evaninn er b\u00fainn a\u00f0 r\u00edgbinda og blinda skynsemi og samvizku manna.\u201c J\u00f3n segir<\/a> einnig: \u201e\u00ddmsar h\u00f6mlur eru \u00e1 notkun \u00feess, t.d. munu f\u00e6stir geta nota\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 me\u00f0 s\u00f6gnunum sofna, vakna, deyja, lifna vi\u00f0 <\/em>og m\u00f6rgum fleiri.\u201c \u00deetta er sj\u00e1lfsagt misjafnt milli m\u00e1lnotenda, en g\u00f6mul d\u00e6mi m\u00e1 \u00fe\u00f3 finna um b\u00fainn a\u00f0 sofna <\/em>og b\u00fainn a\u00f0 deyja<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Mest\u00f6ll skrif um vera b\u00fainn <\/em>fjalla um vera b\u00fainn a\u00f0 <\/em>(gera eitthva\u00f0<\/em>), sem er vissulega elsta sambandi\u00f0 me\u00f0 vera b\u00fainn<\/em>, en nokkur \u00f6nnur hafa sm\u00e1tt og sm\u00e1tt or\u00f0i\u00f0 til. Samb\u00f6nd \u00fear sem forsetningarli\u00f0ur me\u00f0 a\u00f0 <\/em>kemur \u00ed sta\u00f0 nafnh\u00e1ttar vir\u00f0ast koma til um mi\u00f0ja 19. \u00f6ld \u2013 elsta d\u00e6mi sem \u00e9g finn er \u00ed \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0\u00f3lfi <\/em>1852: \u201e\u00deegar sp\u00e1sagnarma\u00f0urinn var b\u00fainn a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed, heimtar hann peninga af b\u00f3nda fyrir.\u201c Fallor\u00f0 forsetningarinnar er alltaf fornafn \u00ed \u00feessu sambandi \u2013 b\u00fainn a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed<\/em>, b\u00fainn a\u00f0 \u00feessu<\/em>, b\u00fainn a\u00f0 \u00f6llu<\/em>, b\u00fainn a\u00f0 einhverju<\/em>. \u00de\u00f3tt a\u00f0 <\/em>komi \u00e1 eftir b\u00fainn<\/em> b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed b\u00fainn a\u00f0 lesa <\/em>og b\u00fainn a\u00f0 \u00feessu <\/em>er \u00fea\u00f0 nafnh\u00e1ttarmerki \u00ed fyrra tilvikinu, forsetning \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed seinna. J\u00f3n G. Fri\u00f0j\u00f3nsson telur<\/a> l\u00edklegast a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00e1gufalli\u00f0 \u00e1 fornafninu s\u00e9 tilkomi\u00f0 fyrir \u00e1hrif fr\u00e1 vera a\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed<\/em>.<\/p>\n

En \u00e1 eftir b\u00fainn <\/em>getur einnig komi\u00f0 forsetningin me\u00f0 <\/em>og engar h\u00f6mlur eru \u00e1 \u00feeim or\u00f0um sem h\u00fan tekur me\u00f0 s\u00e9r. Sl\u00edk samb\u00f6nd eru a.m.k. s\u00ed\u00f0an \u00e1 fyrri hluta 19. aldar \u2013 \u201evar hann b\u00fainn me\u00f0 hana seinast \u00ed \u00e1g\u00fast\u00f3\u201c segir \u00ed Sk\u00edrni <\/em>1833; \u201eAptur borgfirzka vinnumanninum ver\u00f0um vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 svara, \u00feegar hann er b\u00fainn me\u00f0 brjefi\u00f0 sitt\u201c segir \u00ed Fj\u00f6lni <\/em>1836. Einnig er til sambandi\u00f0 vera b\u00fainn \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed <\/em>\u00ed merkingunni<\/a> 'vera \u00f6rmagna, uppgefinn' og vera <\/em>(alveg<\/em>) b\u00fainn <\/em>\u00ed s\u00f6mu merkingu. Auk \u00feess er b\u00fainn <\/em>oft nota\u00f0 \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 nokku\u00f0 komi \u00e1 eftir \u00feegar lj\u00f3st er af samhengi hva\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 er sem er b\u00fai\u00f0. Allt eru \u00feetta atri\u00f0i sem eru bundin vi\u00f0 b\u00fainn <\/em>en eiga ekki vi\u00f0 samb\u00f6nd me\u00f0 hafa <\/em>\u00fe\u00f3tt b\u00e6\u00f0i vera b\u00fainn a\u00f0 <\/em>(gera eitthva\u00f0<\/em>) og hafa <\/em>(gert eitthva\u00f0<\/em>) gangi oft \u00ed sama umhverfi,<\/p>\n

\u00cd \u00fe\u00e6ttinum \u201e\u00cdslenskt m\u00e1l\u201c \u00ed Morgunbla\u00f0inu <\/em>2006 segist<\/a> J\u00f3n G. Fri\u00f0j\u00f3nsson hafa \u201eveitt \u00fev\u00ed athygli a\u00f0 notkun or\u00f0asambandsins vera b\u00fainn a\u00f0 + nh.<\/em> hefur aukist talsvert \u00e1 kostna\u00f0 hafa + lh.\u00fet<\/em>.\u201c og \u00ed pistli \u00ed M\u00e1lfarsbankanum <\/em>segir<\/a> J\u00f3n: \u201eMikill (of)v\u00f6xtur hefur f\u00e6rst \u00ed \u00feetta n\u00fdm\u00e6li \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1li.\u201c \u00dea\u00f0 m\u00e1 vera r\u00e9tt a\u00f0 notkun sambandsins hafi aukist \u00e1 undanf\u00f6rnum \u00e1ratugum og notkunarsvi\u00f0 \u00feess v\u00edkka\u00f0. \u00c9g f\u00e6 \u00fe\u00f3 ekki betur s\u00e9\u00f0 en \u00e1 seinni hluta 19. aldar hafi \u00fea\u00f0 veri\u00f0 miki\u00f0 nota\u00f0 og ekki \u00f3l\u00edkt \u00fev\u00ed sem er \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1li \u2013 jafnvel frekar \u00f3formlegu. \u00c9g hef grun um, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 geta f\u00e6rt s\u00f6nnur \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0, a\u00f0 sambandi\u00f0 hafi or\u00f0i\u00f0 fyrir bar\u00f0inu \u00e1 einstrengingslegri m\u00e1lv\u00f6ndun 20. aldarinnar sem hafi komi\u00f0 \u00e1 \u00fea\u00f0 h\u00e1lfger\u00f0u \u00f3or\u00f0i \u2013 en \u00feetta \u00fearf a\u00f0 sko\u00f0a n\u00e1nar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sambandi\u00f0 vera b\u00fainn a\u00f0 \u00ed merkingunni 'hafa loki\u00f0 einhverju' er mj\u00f6g algengt \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1li \u2013 \u00e9g er b\u00fainn a\u00f0 lesa b\u00f3kina, \u00e9g er b\u00fainn a\u00f0 sl\u00e1 gar\u00f0inn o.s.frv. \u00deetta samband er l\u00edka til \u00ed fornu m\u00e1li en merkir \u00fear 'rei\u00f0ub\u00fainn, tilb\u00fainn'. \u00dea\u00f0 er stundum auglj\u00f3st eins og \u00ed setningunni \u201e\u00de\u00fa hefir og enn fyrr teki\u00f0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6557","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6557","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6557"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6557\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6558,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6557\/revisions\/6558"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6557"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6557"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6557"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}