{"id":6653,"date":"2024-07-30T13:46:45","date_gmt":"2024-07-30T13:46:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=6653"},"modified":"2024-07-30T14:20:59","modified_gmt":"2024-07-30T14:20:59","slug":"olikar-menningar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2024\/07\/30\/olikar-menningar\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00d3l\u00edkar menningar"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00cd umr\u00e6\u00f0u um nafnor\u00f0 sem a\u00f0allega e\u00f0a eing\u00f6ngu eru notu\u00f0 \u00ed annarri t\u00f6lunni bar or\u00f0i\u00f0 <em>menning <\/em>\u00e1 g\u00f3ma, en \u00fea\u00f0 or\u00f0 er venjulega eing\u00f6ngu haft \u00ed eint\u00f6lu. Or\u00f0i\u00f0 kemur fyrir \u00ed fornu m\u00e1li og er <a href=\"https:\/\/onp.ku.dk\/onp\/onp.php?o53760\">sk\u00fdrt<\/a> 'l\u00e6rdom, kundskab, dannelse' e\u00f0a 'menntun, \u00feekking, si\u00f0f\u00e1gun' \u00ed <em>Ordbog over det norr\u00f8ne prosasprog<\/em> \u2013 \u201eer \u00fe\u00e9r kunnig \u00e6tt hans og au\u00f0ur fj\u00e1r og menning g\u00f3\u00f0\u201c segir t.d. \u00ed <em>Gunnlaugs s\u00f6gu ormstungu<\/em>. \u00deetta var a\u00f0almerking or\u00f0sins lengst af, a.m.k. fram undir 1900 \u2013 \u201eSj\u00e1anlegt vir\u00f0ist, a\u00f0 \u00feetta sje gj\u00f6rt \u00ed \u00fearfir sk\u00f3lab\u00fasins, en ekki piltum til menningar\u201c segir t.d. \u00ed <em>\u00cdsafold <\/em>1891; \u201eL\u00f6g\u00f0u \u00feau hj\u00f3n mikla r\u00e6kt vi\u00f0 uppeldi barna sinna og veittu \u00feeim miki\u00f0 f\u00e9 til menningar\u201c segir \u00ed <em>Austra <\/em>1896. \u00deessi merking b\u00fd\u00f0ur t\u00e6past upp \u00e1 fleirt\u00f6lu.<\/p>\n<p>En \u00ed <em>\u00cdslensk-danskri or\u00f0ab\u00f3k <\/em>fr\u00e1 1920-1924 er <em>menning<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/blondal.arnastofnun.is\/faersla\/241278\/merkja\/menning\">sk\u00fdrt<\/a> 'Dannelse, Kultur, Civilisation' \u2013 'dannelse' e\u00f0a 'si\u00f0f\u00e1gun' helst en tv\u00e6r merkingar hafa b\u00e6st vi\u00f0, 'kultur' e\u00f0a 'si\u00f0ir, venjur og hef\u00f0ir' og 'civilisation' e\u00f0a 'si\u00f0menning'. Merkingin 'si\u00f0menning' er greinilega komin til \u00ed setningunni \u201emargar \u00fej\u00f3\u00f0ir hafa or\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 berjast fyrir tr\u00fa sinni, frelsi s\u00ednu e\u00f0a jafnvel menning mannkynsins\u201c \u00ed <em>Almanaki hins \u00edslenska \u00dej\u00f3\u00f0vinafjelags <\/em>1895.\u00a0Merkingin 'si\u00f0ir, venjur og hef\u00f0ir' er komin til \u00feegar fari\u00f0 er a\u00f0 tala um <em>\u00edslenska menningu <\/em>en elsta d\u00e6mi um \u00fea\u00f0 er \u00ed <em>\u00d6ldinni <\/em>1896: \u201e\u00deetta var n\u00fa bl\u00f3mat\u00edmi \u00edslenzkrar menningar.\u201c Sambandi\u00f0 <em>\u00edslensk menning <\/em>ver\u00f0ur svo algengt flj\u00f3tlega upp \u00far aldam\u00f3tunum 1900 og \u00fear me\u00f0 \u00feessi merking.<\/p>\n<p>Fyrstnefnda merkingin \u2013 og s\u00fa upprunalega \u2013 er a\u00f0 miklu leyti horfin \u00far n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1li en tv\u00e6r \u00fe\u00e6r s\u00ed\u00f0arnefndu eru mj\u00f6g algengar og \u00fea\u00f0 er stundum \u00f3heppilegt a\u00f0 sama or\u00f0i\u00f0, <em>menning<\/em>, skuli venjulega vera nota\u00f0 um hvort tveggja. En \u00fer\u00e1tt fyrir a\u00f0 \u00feessar tv\u00e6r merkingar, einkum 'si\u00f0ir, venjur og hef\u00f0ir', kalli \u00e1 fleirt\u00f6lu hefur or\u00f0i\u00f0 a\u00f0 mestu haldi\u00f0 \u00ed \u00fe\u00e1 heg\u00f0un sem var e\u00f0lileg me\u00f0 upphaflegu merkingunni, a\u00f0 vera eing\u00f6ngu nota\u00f0 \u00ed eint\u00f6lu. \u00cd <em>\u00cdslensk-danskri or\u00f0ab\u00f3k <\/em>og <em>\u00cdslenskri or\u00f0ab\u00f3k <\/em>er \u00fe\u00f3 gert r\u00e1\u00f0 fyrir fleirt\u00f6lu \u2013 \u00e1 eftir uppflettimynd stendur \u201e-ar, -ar\u201c \u2013 en fleirtala or\u00f0sins er <a href=\"https:\/\/bin.arnastofnun.is\/beyging\/11788\">ekki gefin<\/a> \u00ed <em>Beygingarl\u00fdsingu \u00edslensks n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1ls<\/em> og \u00ed <em>M\u00e1lfarsbankanum <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/malfar.arnastofnun.is\/grein\/65886\">segir<\/a>: \u201eOr\u00f0i\u00f0 <strong>menning<\/strong> er kvenkynsnafnor\u00f0 sem yfirleitt er a\u00f0eins nota\u00f0 \u00ed eint\u00f6lu.\u201c<\/p>\n<p>Vissulega m\u00e1 finna sl\u00e6\u00f0ing af d\u00e6mum um a\u00f0 tala\u00f0 s\u00e9 um <em>menningar<\/em> \u00e1 <em>t\u00edmarit.is<\/em> en stundum \u00fe\u00e1 innan g\u00e6salappa. \u00cd <em>Morgunbla\u00f0inu <\/em>1978 segir: \u201eDraumurinn um a\u00f0 h\u00e6gt s\u00e9 a\u00f0 sameina \u00f3l\u00edkar menningar, \u00fe\u00f3 ekki s\u00e9 nema \u00ed stuttan t\u00edma.\u201c \u00cd <em>Dagbla\u00f0inu <\/em>1978 segir: \u201eMismunandi einstaklingar hafa mismunandi gildis\u00e1herzlu. Mismunandi menningar einnig.\u201c \u00cd <em>T\u00edmanum <\/em>1991 segir: \u201eMe\u00f0 tilkomu fornleifafr\u00e6\u00f0i, mannfr\u00e6\u00f0i og f\u00e9lagsv\u00edsinda f\u00f3ru menn a\u00f0 tala um mismunandi \u201emenningar\u201c \u00ed sta\u00f0 mismunandi manne\u00f0lis.\u201c \u00cd <em>Ritinu <\/em>2002 segir: \u201e\u00de\u00e1 hafa mannfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar lengi liti\u00f0 svo \u00e1 a\u00f0 \u00ed heiminum s\u00e9u margar \u00f3l\u00edkar menningar, a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 getum tala\u00f0 um \u00edslenska menningu, danska menningu, menningu Nuerf\u00f3lksins o.s.frv.\u201c<\/p>\n<p>Til a\u00f0 uppfylla \u00fe\u00f6rfina fyrir a\u00f0 geta nota\u00f0 <em>menningu <\/em>\u00ed fleirt\u00f6lu er i\u00f0ulega gripi\u00f0 til fleirt\u00f6lu or\u00f0sins <em>menningarheimur<\/em> sem er sk\u00fdrt 'st\u00f3rt samf\u00e9lag \u00fear sem \u00e1kve\u00f0in menning er r\u00edkjandi' \u00ed <em>\u00cdslenskri n\u00fat\u00edmam\u00e1lsor\u00f0ab\u00f3k<\/em>. Or\u00f0i\u00f0 er gamalt \u00ed m\u00e1linu \u2013 elsta d\u00e6mi fr\u00e1 1897 \u2013 en var ekki \u00fdkja algengt fyrr en undir 1990. \u00c1 t\u00edunda \u00e1ratugnum hlj\u00f3p mikill v\u00f6xtur \u00ed notkun \u00feess en \u00fe\u00f3 margfalt meiri \u00ed notkun fleirt\u00f6lumynda en eint\u00f6lumynda. \u00dea\u00f0 ver\u00f0ur t\u00e6past sk\u00fdrt \u00e1 annan h\u00e1tt en a\u00f0 fleirtalan s\u00e9 notu\u00f0 \u00ed svol\u00edti\u00f0 annarri merkingu en eintalan \u2013 sem fleirtala af <em>menning<\/em>. \u00deetta s\u00e9st vel \u00e1 d\u00e6mum eins og \u201e\u00ed Wales takast \u00e1 tveir menningarheimar, annars vegar s\u00e1 velski og hins vegar s\u00e1 enski\u201c \u00ed <em>Morgunbla\u00f0inu <\/em>1997. \u00dearna er veri\u00f0 a\u00f0 tala um mismunandi menningu.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dea\u00f0 er vel \u00feekkt a\u00f0 m\u00f6rg or\u00f0 sem \u00e1\u00f0ur voru eing\u00f6ngu notu\u00f0 \u00ed eint\u00f6lu hafa n\u00fa fengi\u00f0 fleirt\u00f6lu vegna \u00feess a\u00f0 merking \u00feeirra hefur hli\u00f0rast til e\u00f0a v\u00edkka\u00f0 \u2013 or\u00f0 eins og <em>keppni<\/em>, <em>smit<\/em>, <em>f\u00edkn<\/em>, <em>flug<\/em>, <em>\u00fej\u00f3nusta<\/em>, <em>or\u00f0r\u00f3mur<\/em>, <em>l\u00e1tbrag\u00f0<\/em>, <em>f\u00e6lni<\/em> og m\u00f6rg fleiri. \u00cd sumum tilvikum er fleirtalan vi\u00f0urkennd en ekki \u00f6\u00f0rum eins og \u00e9g hef <a href=\"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2024\/02\/01\/thegar-eintoluord-fa-fleirtolu\/\">skrifa\u00f0<\/a> um. Eins og \u00e1\u00f0ur segir var e\u00f0lilegt af merkingarlegum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um a\u00f0 or\u00f0i\u00f0 <em>menning <\/em>v\u00e6ri ekki nota\u00f0 \u00ed fleirt\u00f6lu \u00ed upphaflegri merkingu sinni, en allt fr\u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1 n\u00edtj\u00e1ndu \u00f6ld hefur or\u00f0i\u00f0 einnig haft merkingar \u00fear sem fleirtala v\u00e6ri e\u00f0lileg, og mikil notkun fleirt\u00f6lunnar <em>menningarheimar <\/em>\u00e1 seinni \u00e1rum s\u00fdnir gl\u00f6ggt a\u00f0 full \u00fe\u00f6rf er fyrir a\u00f0 geta tala\u00f0 um margar <em>menningar<\/em>. M\u00e9r finnst a\u00f0 vi\u00f0 eigum ekki a\u00f0 hika vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 gera \u00fea\u00f0.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00cd umr\u00e6\u00f0u um nafnor\u00f0 sem a\u00f0allega e\u00f0a eing\u00f6ngu eru notu\u00f0 \u00ed annarri t\u00f6lunni bar or\u00f0i\u00f0 menning \u00e1 g\u00f3ma, en \u00fea\u00f0 or\u00f0 er venjulega eing\u00f6ngu haft \u00ed eint\u00f6lu. Or\u00f0i\u00f0 kemur fyrir \u00ed fornu m\u00e1li og er sk\u00fdrt 'l\u00e6rdom, kundskab, dannelse' e\u00f0a 'menntun, \u00feekking, si\u00f0f\u00e1gun' \u00ed Ordbog over det norr\u00f8ne prosasprog \u2013 \u201eer \u00fe\u00e9r kunnig \u00e6tt hans [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6653","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6653","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6653"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6653\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6659,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6653\/revisions\/6659"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6653"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6653"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6653"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}