{"id":6817,"date":"2024-09-14T12:54:59","date_gmt":"2024-09-14T12:54:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/?p=6817"},"modified":"2024-09-14T13:02:24","modified_gmt":"2024-09-14T13:02:24","slug":"misgodar-malbreytingar-eda-misvondar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/2024\/09\/14\/misgodar-malbreytingar-eda-misvondar\/","title":{"rendered":"Misg\u00f3\u00f0ar m\u00e1lbreytingar \u2013 e\u00f0a misvondar"},"content":{"rendered":"

Eins og h\u00e9r hefur margoft veri\u00f0 r\u00e6tt er \u00fea\u00f0 e\u00f0li tungum\u00e1la a\u00f0 taka breytingum. \u00deau ver\u00f0a \u00ed raun a\u00f0 gera \u00fea\u00f0 til a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3na \u00fe\u00f6rfum m\u00e1lsamf\u00e9laganna sem nota \u00feau, \u00fe\u00f3tt vissulega s\u00e9u breytingar misjafnlega nau\u00f0synlegar og sumar s\u00e9u ekki til b\u00f3ta. Sumum finnst reyndar allar breytingar \u00e1 m\u00e1linu til b\u00f6lvunar og \u00fea\u00f0 held \u00e9g a\u00f0 s\u00e9 ska\u00f0legt vi\u00f0horf. \u00c9g held a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 gagnlegt a\u00f0 reyna a\u00f0 flokka m\u00e1lbreytingar og \u00e1tta sig \u00e1 e\u00f0li \u00feeirra \u2013 meta hvort \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a s\u00e9 til a\u00f0 amast vi\u00f0 \u00feeim e\u00f0a jafnvel berjast gegn \u00feeim af \u00f6llu afli. \u00deess vegna set \u00e9g h\u00e9r fram till\u00f6gu a\u00f0 fj\u00f3rum flokkum breytinga. \u00c9g veit vel a\u00f0 margt \u00ed \u00feessari flokkun orkar tv\u00edm\u00e6lis og \u00feykist vita a\u00f0 m\u00f6rgum \u00feyki mega setja \u00fdmislegt af \u00fev\u00ed sem \u00e9g nefni \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum flokki \u00ed \u00feri\u00f0ja e\u00f0a jafnvel fj\u00f3r\u00f0a flokk.<\/p>\n

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  1. \u00dearfar e\u00f0a nau\u00f0synlegar breytingar.<\/strong> Undir \u00feetta falla n\u00e6r eing\u00f6ngu breytingar \u00e1 or\u00f0afor\u00f0a. \u00c1 \u00f6llum t\u00edmum eru a\u00f0 koma til n\u00fd fyrirb\u00e6ri og athafnir sem \u00feurfa heiti, n\u00fdjar hugmyndir og hugt\u00f6k sem \u00fearf a\u00f0 vera h\u00e6gt a\u00f0 tala um, og \u00feess vegna \u00fearf s\u00edfellt a\u00f0 vera a\u00f0 auka or\u00f0afor\u00f0ann, anna\u00f0hvort me\u00f0 n\u00fdmyndunum e\u00f0a t\u00f6kuor\u00f0um. Um \u00feetta er vitanlega almenn s\u00e1tt \u00ed m\u00e1lsamf\u00e9laginu \u00fe\u00f3tt f\u00f3lk geti veri\u00f0 mis\u00e1n\u00e6gt me\u00f0 n\u00fdju or\u00f0in. En \u00f6nnur mikilv\u00e6g breyting \u00e1 or\u00f0afor\u00f0a felst \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 h\u00e6tta a\u00f0 nota or\u00f0 sem fela \u00ed s\u00e9r ford\u00f3mafulla afst\u00f6\u00f0u e\u00f0a eru ni\u00f0url\u00e6gjandi fyrir tiltekna einstaklinga og h\u00f3pa \u2013 or\u00f0 eins og negri<\/em>, f\u00e1viti<\/em>, kynvilla <\/em>o.\u00fe.h. \u00de\u00f3tt flestum finnist \u00feetta e\u00f0lilegt a\u00f0 einhverju marki er oft \u00e1greiningur um hve langt skuli ganga.<\/li>\n
  2. E\u00f0lilegar og meinlausar breytingar.<\/strong> Undir \u00feetta falla langflestar breytingar sem eru a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a og hafa or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u00e1 m\u00e1linu, svo sem hvers kyns breytingar \u00e1 fallstj\u00f3rn (mig langar <\/em>> m\u00e9r langar<\/em>, sp\u00e1 \u00ed \u00fea\u00f0 <\/em>> sp\u00e1 \u00ed \u00fev\u00ed<\/em>), fallendingum (drottningar <\/em>> drottningu<\/em>, l\u00e6knar <\/em>> l\u00e6knirar<\/em>), frambur\u00f0i (\u00e1na <\/em>> \u00e1nna<\/em>, hugsa <\/em>[h\u028fxsa] > huggsa <\/em>[h\u028fksa]), setningager\u00f0 (\u00e9g var barinn <\/em>> \u00fea\u00f0 var bari\u00f0 mig<\/em>), or\u00f0anotkun (brau\u00f0rist <\/em>> ristav\u00e9l<\/em>), samtengingum (fyrst <\/em>> v\u00edst<\/em>, vi\u00f0 hli\u00f0ina \u00e1 <\/em>> hli\u00f0in\u00e1<\/em>) eint\u00f6lu- og fleirt\u00f6luor\u00f0um (tr\u00faarbr\u00f6g\u00f0 <\/em>\/ tr\u00faarbrag\u00f0<\/em>, keppni <\/em>\/ keppnir<\/em>), o.s.frv. Vitanlega m\u00e6ta flestar \u00feessar breytingar andst\u00f6\u00f0u \u2013 vi\u00f0 erum \u00edhaldss\u00f6m og viljum halda m\u00e1linu eins og vi\u00f0 l\u00e6r\u00f0um \u00fea\u00f0. En \u00fe\u00e6r eru flestar r\u00f6kr\u00e9ttar og skiljanlegar og raska ekki m\u00e1lkerfinu.<\/li>\n
  3. \u00d3heppilegar e\u00f0a \u00f3\u00e6skilegar breytingar.<\/strong> Undir \u00feetta falla breytingar sem draga \u00far fj\u00f6lbreytni og raska samfellu m\u00e1lsins \u00e1 einhvern h\u00e1tt. \u00dea\u00f0 m\u00e1 t.d. segja a\u00f0 s\u00fa breyting \u00feegar svokalla\u00f0ir u<\/em>-stofnar h\u00e6ttu a\u00f0 beygjast \u00e1 s\u00e9rstakan h\u00e1tt og \u00feolfall fleirt\u00f6lu fj\u00f6r\u00f0u<\/em>, skj\u00f6ldu <\/em>o.s.frv. var\u00f0 fir\u00f0i<\/em>, skildi <\/em>o.s.frv. falli undir \u00feetta \u2013 dr\u00f3 \u00far fj\u00f6lbreytni beygingakerfisins \u00e1n \u00feess \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 raska grundvelli \u00feess. \u00dea\u00f0 m\u00e1 l\u00edka segja a\u00f0 samfall i<\/em>\/\u00ed <\/em>og y<\/em>\/\u00fd <\/em>\u00e1 s\u00ednum t\u00edma hafi veri\u00f0 \u00f3heppilegt, og ein \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0a bar\u00e1ttu gegn svok\u00f6llu\u00f0u \u201efl\u00e1m\u00e6li\u201c var a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 hef\u00f0i geta\u00f0 leitt til samfalls \u00fdmissa or\u00f0mynda (skyr <\/em>\/ sker<\/em>, flugur <\/em>\/ fl\u00f6gur<\/em>). Undir \u00feetta getur einnig falli\u00f0 \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0ulaus notkun ensk\u00e6tta\u00f0ra or\u00f0a og or\u00f0asambanda \u00fear sem til eru g\u00f3\u00f0 og gild \u00edslensk or\u00f0.<\/li>\n
  4. Ska\u00f0legar breytingar. <\/strong>Undir \u00feetta falla breytingar sem raska grundvallaratri\u00f0um m\u00e1lkerfisins. \u00dea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri t.d. ef l\u00fdsingaror\u00f0 h\u00e6ttu a\u00f0 beygjast, e\u00f0a eignarfall hyrfi \u00far m\u00e1linu, e\u00f0a frumlag setninga st\u00e6\u00f0i alltaf \u00ed nefnifalli, e\u00f0a hef\u00f0bundin \u00feolmynd hyrfi \u00far m\u00e1linu, e\u00f0a verulegar breytingar yr\u00f0u \u00e1 frambur\u00f0i vegna saml\u00f6gunar og brottfalls hlj\u00f3\u00f0a, o.s.frv. Sem betur fer er ekki a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 a\u00f0 neitt af \u00feessu s\u00e9 a\u00f0 fara a\u00f0 gerast \u00e1 n\u00e6stunni, en \u00feessi atri\u00f0i eru \u00fe\u00f3 ekki nefnd alveg \u00fat \u00ed bl\u00e1inn og mikilv\u00e6gt a\u00f0 vera \u00e1 ver\u00f0i. En undir \u00feetta falla ekki s\u00ed\u00f0ur breytingar \u00e1 m\u00e1lumhverfi e\u00f0a vi\u00f0horfi m\u00e1lnotenda sem valda \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 \u00edslenska ver\u00f0i ekki lengur noth\u00e6f e\u00f0a notu\u00f0 \u00e1 tilteknum svi\u00f0um. Sl\u00edkar breytingar eru langmesta \u00f3gnin vi\u00f0 \u00edslensku um \u00feessar mundir.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u00deegar \u00e9g s\u00e1 um \u00fe\u00e1ttinn \u201eDaglegt m\u00e1l\u201c \u00ed R\u00edkis\u00fatvarpinu um tveggja m\u00e1na\u00f0a skei\u00f0 sumari\u00f0 1984, fyrir fj\u00f6rut\u00edu \u00e1rum, sag\u00f0i \u00e9g \u00ed einum \u00fe\u00e6ttinum: \u201e\u00c9g held a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 hvorki nau\u00f0synlegt n\u00e9 skynsamlegt a\u00f0 berjast af sama krafti gegn \u00f6llum breytingum, heldur ver\u00f0i a\u00f0 vega \u00fea\u00f0 og meta hverju sinni, hvort m\u00e1lsta\u00f0urinn s\u00e9 bar\u00e1ttunnar vir\u00f0i. \u00c1 \u00fev\u00ed hafa menn au\u00f0vita\u00f0 mismunandi sko\u00f0anir, en \u00e9g get t.d. hugsa\u00f0 m\u00e9r \u00ferj\u00e1r gildar \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0ur fyrir a\u00f0 vilja sporna gegn \u00e1kve\u00f0inni m\u00e1lbreytingu; a\u00f0 h\u00fan geri okkur erfi\u00f0ara um vik a\u00f0 skilja m\u00e1lfar undangenginna kynsl\u00f3\u00f0a, a\u00f0 h\u00fan minnki fj\u00f6lbreytni m\u00e1lsins, og a\u00f0 h\u00fan raski grundvallar\u00fe\u00e1ttum m\u00e1lkerfisins \u2013 sem a\u00f0 v\u00edsu g\u00e6ti reynst erfitt a\u00f0 skilgreina hverjir s\u00e9u.\u201c \u00c9g er enn sama sinnis.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Eins og h\u00e9r hefur margoft veri\u00f0 r\u00e6tt er \u00fea\u00f0 e\u00f0li tungum\u00e1la a\u00f0 taka breytingum. \u00deau ver\u00f0a \u00ed raun a\u00f0 gera \u00fea\u00f0 til a\u00f0 \u00fej\u00f3na \u00fe\u00f6rfum m\u00e1lsamf\u00e9laganna sem nota \u00feau, \u00fe\u00f3tt vissulega s\u00e9u breytingar misjafnlega nau\u00f0synlegar og sumar s\u00e9u ekki til b\u00f3ta. Sumum finnst reyndar allar breytingar \u00e1 m\u00e1linu til b\u00f6lvunar og \u00fea\u00f0 held \u00e9g a\u00f0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158635],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6817","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-malfar"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6817","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6817"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6817\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6819,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6817\/revisions\/6819"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6817"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6817"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni.hi.is\/eirikur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6817"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}